LABORATORY MANUAL IN PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND

PARASITOLOGY

Exercise No. 1
Microscope
The microscope is one of the most important instruments in
the study of microorganisms. It is essential that students know
the proper use of the microscope. Bacterial and parasitological
identification and classification is based on cell forms and
structures visible under high magnification and resolution.

Types of Microscope:

I. Light Microscope
1. Brightfield
2. Darkfield
3. Phase Contrast
4. Differential Interference Contrast
5. Fluorescence
6. Confocal

II. Electron Microscope

1. Transmission
2. Scanning

III. Scanned Probe Microscope

1. Scanning Tunneling
2. Atomic Force

Parts of Brightfield Microscope

I. Mechanical
1. Base
2. Arm
3. Light source
4. Rheostat
5. Condenser
6. Iris diaphragm
7. Adjustment screws
8. Mechanical stage
9. Revolving nosepiece

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10. Draw tube

II. Optical
1. Objectives
2. Ocular
Exercise No. 1
Microscope

Materials: Compound light microscope

Cedar wood oil
Xylol
Xylol-alcohol
Cotton swab
Lens paper
Tissue paper
Stained smears

Procedure:

1. Clean the microscope using lens paper for the objectives and
ocular and tissue paper for the mechanical parts.
2. Turn on the microscope switch then maximize the rheostat.
3. Focus the stained smear under low power objective using the
coarse adjustment screw. Note: The amount of light is
adjusted through the iris diaphragm and NOT the RHEOSTAT.
4. Place a drop of cedar wood oil over the stained smear.
5. Shift to oil immersion objective and bring the structure into
focus using the fine adjustment screw. Adjust the amount of
light using the iris diaphragm to produce a clear view.
6. Record.
7. Remove the stained smear from the mechanical stage.
8. Clean the objective using alcohol, then wipe dry with lens
paper.
9. Clean the stained smear using xylol then wipe dry with
tissue paper.
10. Position the low power objective whenever the
microscope is not in use.

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Name _________________________________ Score_____

Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No. 1
Microscope

I. Objectives:

1. Determine the different types of microscope and their

uses.
2. Practice the proper use and care of brightfield
microscope.

II. Drawing: Draw a compound light microscope and label the

parts

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III. Study Questions:

1. Complete the following tables.

Light Use Special Feature Image

Microscope Produced

Brightfield

Darkfield

Phase Contrast

DIC

Fluorescence

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Confocal

Objective LPO HPO OIO

Magnification

Total
Magnification

Numerical
Aperture

Focal Length

Uses in
Microbiology

Exercise No. 2
Microscopic Demonstration of Procaryotic and
Eucaryotic Cells through Simple Staining

Staining is a procedure that aids in the visualization of

objects examined under the microscope. Different cell types and
cellular parts differ in their morphology. These differences can be
observed when cells are stained.

Materials: Sterile swab

Glass slide
Alcohol lamp
Stains: Methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin
Microscope

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PARASITOLOGY

Cedar wood oil

Xylol-alcohol
Xylol
Cotton swab
Lens paper
Tissue paper
Colored pencils

Procedure:

Smear Preparation

1. Collect scrapings of the inner cheek using the stick end of a

sterile swab.
2. Prepare smear from the collected specimen by rubbing onto
the center of the glass slide.
3. Air dry the smear then heat fix.

Simple Staining

1. Flood the fixed smear with stain (Methylene blue, crystal

violet, or safranin) for 1 minute.
2. Rinse the stained smear in a beaker of water.
3. Wipe off the excess stain and blot dry.

Microscopic Examination

1. Examine the prepared smear under the microscope.

4. Show the microscopic difference between a procaryotic and
eucaryotic cell by focusing a squamous cell with diplococci
found intracellularly.
5. Clean the microscope and the stained smear.
Name _________________________________ Score_____
Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No. 2

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PARASITOLOGY

Microscopic Demonstration of Procaryotic and

Eucaryotic Cells through Simple Staining

I. Objectives:

1. Prepare and stain smears

2. Examine smears and differentiate cell types

II. Drawing:

III. Study Questions:

1. Differentiate eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

2. Give the different methods of fixing smears on glass

slides.

