Introduction To Content Centric

Introduction to Content Centric
Networking
BRKSPG-2704
BRKSPG-2704 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Agenda
Introduction
An Experiment
Content Centric Networking
CCN Operation Basics
CCN Node Model
Not Just Cached Content
Merits & Concerns
Further Information
Summary
Questions
BRKSPG-2704 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3
Introduction
Introduction
Current network infrastructure is still in terms of where.

Availability:
Rely on overlay solutions such as CDNs and P2P, heavily increasing bandwidth costs
Security:
Information for securing content is actually based on location
Security is an overlay
Location-Dependence:
Based on connecting two devices together
A Conversation Over a Wire. 1914
Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ironrodart/
A Conversation Over a Wire. 2012
A Conversation Over a Wire ?
Need to replace Where with What
Use Named Data instead of Named Host
Packets should address CONTENT, not the HOST
Endpoints should not be aware of the location
Use wires to move information in space as now, but.

but use Memory to move
information in time.
Network elements provide both Wires and Memory at every point in the network
An Experiment:
Does Anyone have the Time ?
Dissemination Networking
Data Request by Name

use any and all means available (IP, VPN tunnels, multicast, proxies, etc).
Anyone can Respond

Anything that hears the request and has a valid copy of the data can respond.
Inbuilt Security
The returned data is signed, and optionally secured, so its integrity & association
with name can be validated (data centric security)
What Happens Today is connection by LOCATION
Network Infrastructure
FIB
DST
SRC
What we need is content by NAME
Network Infrastructure
Content
FIB
Store
DST
SRC
nytimes
Client 1 Client 2 Client 3
Example Content Distribution
nytimes
Network provides the

Wires and the Memory
Content goes only where
theres INTEREST
Traffic due to routing and
control associated with
the replicas is minimised
Client 1 Client 2 Client 3
CCN Packets
Two CCN packet types:

(similar to http get)
(similar to http response)
Both are encoded in an efficient binary XML.
Basic CCN Forwarding
Consumer broadcasts an packet over any and all available

communications media:
get /parc.com/van/presentation.pdf
packet identifies a collection of data - all data items whose name

has the interest as a prefix.
Anything that hears the and has an element of the collection can
respond with that via a packet:
HereIs /parc.com/van/presentation.pdf/p1 <data>
Basic CCN transport
Data that matches an consumes it.
must be re-expressed to get new .

Controlling the re-expression allows for traffic management and environmental
adaptation.
Multiple (distinct) in same collection may be expressed (similar

to TCP window).
Content-Based Security
Name->Content mapping verified via per-data packet signature
packet is authenticated with digital signature
All content must be signed by its producer
Content Name Hierarchy
Source:
Most
Name recent version
tree child of slides for
nodes are
lexically
this talk:ordered
parc.com/van/talks/mit10-08/v2/s2
<next> assumed if not explicitly
parc.com/van/talks/mit10-08 <rightmost
specified
child>
<rightmostchild> always used
CCN Naming Convention
Internally, CCN names are opaque, structured byte strings. For example:
is represented as a component count then, for each component, a byte

count followed by that many bytes:
7 8: parc.com 3: van 3: cal 32: 3FDC96
Using CCN Names
The only assumption CCN makes about names is hierarchical structure.

Names or components can be encrypted or contain arbitrary binary data.
The hierarchical structure is used to do longest match lookups

(similar to IP prefix lookups) which helps guarantee log(n) state scaling for
globally accessible data.
Although CCN names are longer than IP identifiers, this structure allows
lookups as efficient as IP routing.
Source: Martin Dietzfelbinger, Rasmus Pagh: Succinct Data Structures for Retrieval and Approximate Membership Cornell
University Library 0803.3693
Structure is Strength and Weakness
Name Privacy
NDN Content names related to the content itself
Observer can determine when two requests refer to the same content
Content Privacy
Any entity that knows name can retrieve the content
Encryption not applied to publicly available content
Structure is Strength and Weakness
Cache Privacy
Network neighbours may learn each other content access by identifying cache hits
Multiple copies of content may by in violation of rights agreements
Signature Privacy
All digital signatures are publicly verifiable therefore identity of a content signer may
leak sensitive information
Research Efforts Underway:

- For example: ANDaNA - http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.2205v2
Names and meaning
Like IP, a CCN node imposes no semantics on names.

Meaning comes from application, institution and global conventions reflected in
prefix forwarding rules.
For example,
/parc.com/people/van/presentations/FISS09
might be the name of a presentations data and
/thisRoom/projector
the name of the projector it should display on.
The former is a globally meaningful name leveraging the DNS global

naming structure. The latter is local and context sensitiveit refers to
different objects depending on the room youre in.
CCN Node Model
Combination of Router and Content Store
parc.com/videos/WdigetA.mpg/v3/s2
Request for content via Face 0 Face 0
Content Store
Name Data
get /parc.com/videos/WidgetA.mpg/v3/s2
parc.com/videos/WdigetA.mpg/v3/s2
Pending Interest Table
Face 1
Prefix Face data: /parc.com/videos/Widget.A.mpg/v3/s2
0
Various
HOLD Content
Prefer
Incoming
ContentTHIS
mechanisms
cached
response
QUESTION
Store
in content
on->
exist
Face
PITto
store
->
1flush
FIB
FIB Face 2
parc.com
Prefix Face
PIT due to DDoS, timeouts, etc
0, 1
Leveraging Conventional Routing
Like IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, CCN

