LECTURE AUD osCRIPTs

cause scrl
1oons,and U :t1 WhatJs i a Name? sirn ady,parents often choosc classic namcs,names that
}that tu- were popular in 1900, 1950,and are st l popular n ~
rolcano on Cl sic names for bovs indudc Thomas,Dav,d,Robert,
arural haz-
TEAcHER:Good morning,cvcrybod)`1Good morning, and Iichacl,Alld r girls:Anna,Ehzabeth,Em v,and
quake in Fclipc,Monica,Thco,. .and I cart membcr your Kathe ne,justto name a fc Thcy rc dassk.They ncver
namc, go out ofstvlc
elv when
STuDENT1:Patricia Lct look at the F oflast namcs,also called fami
Lnon tech
ctlv when T
cHER:Patooa,oght,patricia,Thosc arc all bcauoful names or surnames Researchers have studied thousands
nts some namcs,and that`our topic todav names.Namcs are a oflast namcs,ahd they ve divided thcrn int four cate-
Lqe the sc1-
ct1Itural%, , J This mcans cvervone uses namcs.A gories.Thc categories are: placc namcs,patrony 1ics,
's
pcrson`namc can tell us a bit about a pcrson faItlil
addcd namcs,and occupational names.A recent survey
n t use thc `1
sh
vcd that of thc7,oo0most popular namcs in thc
Toda)1 vc ll begin by looking at f;rst names and ho v
ere klled Unitcd Statcs toda 3pcrccnt verc place names,32
pcoplc choosc nam6for thcir child n And thcn wc ll
n~NIonser-
talk about fan1ily na1ncs,and look at the different catc- pcrccnt vcrc patrony 1ics,15percent Vere occupational
the1nf r~
gorics of lllily na: es AJthough the scop
:ofthe lccturc namcs,and9percent vc c addcd names.
Ple were
today is Enghsh-languagc namcs,wc Can usc thc samc Thc flrst catcgory is placc namcs.Placc namcs usually
The sec- approach,you knoxv.to Iook at nan1cs frol11any cukurc idcntif;cd vhcrc a pcrson hvcd or workcd. Someone
P c with namcd John Hill h d ncar a hill,for cxamplc,and the
I'ct`takc a r' look at nrst, r givcn,nam cs,Thcrc arc
ral hazard
Rivcrs|
1m y hved ncar a rivcr.Ifyou hear thc namc
scvcral ways parcnts choosc thC rst namc for thcir chi1d,
i

ho will
i Pay1:i( )r it.
Emma Bridgcs,. .What j g do you sceP Do you scc
Thc nrst way is by Ft 1nily11istoru PaKn may choose a 1rn y that livcs ncar a bridgcP If do, 0u get thc
a ll
u
7
[

nanlc bccausc it is passed ron1 Jzt9 to gCnCration; idca.

'
r cxaml,lc9thc r b rn son m ht bc namcd aRcr his
hthcr or grand thcr Alth ugh mily naIncs are also Thc sqcond catcgory is Patronymics.That P~A~T~R~C -
N~)rLM~I~c-S.A patronymic is thc thcr namc,plus an
PaSsCd to daughtcrs, |t is usually as a middlc na1nc,
Adding ju 1ior or thc sccond
ampk, 'illhm
r ending hkc S~E~N orS O~N Thc cnding mcans that a

Parkcr the sccond is only donc vith boys ,nor vith ch d,a bou is thC son of his fathc Thc namcs Robert~
girls namcs, so n,Pctcfscn,and Wilson arc patronyn1ics,Robcrtson is
son of Robcrt,Pctcrscn is son of Pctcr,and so on
Thc sccond way Parcnts choosc a namc is aRcr a family
mcn1bcr oF icnd who has dicd rcccnd or aftcr somc-
The third catcgory is added namcs.Linguists somCtimes

call this category nicknamcsr but vhcn most of us hear
onc rhcv
r ,likc a wcl known lcadcr or a mous
thc vord( nickna 1cr
vc think ofa sPecial namc a friend
musician Although most End|sh srst nam mcan
somcthing,f r cxamplc, Fuch d
leans Powcr l and or a parcnt might usc.Thc word nickname is actuadly