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PARASITOLOGY

Exercise No. 3
Sterilization

Sterilization is the process of destroying all forms of

microbial life. Materials can only be termed as sterile if they are
free from microorganisms whether this minute living things are
pathogenic or not. There are a lot of processes that can be
employed to sterilize materials. The choice of which is dependent
on the materials to be sterilized.

Methods of Sterilization:

I. Physical

A. High temperature
1. Dry heat
a. Hot air sterilization
b. Open flame sterilization
c. Incineration
2. Moist heat
a. Steam under pressure sterilization
b. Boiling
c. Fractional or intermittent sterilization
1) Tyndallization
2) Inspissations
d. Pasteurization
1) Low temperature holding
2) High temperature short time
3) Ultrahigh temperature
B. Low temperature
C. Dessication and lyophilization
D. Osmotic pressure
E. Sonic vibration and titration
F. Filtration
G. Radiation

II. Chemical

A. Antiseptic

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B. Disinfectant
C. Sanitizer
D. Antibiotic

Materials: Clean, dry glass Petri dishes

Aluminum foil
Masking tape
Marker
Dry heat indicator
Oven

Procedure:

Hot Air Sterilization

1. Wrap dry, clean glass Petri dish with aluminum foil

(bundles of 5).
2. Secure with masking tape on the overlap of the foil.
3. Label using permanent marker.
4. Attach dry heat indicator in each pack.
5. Sterilize materials in the oven at 160-1800C for 1-2
hours.
6. Remove materials from the oven after temperature has
lowered down.
7. Keep materials in a dry area until further use.

Steam Under Pressure

1. Place properly labeled materials inside the autoclave. Be

sure that there is enough water inside the autoclave.
Note: Each pack must bear moist heat indicator.
2. Close the autoclave but open the vent.
3. Operate the autoclave as indicated by the manufacturer.
However, autoclaving is accomplished by subjecting the
materials at 1210C for 15-20 minutes at 15 pps.
4. Keep materials refrigerated until use.

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Name _________________________________ Score_____

Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No. 3
Sterilization

I. Objectives:

1. Perform different processes of sterilization

2. Determine the effectiveness of the different methods of
sterilization.

II. Drawing:
a. Draw the autoclave and label the parts.

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PARASITOLOGY

b. Draw the Bunsen burner and label the parts

III. Study Questions:

1. Give the reasons why moist heat is preferable that dry

heat sterilization.

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PARASITOLOGY

2. How will you know that materials are sterilized effectively

using the different methods of sterilization?

3. Is filtration effective in removing bacteria from the

medium?

4. What method of sterilization is employed for inoculating

instruments?

Exercise No. 4
Preparation of Culture Media

Culture media are anything that possess nutritional and

environmental needs necessary for the growth and multiplication
of microorganisms. They serve as both soil and food of
microorganisms. Soil because it is where microorganisms are
planted and food because it where microorganisms get their
nutritional needs.
Culture media are available in powdered form and are ready
to use by the mere addition of distilled water and proper
sterilization. The composition, use, and preparation of each
culture medium are indicated in each container bottle.

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Types of Culture Media

I. Based on function
1. Simple, basal, ordinary, or general
2. Enriched
3. Differential
4. Selective

II. Based on consistency

1. Solid
2. Semi-solid
3. Liquid

III. Based on form

1. Plated
2. Tubed
a. Broth
b. Butt or deep
c. Slant
d. Butt-slant

IV. Based on composition

1. Synthetic
2. Non-synthetic

Materials: Nutrient agar

Sulfide Indole Motility agar
Nutrient broth
Beaker
Erlenmeyer flask
Test tubes (Loefflers, screw-capped,
Wassermann)
Cotton

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PARASITOLOGY

Gauze
Sterile glass Petri dish

Procedure:

Plated Media

1. Weigh the desired amount of dehydrated culture medium

in an Erlenmeyer flask.
2. Add the appropriate amount of distilled water and dissolve
the medium until clear by heating with constant stirring.
3. Plug the mouth of the flask with gauze and aluminum foil
and secure with masking tape at the neck of the flask.
Label the flask properly with the name of the medium.
4. Sterilize the medium in the autoclave.
5. Dispense the medium onto sterile glass Petri dishes. Note:
approximately 20 ml. per plate.
6. Allow the medium to solidify on a flat surface.
7. Keep plated medium refrigerated until use.

