Alphonse Bertillon - was a French criminologist and anthropologist who created the first system
of physical measurements, photography, and record-keeping that police could use to identify
recidivist criminals.
Ancient Babylon - fingerprints were used in clay tablets for business transactions. 1000 - 2000
BC
Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose(1897) - Two Indian fingerprint experts credited with
primary development of the Henry System of fingerprint classification (named after their supervisor,
Edward Richard Henry).
Bertillon System - a system of identification which focuses on the meticulous measurement and
recording of different parts and components of the human body.
Chiroscopy It is the examination and thorough study of the palms of the human hand as a point
indentifying persons.
Delta - 1. point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence of two typelines and
2. is located at or directly in front of the point of divergence.
Dr. Henry P. DeForrest - he accomplished the first fingerprint file established in the United States,
and the first use of fingerprinting by a U.S. government agency.
Dr. Nehemiah Grew - in 1684, he was the first European to publish friction ridge skin observations.
Edgeoscopy the study of the morphological characteristics of friction ridges; shape or contour of
the edges of friction ridges.
Edmond Locard - informally referred to as the Sherlock Holmes of France,he developed the
science of poroscopy, the study of fingerprint pores and the impressions produced by these pores.
He went on to write that if 12 specific points were identical between two fingerprints, it would be
sufficient for positive identification. This work led to the use of
fingerprints in identifying criminals being adopted over Bertillon's earlier technique of
anthropometry.
Fingerprint - is an impression of the friction ridge of all or any part of the finger. Fingerprint ridges
are formed during the third to fourth month of fetal development.
Gilbert Thompson - He used his thumb print on a document to prevent forgery. First known use of
fingerprints in the U.S.
John Evangelist Purkinje - anatomy professor at the University of Breslau, in 1823, he published
his thesis discussing nine fingerprint patterns but he made no mention of the value of fingerprints
for personal identification.
Juan Vucetich - In 1892, two boys were brutally murdered in the village of Necochea, near
Buenos Aires, Argentina. Initially, suspicion fell on a man named Velasquez, a suitor of the
children's mother, Francisca Rojas. Investigators found a bloody fingerprint at the crime scene and
contacted Juan Vucetich, who was developing a system of fingerprint identification for police use.
Vucetich compared the fingerprints of Rojas and Velasquez with the bloody fingerprint. Francisca
Rojas had denied touching the bloody bodies, but the
fingerprint matched one of hers. Confronted with the evidence, she confessedthe first successful
use of fingerprint identification in a murder investigation.
Marcelo Malpighi - in 1686, an anatomy professor at the University of Bologna, noted fingerprint
ridges, spirals and loops in his treatise. A layer of skin was named after him; "Malpighi" layer, which
is approximately 1.8mm thick.
Mark Twain - author of the novel Pudd'nhead Wilson where one of the characters has a hobby of
collecting fingerprints.
Paul-Jean Coulier - of Val-de-Grce in Paris, published his observations that (latent) fingerprints
can be developed on paper by iodine fuming, explaining how to preserve (fix) such developed
impressions and mentioning the potential for identifying suspects' fingerprints by use of a
magnifying glass.
Poroscopy refers to the examination of the shape, size and arrangement of the small opening
on friction ridge through which body fluids are secreted or released.
Podoscopy a term coined by Wilder and Wentwrth which refers to the examination of the soles
and their significance in personal identification.
Ridgeology describes the individualization process of any area of friction skin using allavailable
detail.
Ridge Characteristics
1. Ridge Dots - An isolated ridge unit whose length approximates its width in size.
2. Bifurcations - The point at which one friction ridge divides into two friction ridges.
3. Trifurcations - The point at which one friction ridge divides into three friction ridges.
4. Ending Ridge - A single friction ridge that terminates within the friction ridge structure.
5. Ridge Crossing - A point where two ridge units intersect.
6. Enclosures (Lakes) - A single friction ridge that bifurcates and rejoins after a short course and
continues as a single friction ridge.
7. Short Ridges (Islands) - Friction ridges of varying lengths.
8. Spurs (Hooks) - A bifurcation with one short ridge branching off a longer ridge.
9. Bridges - A connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges, generally right angles.
Sir Edward Richard Henry - he was appointed Inspector-General of Police of Bengal, India in
1891, he developed a system of fingerprint classification enabling fingerprint records to be
organised and searched with relative ease.
Sir Francis Galton - He devised a method of classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic
science. He pointed out that there were specific types of fingerprint patterns. He described and
classified them into eight broad categories: 1: plain arch, 2: tented arch,
3: simple loop, 4: central pocket loop, 5: double loop, 6: lateral pocket loop, 7: plain whorl, and 8:
accidental
Sir Henry Faulds - his first paper on the subject of fingerprint was published in the scientific
journal Nature in 1880. Examining his own fingertips and those of friends, he became convinced
that the pattern of ridges was unique to each individual.