y`nn an old Enghsh vord hat rncans an additionaI name,an
mcans gmcc,nowadays mcaning is not thc maln
rcason pcoplc sclcct thcir baby name.
addcd namc So I ll use thc tcrm addcd naIuc. : his cat~
cgory of last namcs is fun bccause thc names usuallv
Thc third push forthc ch d.Parcnts dcscribcd a pcrson.Rccd,Bald vin,and Biggs arc exam-
^/ay is to providc a
want to choosc a name th sounds vcr suCCcssf A l
plcs.Rccd was flom rcd r rcd hair,Baldwin was
strf,ng namc might hcIp thcm in tllc bush6s world, r somcOnc who was bald,someonc who had httle or no
exa1np!c, Or thcy1ight choosc a nanlc that vorks for hair.~Alld BiggsP
cithk rg der,likc Taylor r1crr S ,givsn thcsc thrcc
mct ods,whatis t11c mOst common way parcnts choosc a STuDENT2:SomcOnc bigP
nan1c?~VIany parcnts choosc a namc sin ply bccausc thcy
TEAcHER: ah,somcOnc b g,right.Now,if wc look

ikc it,or bcca11sc ir s ashionablc Or r rJr. Fashi ns in
eround thC room,wc could probably come up l1vith some
nam6cI angc iust aS thCy do in clotll .Onc hundrcd r1cw last namcs,likc,uh,cudy or Strong.
ycars ago,lnany nalncs can1e oR the Biblc namcssuch

as r)anicl,and Anna,and t1annah and atthc
1 hcn, Now,thc burth catcgory is occup ional namcs,The ori~
sfi,`Fars o, uk na 11cs otlt of h0n, ~
n ofthC mi namc was thc persors occupation,The
days,namcs on1thc Biblc arc beco 1ing populaf again. most mmon cxamples ofoccupational nam6still used

Co TfMPORA TOPrCs2 61
ooay arc Baker (someone Who bakes bread), Ta or
sO m nc who scws dothes),M erlsomeonc who makes
Rour r brea ,and Smi .. Now,Smith actua
thc most co 1rnon narne in the western Enghsh-speJong
odd Thc name cornes from an Old English word,
today,I want to give you mo contrasong points ofvicw hc1
on whether or not Enghsh is a globallanguage The fIr t e`er
is that Enghsh is obviously a globallanguage.Pcoplc who X hal
support this point ofvie v beheve Enghsh is the language
people all over the wOrld use to communicate,and thatit sT D

smitc,that S-NI- T E,whkh means to hit or strike,In is gradually rcPlacing othcr languages: hc s cond point 0C ln

thc old da ,a smkh madc mctalthings for d 1ily hfe,hke of view is that Enghsh is not truly a global language,
TEAC
vn nceded s liths Wha s interesting is
tools. Evcry to because it is n t thc rnain language spoken by most peo
oksa
that many languages have a farn y name that means ple lvorld vide, Supporters of this vie v say that even
Smith.ln Arabic it is Haddad,H A-D D-A D.In though1nany people speak some Enghsh woddwide, sTuD
sPanish it is Herrera,H-E-R-R-E-R-A.In Italian it Fer- Enghsh has not replaced other1anguages They Jrc o J~ C1r
raro,F-E-R R-A-R-O,And in German it is Schm t, that pe He use En every d for many rcason
TL c
spellcd S-C-H-M-I-D-T Allthese names mcan smith, but this doesn`mean Enghsh is replacing othcr lan~
s Pc

guagcs,nor does it rnakc Enghsh thc main languagc spo-
Though names may tell us something about someone1s a ers
ken in thc world
mily history,you need to 1 i 1,
;;,1,'that they may
o SL
not tc us much at a about the present, For example, First,let exa1inc the Flrst view1First of a ,Enghsh is
C0P
the do 1inant languagc of business,travc1and science
~

thcre usua y not much conncction betwcen the origin

r hcr
ofthe namc and thc person vho has it nOw%Takc the
l`9

'hen people nccd a co u on language,they oRen use
an
namc Cook,for instancc A pcrson named Cook today Enghsh.Think about it.Enghsh is oftcn uscd at tourist =
r=F,Jr
Probably doesn t cook for a living.Also,Iuany people information centers,in international hotcls,at airports.
changc their names for various reasons.Lots of peoPle Ifyou use a taxiin Rome,and you cart speak Itahan,the =:tlo
vh havc fnovcd to thc United Stateo have changcd their taxi driver is more likely to usc Enghsh than any othcr DK
namcs to sound more Amcrican.This happcns less now languagcs. It is uscd at business meetings and interna s d
than in thc past,but People st l do it.Peoplc also use pcn tional sports cvcnts.The European Union uses Enghsh, 1can