Tubed Media

1. Weigh desired amount of dehydrated culture medium in a

beaker.
2. Add the appropriate amount of distilled water and dissolve
the medium until clear by heating and constant stirring.
Note: Heating is not necessary for liquid medium.
3. Dispense the desired amount onto the specific test tubes.
4. Plug test tubes with water. Note: Except screw-capped
tube. Place all tubes in a beaker, cover the lid with
aluminum foil and secure with masking tape at the neck of
the beaker.
5. Sterilize the medium in the autoclave.
6. Allow the medium to solidify (except for broth) as follows:
a. Butt: vertical position
b. Slant: horizontal position
c. Butt-slant: horizontal position (with mouth a little
elevated)

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Name _________________________________ Score_____

Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No. 4
Preparation of Culture Media

I. Objectives:

1. Determine the steps in the preparation of the different

types of culture media.
2. Apply the knowledge of using the autoclave.

II. Drawing:

III. Study Questions:

1. Give the composition of a simple solid medium and the

function of each component.

2. Give some enriching substances employed in the preparation

of enriched media.

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PARASITOLOGY

3. Give some inhibitory substances incorporated in differential

and selective media.

Exercise No. 5
Microbial Technique

Proper use of microbial technique helps us in the isolation of

bacteria from clinical isolates and cultures. The technique
includes the proper choice of the method of inoculation, culture
media, and inoculating instruments depending on the type of
culture. More importantly, one should know the need for
employing the aseptic technique in accomplishing these different
processes.

Materials: Nutrient agar plate

Nutrient agar slant
Nutrient agar butt-slant
Inoculating loop and needle
Pure and mixed culture
Alcohol lamp

Procedure:

Handling of Specimen

1. Sterilize the inoculating instrument until it is red hot using

the open flame. Let it cool. Note: Hold it with your working
hand.
2. If the specimen is contained in a test tube, remove the
plug using the little finger of your working hand. If the
specimen is from a plated medium, the Petri dish must be
slightly opened.
3. Sterilize the mouth of the tube or Petri dish by passing
through the open flame.

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4. Fish out the specimen using the previously sterilized

inoculating instrument.
5. Sterilize the mouth of the tube or Petri dish before closing
using the open flame.

Note: Inoculating needle is always used when

inoculating on a butt or deep and butt-slant. Inoculating
on plate, broth, and slant can be achieved by using
either the loop or needle.

Inoculation of Pure Culture on Plated Medium: Simple

Streaking

1. Get the plated medium. Open it slightly and sterilize the

mouth.
2. Introduce the specimen on one portion of the plated
medium by rubbing the inoculating loop on the marked
area taking care not to destroy the agar.
3. Pass the plated medium through the open flame before
closing.
4. Flame sterilize the loop. Then allow it to cool.
5. Open the plate again slightly and flame sterilize.
6. Spread the inoculum by moving the loop from side to side
until the entire surface area is covered. Note: The lines of
streaking must be parallel to each other but not
overlapping.
7. Flame sterilize the plate before closing.
8. Flame sterilize the loop, cool, then set it aside.
9. Incubate the inoculated medium in an incubator set at
370C for 18-24 hours in the inverted position.

Inoculation of Pure Culture on Plated Medium: Radial

Streaking

1. Do steps 1-5 of simple streaking.

2. Spread the inoculum by moving the loop from side to side
until half of the surface area is covered. Note: The lines of
streaking must be parallel to each other but not
overlapping.

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3. Flame sterilize the plate before closing.

4. Flame sterilize the loop. Cool.
5. Open the plate again slightly and flame sterilize.
6. Continue spreading the specimen by touching the last line
of inoculum radially.
7. Flame sterilize the plate before closing.
8. Flame sterilize the loop. Cool and set aside.
9. Incubate the inoculated medium in an incubator set at
370C for 18-24 hours in the inverted position.