Content Store Face 0 ContentNames are aggregatable and
Name Data
routed based on longest match
However,
How does Content
the FIB get populated
Names with
are of
Face 1 varying
Pending Interest Table
Prefix Face
Contentlength
Prefixesand
? longer than IP
addresses
The TLV (Type Label Value) of OSPF
FIB Face 2 or IS-IS can distribute CCN content
Prefix Face
prefixes
parc.com
1 Therefore, CCN Interest/Data
forwarding can be built on existing
infrastructure without any modification
to the routers
The Dynamic Routing Scaling Problem
Take todays largest Internet Routing Table the DFZ has 4 x 105 BGP
routes
Growth of DFZ:
1998 50k Prefixes
2008 250k Prefixes
Today 400k Prefixes
How Big Should the CCNx Routing Table Be ?
Google has indexed 1012 Today
Web has 5 x 1010 Text Pages Today
Take BGP as an example:

High end route-refelctors can handle 4-5 million routes
NDN use DNS Prefixes as first-level search

13 x 107 DNS names in gTLD
9.5 x 107 in .com alone !
If we add ccTLDs, that is nearly 2 x 108
If NDN were to just carry TLD, that would be 2 x 108 routes

No summarization would be possible
Consider summurization:
Assume carry 2nd and 3rd level prefixes
Rough figure 6 x 108 routes
Dynamic Routing Proposals
OSPF-N
Uses two new Opaque LSAs in OSPF to update FIB of CCNx Nodes
Operational on AsiaFI NDN testbed
Open-Source code that runs on CCNx
Does not address scaling issue
Convergence/Ofelia
Break network into ICN ASs
Have a RIB server as a default lookup if local FIB fails
IRTF Routing Labels Proposal
Not Just Cached Content
Voice over CCN
Secure Voice over CCN was implemented using Linphone 3.0 and its
performance evaluated
Caller encodes SIP INVITE as CCN name and sends it as an interest
On receipt of the INVITE, the callee generates a signed Data packet with
the INVITE name as its name and the SIP response as its payload
From the SIP messages, the parties derive paired name prefixes under
which they write RTP packets
Source: http://conferences.sigcomm.org/co-next/2009/workshops/rearch/papers/Jacobson.pdf
Merits & Concerns
Merits of CCN
Very understandable scheme
Shown to work also with streamed media
Clever reuse of existing mechanisms
Easy to deploy on existing routing protocols and IP networks
Easy, human-readable naming scheme
Concerns/Future Work
The simple hierarchical (URI-like) naming scheme is also a limitation
Will CCN scale to billions of nodes?

Flooding (send out through all available faces)
Flow balance an Interest for every Data
How large can the FIB grow (soft state)?
Data takes the same (possibly non-optimal) path as Interest
Need real-world/at-scale tests to validate performance benefits
Security Architecture Issues
Further Information
Further Information
CCNx Project Page www.ccnx.org

Named Data Networking www.named-data.net
Pursuit Project - http://www.fp7-pursuit.eu/PursuitWeb/
Convergence Project - http://www.ict-convergence.eu/
Netinf www.netinf.org
ANDaNA - http://sprout.ics.uci.edu/projects/ndn/
IRTF ICN Research Group - http://irtf.org/icnrg
Summary
CCN Node Model
Merits & Concerns
Questions
Questions ?
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Introduction To Content Centric - BRKSPG-2704

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Current network infrastructure is still in terms of where.

Use Named Data instead of Named Host

Packets should address CONTENT, not the HOST

Endpoints should not be aware of the location

Use wires to move information in space as now, but.

Data Request by Name

Anyone can Respond

Client 1 Client 2 Client 3

Network provides the

Client 1 Client 2 Client 3

Two CCN packet types:

Consumer broadcasts an packet over any and all available

packet identifies a collection of data - all data items whose name

Data that matches an consumes it.

must be re-expressed to get new .

Multiple (distinct) in same collection may be expressed (similar

<rightmostchild> always used

is represented as a component count then, for each component, a byte

7 8: parc.com 3: van 3: cal 32: 3FDC96

The only assumption CCN makes about names is hierarchical structure.

The hierarchical structure is used to do longest match lookups

Research Efforts Underway:

Like IP, a CCN node imposes no semantics on names.

The former is a globally meaningful name leveraging the DNS global

Like IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, CCN

Take BGP as an example:

NDN use DNS Prefixes as first-level search

If NDN were to just carry TLD, that would be 2 x 108 routes

IRTF Routing Labels Proposal

Shown to work also with streamed media

Clever reuse of existing mechanisms

Easy to deploy on existing routing protocols and IP networks

Easy, human-readable naming scheme

Will CCN scale to billions of nodes?

Need real-world/at-scale tests to validate performance benefits

Security Architecture Issues

CCNx Project Page www.ccnx.org

CCN Operation Basics

CCN Node Model

Merits & Concerns

Get hands-on experience with the Walk-in Labs located in World of

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