namcs or stage names to give themsel,/es a professional along with French,at its mcctings. .ASEAN,thc
advantage For example,the writer Samuel Clemens used Asian trade group,uscs Enghsh at its rneetings.Can
[)u
~:ts
::pa
thc Pcn namc lNfark T`` think of other situations in which English is used as a
`ain,and Thomas Mapother IV
co

uscs thc stagc name ron.cruise. non language? =l
s

So,k rccap no h tod s lesson,we boked how u sTuDENT2:How about this class?All of us are listcning
cnts choosc Enghsh nrst names W also looked at some to0u in Enghsh,
common origins of farn y n es. In the next class,l1ve ll
TEAcHER:Absolutcl /1Educaoonal setongs arc a grcat
look at how names are ghen h Korea1nd inJapan This
cxannplc,Any othcrsP
covcrcd in the nextsection ofthe book.That all for toda /1

sTuDENT2:Ho v about a chatroorn on the InternetP I

somctimcs go to chatroo 1s and cvcryonc is using Eng
unit2 Eng sh:A GIobal lish,

Language? TEAcHER:Excellent example Thc Internct has created a

~
lot ofintcrnational communities and People often use

~
Enghsh,In fact,rnost pcoplc vho use the Intcrnct kn0 v

_
TEAcHER:today topic is Enghsh as a globallanguagc,I
kn0v many of you speak Enghsh as a second languagc, Enghsh.This hclps sjpport thc vic v that Enghsh is a
right?I o /about you,HiroshiP Is Enghsh your flrst lan- global languagc.

guagcP , The second m or rcason that people bd En kh ka

sTuDENT l:No,my10irst languagc is JapanCsC.Enghsh is
my sccond language
TEAcHER:And ho v about you,Patricia:
sTuDENT2:Enghsh is rny sccond language,too.N/ly flrst
languagc is Spanish
TEAchER:scc,many of ou use English as a second lan-
guage,even as a gI bal language to co % Vith
othcr people vho speak Enghsh as a second languagc.
globallanguagc k thatit is the ofc Jlangu e of more
than seventy flvc countries This rneans these countries
use Enghsh in schools,banks,business,and govcrnmcnt.
Of thcse scvcn fIvc countries,Enghsh may bc thc only
oFlcial languagc of thc countr hkc in England,or En~
ghsh:nay be used alongvith other oFlcial languages,hke
in thc Ph ippincs,Singaporc,and India.In countries
hke India,wherc so lnany languages are spokcn,you can
see ho v using Enghsh as an offlcial language makes it
casicr for people to mmunicate.

62 Co TfMPORA TOPJC52
ofview The third reason to support the gIobal argument is that
l
The fIrst
oplc who
cvcry year about1 b hon pcople study Enghsh.Why
What arc some ofthe reasonsP Hiroshi Ho v about youP
W
:J
e

i;
languagc j1
nd that1t
)nd Po1nt
sTuDENT I:wcll,now t
be in intcrnational busincss
stud and someday I want to
: iliI :I
1f1 t:: 1

1
anguage,
:rFt
`
nost Peo-
{hat even
TEAcHER: That
OksanaP
a sohd reason. Ho v ab ut you,
: 1 :t a

STuDENT3: m 1F1


)rldwidc, not rca y sure I just think it w help
cra mc in thc ftIturc someho
reasons,
TEACHER OK Thcre1a more gencral rcason.The point
thcr lan~

I
is, pcople want and nced to lcarn Enghsh becausc it
C spo
offers thcm opportunlt1cs.

r
J:

1o sum up,Enghsh is uscd cvcry day by many peoplc,

nghsh is
1|i|| illi
,'! :i!i| i |

Peoplc all ovcr thc vorld comc in o

r
f#
Vith each
l sciencc.
o cn usc
other for rnany rcasons Thcy nccd a common language,
a language to,Jl`{l)a c commun B0ng p
;iF:
:

:
a, n

at tour1st
li

a rpo s.
Cj
'in Engl,sh givcs someone an advantagc in thcse sit~
uatlons,
: t i :l

