Geostatistics
Exploratory Spatial Data
Analysis
Carlos Alberto Felgueiras
cfelgueiras@isegi.unl.pt
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Master of Science in Geoespatial Technologies
EDA x ESDA
Exploratory Data Analysis x Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis
Contents
SPATIAL DESCRIPTION
Data Posting
Contour Maps
Gray Scale Maps
Indicator Maps
Moving Window Statistics
Proportional Effect
SPATIAL CONTINUITY ANALYSIS
h-ScatterPlots
Covariance Functions
Correlation Functions
Semivariogram Functions
Semivariogram Surfaces
Unidirectional Semivariograms
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Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis
ESDA
Spatial
Description
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Geostatistics ESDA
Spatial Description Visual tools
Data Posting
- Map on which data location is plotted
along with labels (attribute value or name)
- Show spatial distribution of the data
- Highlights of maximum and minimum
values
- Highlights of local differences: low value
surrounded by big values and vice-versa
- For 2 variables one can show the values
below and above the location mark
(symbol)
- Problems with too dense data set
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Geostatistics ESDA
Spatial Description Visual tools Data Posting Example
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Geostatistics ESDA
Spatial Description Visual tools
Gray Scale Maps
- Intervals of the data values are
distributed in n gray levels from black to
white (8 bits = 28 = 256 levels)
- Better to see distributions, local
differences and trends
- Can be associated with labels
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Geostatistics ESDA
Spatial Description Visual tools
- Can be
associated with
gray scale maps
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Indicator Maps
- Map with only two values (classes),
black and white colors, for example.
- Records where the data values are
below and above a certain z cutoff value.
- A series of indicator maps is often
very informative, providing a detailed
spatial description. Show local maximum,
minimum, transitions and trends.
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Proportional Effects
- A scatter plot of the local means versus
the local standard deviations calculated
by moving windows
-The graphic shows the relationship
between the summary statistics
Spatial
Continuity
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ScatterPlots x h-ScatterPlots
Vi x Vj (h=0) Vi x Vi (h=0)
h-scatterplots
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h-ScatterPlots
- Show the relationship of values of one
variable separated by a certain distance
h and in a particular direction
- The separation between
r two points is
described by a vector h (h)
- The shape of the cloud of points on an
h-scatterplot tells us how continuous rthe
data values separated by the vector h
- For similar data values (closer ones)
the pairs will plot close to the line x=y
- For values less similar the cloud of
points became fatter and more diffuse.
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Covariance Functions
- Show the relationship between the covariance
coefficient of an h-scatterplot and |h|
(
(zi mi ) z j m j )
n
C ij (h ) = N (h ) (i, j
1
)|hi j h
(z m )(z m )
n
i i j j
1 (i , j |hi j h
)
ij (h ) =
N (h ) i j
- Usually we plot separate graphs of the
correlation function versus the magnitude of h
for various direction
- As the covariance coefficient, the correlation N(h) is the number of pairs
coefficient decreases with increasing distance located at the distance
r and
in a specific direction direction of h
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Semivariogram Functions
- Show the relationship between the semivariogram
coefficient of an h-scatterplot and |h|
- The semivariogram coefficient, also known as the
moment of inertia, is calculated by:
( )
2
ij (h ) = 2 N (h ) (i, j
n
1
z i
zj
)|hi j h
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Master of Science in Geoespatial Technologies
N N
O L O L
S S
Imagem nvel de cinza Composio Colorida 23
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N(h)
^(h) = 1
2N(h)
[ z(ui) z(ui + h)]2
i=1
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Experimental Semivariograms
How to construct ? (interactive)
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Smaller Continuity
Greater Continuity
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h-CrossScattergrams, , CrossVariograms ?
- To be continued.
Modeling Variograms
Isotropics Single and Nested Models
Anisotropics
- To be continued.
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ESDA provides a set of robust tools for exploring spatial data, which
do not require a knowledge of advanced statistics for their use.
GIS are currently only poorly equipped with many of these tools,
despite containing the basic functionality to allow them to be
implemented.
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Exercises
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Geostatistics Motivation
END of Presentation
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