Inoculation of Mixed Culture on Plated Medium: Clock

Method

1. Do steps 1-5 of radial streaking.

2. Rotate the plate clockwise through the right angle.
3. Continue streaking working a gentle touch on the last two
lines of the first streak. Move the loop toward the center
to the side of the plate until of the surface is covered.
4. Flame sterilize the plate before closing.
5. Flame sterilize the loop. Cool.
6. Rotate the plate again clockwise at 900 and continue
streaking by touching the last two lines of the second
streak toward the center to the side until the remaining
surface area is covered. Note: The last line of the third
streak must not touch the last line of the first streak.
7. Incubate the inoculated medium in an incubator set at
370C for 18-24 hours in the inverted position.

Inoculation on a Butt or Deep Medium

1. Hold the butt or deep medium vertically. Remove the plug

using the little finger. Then flame sterilize the mouth.
2. Inoculate the specimen by stabbing into the center of the
medium about of its height. Precaution: The portal of
entry should also be the portal of exit.
3. Flame sterilize the tube before replugging.
4. Flame sterilize the needle. Cool then set aside.
5. Incubate the butt or deep at 370C for 18-24 hours.

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Inoculation on a Butt-Slant Medium

1. Hold the butt-slant medium parallel on the palm of the

hand. Remove the plug using the little finger and flame
sterilize the mouth.
2. Inoculate the specimen by first stabbing the center of the
butt portion, withdraw the needle, and then streak the
surface of the slant portion in a zigzag manner.
3. Flame sterilize the tube before closing.
4. Flame sterilize the needle. Cool then set aside.
5. Incubate the butt-slant at 370C for 18-24 hours.

Inoculation on a Slant Medium

1. Hold the slant medium parallel on the palm of the hand.

Remove the plug using the little finger and flame sterilize
the mouth.
2. Inoculate the specimen by streaking the surface of the
slant in a zigzag manner.
3. Flame sterilize the tube before closing.
4. Flame sterilize the loop or needle. Cool then set aside.
5. Incubate the butt-slant at 370C for 18-24 hours.

Inoculation on a Broth Medium.

1. Hold the broth medium on a slightly slanted position.

Remove the plug using the little finger and flame sterilize
the mouth.
2. Inoculate the specimen by rubbing the needle or loop
against the wall of the tube.
3. Flame sterilize the tube before closing.
4. Flame sterilize the loop or needle. Cool then set aside.
5. Incubate the butt-slant at 370C for 18-24 hours.

Name _________________________________ Score_____

Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

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PARASITOLOGY

Exercise No. 5
Microbial Technique

I. Objectives:

1. Learn the proper processes of inoculating specimens on

different types of culture media.
2. Practice aseptic technique in handling clinical isolates
and cultures.

II. Drawings:

Simple Streak Radial Streak Clock

Method

Butt/Deep Butt-Slant Slant Broth

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Exercise No. 6
Microorganisms in the Environment

Microorganisms are normally found in the environment which

includes human environment, classroom environment, and work
place environment. These microorganisms can be a source of
contamination in the performance of aseptic technique so that
their elimination or reduction is necessary. Detection of their
presence will make laboratory workers determined to perform
techniques to control possible contamination.

Materials

Nutrient agar (plated) Nutrient broth

Sterile cotton swab Incubator

Procedure:

Human Environment

1. Press the surface of the nutrient agar on an external

anatomical part of your choice.
2. Cover the nutrient agar plate then wrap with aluminum foil.
3. Incubate at 370C for 18-24 hours.
4. Examine the plates for the presence of bacterial and fungal
colonies after incubation.
5. Describe the colonies based on the illustration of colonial
characteristics.
6. Count the individual colonies using a colony counter.

Classroom/Work place Environment

1. Expose plates in the classroom or work place for 5 minutes.

2. Cover the nutrient agar plate then wrap with aluminum foil.
3. Incubate at 370C for 18-24 hours.

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4. Examine the plates for the presence of bacterial and fungal

colonies after incubation.
5. Describe the colonies based on the illustration of colonial
characteristics.
6. Count the individual colonies using a colony counter.

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PARASITOLOGY

Name _________________________________ Score_____

Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No. 6
Microbes in the Environment

I. Objectives:

1. Determine the presence of microorganisms in the

environment
2. Differentiate fungal from bacterial colonies

II. Results:

Colony Surface Edge Elevation Margin Number

of similar
colonies

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III. Study Questions

1. Why is importance to know the existence of

microorganism in our environment?

2. Give ways by which contamination with environmental

microorganisms can be prevented.