J%
ian,the
'othcr
IW


Lr1
OK.I havc givcn you many cxamplcs of ho v Enghsh is
|Interna-
i Enghsh,
uscd in a varicty of situations.Neo/
mcan that English k a ;lobE l languagc
rF/,J:s ,docs this u n language for Endkh.what d

L N,thc
Let11ook at why some pcople do t bclicvc En ish h I m going to st P there.I know th a lot ofinformation
Can u
replaced othcr languagcs. First,thcrc are about thrce to digcst.w ll continue talking about some of the dif~
used as a
timcs as many pcoplc who spcak Chinese as thcir flrst fcrences in the Enghsh vords used in various countrics
languagc as those vho spcak Enghsh as a flrst languagc.
11stCnIng And in many countrics whcrc somc pcople usc Enghsh J}l; Il ; ; : ;l t1F lat
r vork cach da 1thcy don t use Enghsh anv vhcre else.
Even in Enghsh~speaking countries,thcrc arc rn hons of
:e a great Un t3 High Anx ety:Ph b as
pcoplc who prcfcr t spcak a languagc Othcr than Enghsh
at homc,with fricnds,or at work.
1tcrnet I
T crnoon.Today wc c going t turn to
Sccond,I mcntioncd bc%rc that scvcnty
lve countrics `cHER Good a

ng Eng a ncw topk hpcoJow and startloohng ats()me spe-

havc Enghsh as thcir omciallanguage This doesn rncan
ci c ps hological problems,Therc are a varie f men-
a,or cvcn most of thc Pcoplc in thcsc countrics can tal problcms that can afFect us in our da y lives~ some
created a spcak Enghsh,F r cxamPlC,in India,most sourCcs agrec are notsO scHous,like a fear ofcats r ofinsects,and oth
o cn usC that only about5pcrccnt of thc population spcaks En- crs are morc serious.Now as psychologists,wc try to
nct know ish.Th asm l Pcrccntagc! study thcsc di rcnt problcms and flnd vays to help peo~
hSh is a plc
Third,ho v rnuch Enghsh d es a Pcrson nccd t kn
}{||ii ||

v to
bc ca cd an EngIish spcakcr Peop|c may Icarn somc I vant to start the discussion by talking about a fairly
ghsh is a Enghsh r spccilc situati ns,such as thc taxi drivcr I Co 11non kind of psychological problcm~ a phobia,
c ofrnorc mcntioned carhcr.Ho vcvcr.I think you vould all agree th 1P~H~O~B-I~A,First,I ll expl n what a phobia is,
Co untnes with mc that a taxi dovcr who knows a w phrascs likc and thcn IIl talk about somc thcOrics on why Peoplc
rnment.
(Whatis thc name of your
Wherc arc you going or havc phobias, s you probably kn xv,a phobia is a fcar
:thc Only


hotcl isn t rcally a proflcicnt Enghsh speakcr.Anothcr So do any of
ou have phobiasP Oh,come on,you can
d or En~ CxamPle is Airspcak,thc Enghsh thatis uscd by air traf t mGI
Ic a psychol gk.Yes,Monica
Ia.: cs,likc conFollcrs and pilots.A pilot for Japan AirIincs or an r
countries STuDENT1:I have a fcar ofs n1ing.I don hke to go
v Airspeak. But
trafflc contro er in Paris nceds to kn0 iI

1 vou can ncar the ocean

they i ay learn only thc Enghsh words they nced for
makcs it thcsc jobs,and thcrefore they ca11 t bc considcred English TEAcHER:(DK,thatls not an unusual phobia.Anyonc
speakcrs, elsd AliP

Co TfMPORA TOPrCs2 63
 Iw
S mDm 2:I hate dogs,I mean,I ju don1hkc thcm. fecl afraid.For example,Ah could havc learned to bc
Whcn I see a big dog,actual|any dog,1just gct ncr- afr d of dogs if he was attacked and i ured by one as a
ofh
vo us,so I avoid thcm, ch d.
W I

scie1
T1E /{1CHER:OK,that s another common phobia.Thanks Peoplc can also lcarn to have ph bias by vatching how to t

for sharing thosc cxamplcs of phobias.A phobia is not a othcr pcoplc rcact.In fact,doctors flnd that Phobias tcnd rcsc