Sir William James Herschel - was a British officer in India who used fingerprints for identification
on contracts.
1000-2000 B.C. - Fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions in ancient
Babylon.
3rd Century B.C. - Thumbprints begin to be used on clay seals in China to sign documents.
610-907 A.D. - During the Tang Dynasty, a time when imperial China was one of the most
powerful and wealthy regions of the world, fingerprints are reportedly used on official documents.
1st Century A.D. - A petroglyph located on a cliff face in Nova Scotia depicts a hand with
exaggerated ridges and finger whorls, presumably left by the Mi'kmaq people.
14th Century A.D. - Many official government documents in Persia have fingerprint
impressions. One government physician makes the observation that no two fingerprints were an
exact match.
1686 - At the University of Bologna in Italy, a professor of anatomy named Marcello Malpighi
notes the common characteristics of spirals, loops and ridges in fingerprints, using the newly
invented microscope for his studies. In time, a 1.88mm thick layer of skin, the Malpighi layer, was
named after him. Although Malpighi was likely the first to document types of fingerprints, the value
of fingerprints as identification tools was never mentioned in his writings.
1823 - A thesis is published by Johannes Evengelista Purkinje, professor of anatomy with the
University of Breslau, Prussia. The thesis details a full nine different fingerprint patterns. Still, like
Malpighi, no mention is made of fingerprints as an individual identification method.
1858 - The Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, Sir William Herschel,
first used fingerprints to sign contracts with native Indians. In July of 1858, a local businessman
named Rajyadhar Konai put his hand print on the back of a contract at Herschels request.
Herschel was not motivated by the need to prove personal identity; rather, his motivation was to
simply frighten (Konai) out of all thought of repudiating his signature. As the locals felt more
bound to a contract through this personal contact than if it was just signed, as did the ancient
Babylonians and Chinese, Herschel adopted the practice permanently. Later, only the prints of the
right index and middle fingers were required on contracts. In time, after viewing a number of
fingerprints, Herschel noticed that no two prints were exactly alike, and he observed that even in
widespread use, the fingerprints could be used for personal identification purposes.
1880 - Dr. Henry Faulds, a British surgeon and Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo,
published an article in the Scientific Journal, "Nautre" (nature). He discussed fingerprints as a
means of personal identification, and the use of printers ink as a method for obtaining such
fingerprints. Faulds had begun his study of what he called skin-furrows during the 1870s after
looking at fingerprints on pieces of old clay
pottery. He is also credited with the first fingerprint
identification: a greasy print left by a laboratory worker on
a bottle of alcohol. Soon, Faulds began to recognize that the
distinctive patterns on fingers held great promise as a means
of individual identification, and developed a classification
system for recording these inked impressions. Also in 1880,
Faulds sent a description of his fingerprint classification
system to Sir Charles Darwin. Darwin, aging and in poor health,
declined to assist Dr. Faulds in the further study of
fingerprints, but forwarded the information on to his cousin,
British scientist Sir Francis Galton.
1896 - British official Sir Edward Richard Henry had been living
in Bengal, and was looking to use a system similar to that of
Herschels to eliminate problems within his jurisdiction. After
visiting Sir Francis Galton in England, Henry returned to Bengal
and instituted a fingerprinting program for all prisoners. By
July of 1896, Henry wrote in a report that the classification
limitations had not yet been addressed. A short time later,
Henry developed a system of his own, which included 1,024
primary classifications. Within a year, the Governor General
signed a resolution directing that fingerprinting was to be the
official method of identifying criminals in British India.
1904 - The St. Louis Police Department and the Leavenworth State
Penitentiary in Kansas start utilizing fingerprinting, assisted
by a Sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been guarding the
British Display at the St. Louis Exposition.
1999 - The FBI phases out the use of paper fingerprint cards with
their new Integrated AFIS (IAFIS) site at Clarksburg, West Virginia.
IAFIS will starts with individual computerized fingerprint records
for approximately 33 million criminals, while the outdated paper
cards for the civil files are kept at a facility in Fairmont,
West Virginia.
Types of Fingerprints
1. Visible Prints
2. Latent Prints
3. Impressed Prints
Types of Patterns
1. Arch a. Plain Arch
b. Tented Arch
2. Loop a. Radial Loop
b. Ulnar Loop
3. Whorl a. Plain Whorl
b. Central Pocket Loop
c. Double Loop
d. Accidental Whorl
Plain Whorl - 1. Consists of one or more ridges which make or tend to make a
complete circuit
2. With 2 delta's
3. Between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, at least one recurving
ridge within the inner pattern area is cut or touched.