Exercise No. 7
Gram Staining

Gram staining is a method of differential staining. It is one of

the oldest and most useful staining methods for the microscopic
demonstration of bacteria. It differentiates bacteria into Gram
positive and Gram negative attributed to the difference in the
bacterial surface chemical structures.

Materials: 24-hour Bacterial colonies

Normal saline solution or distilled water
Glass slide
Inoculating loop
Alcohol lamp
Crystal violet
Grams iodine
95% ethyl alcohol or acetone-alcohol

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Safranin
Coplin jars
Squeeze bottle
Beakers
Brightfield microscope
Lens paper
Tissue paper
Xylol
Xylol-alcohol
Cedar wood oil
Gum label
Colored pencil

Procedure:

Smear Preparation

1. Place one drop of emulsifying agent (NSS or distilled water)

at the center of a glass slide.
2. Fish out a single colony from a 24-hour bacterial colony.
Emulsify with NSS or distilled water.
3. Spread the mixture to about 1 sq.cm. area and heat fix.
4. Label the slide properly.

Gram Staining Procedure

1. Pour crystal violet, Grams iodine, and safranin O into

individual Coplin jars and 95% ethanol or acetone-alcohol
into squeeze bottle. Note: Label the containers properly.
2. Immerse the smear in crystal violet for 1 minute. Drain off
excess stain then rinse in a beaker of water.
3. Immerse in Grams iodine for another minute then rinse with
water.
4. Flood with 95% alcohol or acetone-alcohol for 5 seconds.
Rinse with water.
5. Immerse in safranin O for 30 seconds and rinse with water.

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6. Wipe of excess stain then blot dry.

7. Examine under the microscope.

Name _________________________________ Score_____

Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No. 7

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PARASITOLOGY

Gram Staining

I. Objectives:

1. Perform Gram staining

2. Differentiate Gram positive and Gram negative
organism

II. Drawing:

III. Study Questions:

1. Complete the table

Steps Reagents Time Results

Initial or
primary
staining

Mordanting

Decolorizing

Final or

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PARASITOLOGY

counter
staining
Name _________________________________ Score_____
Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No. 7
Gram Staining

2. How can you tell if the smear is not too thin or thick?

3. What occurs during fixation of the smear?

4. Is microscopic morphology alone diagnostic of the

organisms identity?

5. What bacterial structure is responsible for the Gram staining

activity of bacteria?

6. Name the factors correlated to the staining characteristics of

bacteria.

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7. What does Gram variable mean?

Exercise No. 8
Acid-Fast Staining

Acid-fast staining is another widely used differential staining

procedure. It is used for the detection of the presence of Genus
Mycobacterium. Mycobacterium and Nocardia (less common
bacteria) are classified as acid-fast organism. Acid-fast bacteria
are microorganisms that are very hard to stain but once stained,
they are hard to decolorize even in the presence of an acid
decolorizer.

Materials: Sputum sample

Glass slide
Inoculating loop
Ice cream container (tin can) or 1 liter beaker
Tripod
Wire gauze (2)
Bunsen burner
Tissue paper
Carbol fuchsin with phenol
Acid-alcohol
Methylene blue
Coplin jar
Squeeze bottle
Beakers
Brightfield microscope
Cedar wood oil
Xylol
Xylol-alcohol

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Lens paper
Colored pencil

Procedure:

Smear Preparation

1. Fish out the sticky portion of the sputum sample using an

inoculating loop.
2. These are 2 methods of smear preparation:
a. Spreading
1) Spread the specimen to form an oblong on the center of
a clean glass slide. Note: Thin smear is preferred in this
technique.
b. Pull-Apart
1) Place the specimen on one end of a clean glass slide.
2) Get another glass slide and put it on top of the other
glass slide with the specimen.
3) Press the two glass slides together then pull them in
opposite directions. Note: Two smears are prepared in
this technique.
3. Air dry.