normal ar;it is an ar vcry strong fca For to run in

rn ies.For cxamplc,lct s imagine that' kh s

exarnPlc,my brothc who1a succcssful artist,had com- mothcr has al vays bccn afraod ofdogs Whcnevcr Ali and I m{
to t
putcr phobia He didn1shnply dkhke using computers. his mothcr vere together and sab,/a dog, his mothcr
He u d to have a vel strong fear of using thcm. would gct very scared,vcry ncrvous.Whcn Ah saw how next

h mother reacted,he wotIld then gradual become ve

toda
,roms of
Psychologists have come up witb thrcc
Karcd, o.Hc wodd then ht `c vFJop nophob
a phobia.Pcople y thesC thrce characte tics fth
r

have a phobh,notjust a o J a Now fIrst,a phobh

from watching his rnothcL So,you can sec that thcrc are Un
t`Vo Ways learning can bc involved in phobias, So,the
is not a r
o rcsponse,Irs a ve y strong rcaction,too
' Flrst thcOry is that a phobia is lcarnc-,Lcarned eithcr by
strong%r the s1tuat1on.For lny brothcr,this mcant he TEA(
direct expcriencc Or by vatc11ing thc reactions fothcrs
strong
had a vcl: physical reactioh if somcOnc askcd him
to use a cor11putc He started shaking violendy and had The second theory says that a Phobia is only a sign of a ^Jh.!
an1r
trouble breathing,Once,he even started cho ng.Physi- dccpcr problem.This:ueans that the phobia isn`the 1C
cal rcactions like this are co 1mon Second,a phobia vhole pr blc s take anothcr cxample, I oncc oack{
`

`. Let
oftcn lasts for a long time,for months or cvcn rars in treatcd a teen gcr who was very al
aid of thc dark,Hc
I
Drog|
my brother casc,it lastcd vcral nrs.Third,thc rcac- couldn\bcin a dark room by hin1self1 c vas tcrrincd t
ticn is too strong for a person to contro1.For examplc, go outside at night,and so on.According to this theor

cven if rny brother told hi 1 sclf not to bc afraid at thc when he acted afraid of the dark,hc vas rea y sho /ing ,
:tC

computer,it didn hclp.Hc st l lt vc a aid.UsuJl his ar ofsomething clsc In therap) `jit was v that r !

people avoid l vhatcvcr it is they are so a aid of So,in my hc was afraid ofhis hthcr,His%thef was ver strict whcn tn :1t(

brothers case,hc avo1dcd us1ng a connputer1 hc was young,and once his{athcr rnadc hirn sit in a dark =f

roo m vhen he did s mcthing bad.According to this the-

OK,so thosc arc thc thrcc characteristics of phobias,lt s
or hisar ofthc dark vas a sign of his dccpcr.rcal ar
an cxtrcme,irfational rcsponsc,it s long lasting,and it s
of his fathe Yes,qucstion
uncontro abIc.

STuDENT3:So t ncontrollablc t eans even if you tfy to

control it,you cart:
TEAcHER:Ycs,it rncans YOu can t control it by trying to
dcny you fecl thc phobia.Thcre are ways to treat pho-
bias,and vc ll talk about thosc in a rninutc.Ycs:
STuDENT :V hat happencd to your brotherP E)id hc gct
ovcr itP
TEAcHER: t;s, he did.Thc main thing was that hc
i
dccided that he vantcd to get ovcr it,and he vas treatcd
by a psychologist Nov he uscs computcrs all the ti:nc.
OK,so lct spcnd a rninutc going ovcr some classiFlca-
sTuDENT4:Sovhat did vou do Did llc11avc to taIk
with his thcr
T
cIIER:` ll,no, vc couldn1do that.But rccognizing
that he vas rcally afraid of his thcr,and not the dark,
was thc key step in the trcarrncnt.Now hc s curcd.No
morc fcar ofthe dark.
C)K,so lct s think about thcsc t`vo theorics,and about
thc mJn dif%rcncc bctwcen thcm.Thc fl t thcOry says
And,thc scc-
that thc phobia is the problern itscIf Right
ond thcOry says that the phobia is a sign of a dccpcr
problc 1thc pcrson has.\Vhy is tbis di rc11cc impor-
tant It`m stIy irnportant in dcciding ho vt ethC

pcrsOn. Accordh1g to thc srst thc ry, if a phobia is
t0ns J pllobi Phob c cJF$ thC thing or
lcarned,pcrhaps it can bc/r/rlcarncd. k psychologist vho


situation that thc pcrson fears.Greck or Latin namcs arc
bllows this thcOrv will trv to teach somcOnc to Fact dif

usuallv uscd to dcscribe the lt:ar. Hcrc`an cxamplc

rentl to bchavc dif {li:;rent!y whcn hc Or shc feels afraid.
GH^Y^P^N-O,mmns slecp,so fear of slccp1s
.

9
Changing the person`bchavior is thc goa1.tDn thc Othcr
h Phobh.o/z9,C N-O,mem do so a of
hand,a psychologist vho bchcvcs thC seCond thc ry rnay
dogs is. .cynoPhobia,right?Hcrc s anothcr cxan1plc.
start by trying to tcach the pcrson to rcact difft rcntl but
Acrophobia Listcn to thclrst Part,ACro.What s thc
the doctor1s1ntcrcstcd in1norc than that t~hc doctors
arP'' as in airplanc~acrophobia is fear of nying
o! ,or goal,k to ht lp thc u ent rev rhe&eper
1`
'r
Lct s turn no v to the Causcs of Phobias.(Dnc theory is psychologicaI problcl l,becausc it v l be casier to treat
that a phobia is learncd.This rneans something happens the phobia if tho dccpcr problcn1 is idcntif;cd and
that causes somcOnc,or ln a scnsc (tcaChcs somcOnc to workcd n as wcl1.

64 Co TfMPORAR OPJC52

i
 Ivant you to think f r a rninutc about the signiflcance

j
l
d to be
,nc as a
ofhaving thesc mo thcoHes,or any cornpeting rheories
What does it rnean?It tc s us that psychol gists,hkc any
groups:
l
scientists,have to cononuc to do rcsearch,to learn,and
ng ho v to test trcauuents N beheve v l be cffcctive based on

tLS tend rcsearch Treatments innprovc the morc wc lcarn.

rat di s
l 1going to stop therc for toda 1In the next class,I
vant
AJi and
to talk about othcr psychological problcms. Read thc
mother
next unitin your book beforc the ncxt cla$
a how That a for
toda Somc ofyou might be far11ihar with tclenoveIas Tclcnov~
.me vcry
elas and soap opcras in the U S.arc sE :
ophobia 'but havc One

cre are unit4 Tv:what We Watch
So, the
thcr by

I:
:

&:
:othcrs
:.l I
f

ign of a

snt the
I oncc
Iark. He
rrincd t
;fL ;; f;;;;;
e
:


:: :
lIsC tk m

J i
s w nlpa
adx
s hcOrv,
1 i
sho vlng

that
Ct VhCn
ln a dark
this thc-
:l : :
Anl m 0n a x hows
:

ili

rcal ar a s

a
9 t;

::
( :r T
u
:c to talk [;bccome the center of thi homc, hc wJk into a
h( l

oom,turn on the' 1and suddcnly thc Outsidc / FId

` fl F: z :F
y
l

bccomcs less in1portant.Peoplc11se' to runc Out 0r ost widely distributed

thc lev,sion showsin thc world
Fget,about thc ut~sidc worId wc rc sa to rclax and and l)avc bce11seen in more than 1oo countries,And
=ogn1zIng
thc dark, join thc world ofthcTV sh ws.Do thcre are l11any othcr exan1plcs,
)u evcr fcd this way
urcd.No about Ycs,many of pu aK nodding sllc
'P,

nd about

ar l
what wc Iikc ro ear,on what we like to wca on wha=wc
l:orV saVs
likc to taIk about.For cxarnPlC popular' V sho vs are dis-
Onc rcason suggested by Robcrt c,A
F
=~t11c scC `ho
T
nc

l c cn has d
a dccpcr y
n1por- T 3::t i
=c
| thC shows.This shows that wc hvcin a cukure.

Phobia is Improved technology has contributcd rthcr to our1
gist who
:;




|

rcact dis :}l1

rTi l

ls a aid.
undersrand rhc mily pr blcms in thc sho
lthc other
hc rv maY
rcntl but

:W l
fl ;f;;rt :1i :l ;e :
.NIan,with cable and sarellite therc arc a lot ofchoiccs,

`c doctors
thc dccpcr
j
|c to treat F
tlEcd and lh
indudcd the gamc show V rJ9%B''Mt1;to /z'
'

Co fMPo R FOPfCS2 65
 s
da a spccial Unit5 Lear"i"g Di erently

sit
the1 'orgetto
n They fl:cling
kn0 dcvclops bemeen and
v the characters thcm and
their

Probkms,The T %mi e becomes important.