Acid-Fast Procedure: Ziehl Neelsen Method

1. Pour carbol fuchsin on a beaker, acid-alcohol on a squeeze

bottle, and Methylene blue on a Coplin jar.
2. Prepare a water bath.

wire gauze 2

canister

water
wire gauze 1

tripod

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Bunsen burner

3. Place the smear on top of wire gauze 2 (refer to illustration

on top). Cover smear with a piece of tissue paper.
4. Flood the smear with carbol fuchsin for 5 minutes.
Remember to add the stain whenever it dries. Rinse with
water.
5. Decolorize with acid-alcohol until no more stain flows with
the decolorizer. Rinse with water.
6. Immerse the smear in methylene blue for 1 minute. Rinse
with water.
7. Remove excess stain then blot dry.
8. Examine under brightfield microscopy.

Name _________________________________ Score_____

Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No. 8
Acid-Fast Staining

I. Objective:

1. Perform Acid Fast staining

2. Differentiate acid fast from non-acid fast organisms

II. Drawing:

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Name _________________________________ Score_____

Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No. 8
Acid-Fast Staining

III. Study Questions:

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PARASITOLOGY

1. Complete the table.

Steps Reagents Time Results

Initial or
primary
staining
Mordanting
*Physical
*Chemical

Decolorizing

Final or
counter
staining

2. Give the clinical isolate commonly used in Acid-fast

staining.

3. Why is there a need to use physical mordant in the

Ziehl Neelsen technique?

4. What is responsible for the acid-fast property of an

organism?

Exercise No. 9

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PARASITOLOGY

Demonstration of Spores through Selective

Staining

Some bacteria have the ability to produce thick-walled

bodies called spores. Bacteria that are capable of sporulation may
grow and germinate for many generations into vegetative cells.
Spores are extremely resistant to adverse physical and chemical
agents and therefore an important consideration in sterilization
procedures. Spores are hard to stain so that selective or special
staining technique is required for their demonstration.

Materials: 24-36 hour culture of Bacillus subtilis

NSS or distilled water
Glass slide
Inoculating loop
Alcohol lamp
Ice cream canister or 1 liter beaker
Wire gauze (2)
Tripod
Bunsen burner
Tissue paper
Malachite green
Safranin O
Beakers
Coplin jar
Brightfield microscope
Cedar wood oil
Xylol
Xylol-alcohol
Lens paper
Procedure:

Fulton-Schaeffer Method

1. Prepare smear of Bacillus subtilis. Refer to Exercise 7.

2. Prepare a water bath. Refer to Exercise 8.
3. Pour malachite green in a beaker and safranin O in a Coplin
jar.

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4. Place the smear on top of wire gauze 2 (refer to illustration

on Exercise 8). Cover smear with a piece of tissue paper.
5. Flood the smear with malachite green for 10 minutes.
Remember to add the stain whenever it dries. Rinse with
water.
6. Immerse the smear in safranin O for 1 minute. Rinse with
water.
7. Remove excess stain then blot dry.
8. Examine under brightfield microscopy
Name _________________________________ Score_____
Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No. 9
Demonstration of Spores through Selective
Staining

I. Objectives
1. Demonstrate the presence of spores prepared
from smears of known spore-forming organisms
2. Identify the type of spores present

II. Drawing

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PARASITOLOGY

III. Study Questions

1. Differentiate endospore from exospore

2. What mordant is used in the demonstration of spores?

Exercise No. 10
Demonstration of Capsule through Negative
Staining

Capsule are structures present in some microorganisms that

can serve as source of nourishment, means of adhesion, as well
as virulence factor. The demonstration of capsule can be best
achieved using negative staining. In negative staining, the
background and all other structures are stained except for the
capsule.

Materials:

Culture of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Glass slides
India Ink stain
Pasteur pipette
Inoculating loop
Brightfield microscope
Cedarwood oil
Xylol
70% alcohol

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Procedure:

India Ink Method

1. Place a small drop of India ink on a glass slide.

2. Using the aseptic technique, fish out colonies of Klebsiella
pneumoniae.
3. Mix the stain and specimen, then spread at the center of
the slide using and inoculating loop.
4. Allow the smear to dry.
5. Examine under OIO.

Name _________________________________ Score_____

Yr & Sec____________________
Date___________

Exercise No.
Demonstration of Capsule through Negative
Staining

I. Objectives:

1. Visualize the unique feature of capsule after

negative staining
2. Perform a negative staining procedure

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II. Drawing:

III. Study Questions:

1. Why are capsules not stained by India Ink?

2. Aside from bacteria, what other cells possess

capsule?

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