.
TEACHER:I cllo cvcryonc.I think we can getstarted n

s
Thcrc is a scnsc ofcommuni,1of sharing,of%mil)`1All
As we havc studicd in this dass,there are many direrent
of thcsc things contributc t charactcr loyal u Ifany of
vays of learning,and therc arc many diffcrcnt lcarning
) u havc
atChcd a show rcgularl 1you know vhat I
problc ls So 0pcople have problems ith reading,or T
mcan ou vat it bccaL1 u idc11t1f` th thC charac-
math,or with
s J g their ideas in wOrds.Some peo sp(
tc rs
ple have rncmo problems~for example,they have difFl- an|

Now writcrs of TV shows undcrstand that TV vkwcrs cul rcmembcring what they hear or rcad Other peoPle CCl

ant to have a group of characters to kno v and carc have problems holding a pcnc or pen so that they can
ST
ab ut As Wcndy Richc,for Lcr cxccutive produccr of write.As educators,thesc are rDF that wc need to
Co1
G / 1r bP/put it undcrstand,because evcryone dcscrves an education_
human conncction, and `hc whcnaudknce wants
thcy get it, athcy
pcrsonJ,
are and it s ourjob to promote lear ng.
d otcd, Thk mcansth bc me JoydJ to thc1V
Today Iu hke t talk about one common cause oflearn
charactcrs thcy watch cvcry day.T givc an interesting
ing problems dyslexia The term dyslexia, that1D-Y-
cxamplc from
r/ J;Some ycars back,thc L-E X-I-A,is from Greek.It means difflculty with
' S
writcrs vanted to have thc main character,Bob Hughes,

vords and languagc. In thc flrst part of rny talk, I ll
get shot on a Frida Wcll9that Friday turncd out to bc
brieny Cxplain what dyslexia is and givc you some gcncral
Christ nas Eve.Thc producers ofthe sho v told thc writ- background about it,Then,in the second part,I will
crs, q
,no,no . .hc Can t bc shot n this Friday prBs % onc doctors cxplanation of why people with
sho Do you know whyP dyslexia have lcarning dimculties.

STuDENT1:Becausc it was too violCntP OK,what is dyslexia?Dyslexia means a difflcul with

TEAcHER:
ell,no,not bccause it vas too violcnt,but rcading or vriting. Bcforc about 1970, rescarchers
thought dyslcxia as a visual problcm.A problern sccing
thcy didn\ vant hiFn shot on thc Friday bCfore(Ehrist-
lcttcrs and words correctly,But this theory vas never
mas.
r@ be.ue,Rc chers have llow conduded
STuDENT1: X'hy I mcan, vhy notP that thc rnain problcm may be that dyslexics have trouble
matching sounds vith letters in vords becausc their
TEACHER:Because thc audience vould vorry all vcck-
brains work dif%rendy om other peoPlos.Let me
cnd about him.They wouldot know if he was divc or
cxplain that,Every vord is rnade up ofsounds,rightP
dcad,and thcy would not c oy Christmas.So,tllc writ-
The sound units are callcd phonemcs. Let s take the
crs had to changc thc storand havc hirn shot aRcr
word cat, Now,somcOnc who not dyslcxic will rcad
Christmas.I mean,thc cwcrs lcally identi with thCsc
thc vord cat and bc able to brcak it into the sounds,
charactcrs as if thcy rc rcal pcoplc
thc phoncmcs Ca-A-Tc.Howcver,someone who has
also try to crcatc Charactcr loy
W/riters for cvening T dyslexia has trouble breaking do vn thc word into
alt but not vith a continuing stor)1Instead,each veck, sounds,and as a rcsult has trouble reading the vord.
thc story bCgins and Cnds,Ho cvcr,caCh l veek the same
Thcrc are othcr problcms people ith dyslcxia Inay have,
charactcrs apPcar,and vlc /Crs Vatch bccause thcy kn0 v
and not cve,0ne vho dyslexic has thc samc problcnls.
thc charactcrs and thcy carc about thcn1,likc fricnds.A
That svhy thcre is no dcflnition of dyslexia that is
1
acccptcd by evcryonc, We do knoxv, ho vcver, that a



r , l
dyslcxic peson1brain worl s diffcrcndy from othcr peo-
|

They cach had thcir o vn problcms,their o /n Pcrsonah-

ple`.Here are a fcw cxamples of studcn with dyslcxia
tics.Vicwcrs got to know them,and wantcd to sce wh
and their lcarning Problems,Anna kno vs the answer to a
would happcn to thcm N hcn y u think about it,don1
question,but says thc vrong xvords.Thomas studies hard

:: l : r
)
:1I


i 1 l : i
for a spclling tcst.Hc can y how cach word is spclled,
but hc cannot Vritc thc vords corrcctly on the tcst.Kurt
watching t 1
trics to p y r=J in class,but he has troublc sitong
Thc next tirne you l vatch a soaP opcra,think about thc st l and listcning,Hc can`concentrate,and his teachcrs
thcmcs that makc thcse shows so popular worldwide tllink hc docst carc about schoo1.Seiji has troublc with

Think about ho vatch cach da they gct to the order ofthings,such as the stcps in a rnath problc 1,
`as Pcople
knOw thc charactcrs and bccome a part ofthat TV com~ his history lessons,or even his own da y schedule Susan

mu OK,that Jl for tod 1Uh,i omc for you to

t:)/
has troublc R lloving dircctions.She rnay confuse len

go llomc and vatch somc tr ! and right. . .Yes,do you havc a questionP

66 Co TfMPORAR TOPfCs2
 STuDENT1:I do t understand about the boy who can that receive info nation as computer chiPs.Every day,
sit stil1. these chips,the Parts in 0ur brain,recove information,
r ht Now thisinformaton cnters thc br Lin as signals of
a ed now1 TEACHER The boy who can concentmte in dassP
what wc sce or hear or touch,and so on.Noxv,thejob of
|v diferent STuDENT l:Yes,I mcan how is that dyslexia thcse brain parts is to tunc in thc signals to diffcrcnt
111earning channels in our brain.Your brain rcccivcs thc signds just
cading,or
TEAcHER:We , pi(:all)`;the ch d has trouble following
spoken dirccoons or undcrstanding the stcps in a lesson,
as your1P sct at homc docs,likc it tuncs in,sa Chan-
Some pco~ ncl Fivc Or Channcl six.
havc difn~ and so hc becomcs very nervous or upset and can con~ Now,if thcsc c mputcr chips arcn worbng right,thcy
her people centratc.OKP can1rcccivc thc signals c rrcctl Nor can thcy tunc in thc
1t they can corrcct channcls.S thc signals' ar und and bcc mc
sTuDENT1:Oh,OK.so the dyslexia prevents him from
c necd to unclcar,and as thc signals drift,this causcs problcms, Fo
concentrat1ng
}ucaoon-_ cxamplc,if a ch d(;brain cannot rcccivc thc signals on a
TEACHER:R ht Thesc are somc of thc challcnges%r pagc as shc rcads,shc has difflcuky rcading.Ifa ch d can~
pcoplc vith dyslexia.And as I said eadier,no t vo peoplc not tunc in thc signals hc hcars in class,hc has dif culty
Ic oflearn
have jJ problems.Of course,there are other rea- undcrstanding what thc tcachcr tc s him.If a signal driRs,
Lhat1D~Y~ this can also control cncrgy lcvcls, ur ab ity to conccn
sons vhy a student 1ight not Pay attention in class,or
Eultvith tratc, our ab ity t distinguish what is imPortant and
have troublc rcading,Howevcr,thcse are problemssome-
talk, unimPortant.Thisis why s mc ch drcn havc dimcul
one with dyslcxia rnay have bccausc a dyslcxic person sit~
mc gcneral ting st l in class,
,a rt,I will
br n works dif%rently f om othcr people ,Another
qucstion,yes? Thc good ncws is that aRer rnany years of rcsearch,Dr
Plc with
Lcvinson and others have concludcd that the brain can
STuDEp How common is dyslcxia?
learn to nx the drifting.([)h drenvho reccive hclp oftcn
cul vith TEAcHER I s cstimated that10perccnt ofall school ch ~ learn to dcal vith thcir individual problcms,and do bettcr
'
csearchcrs drcn arc dyslcxic inhod.Naturall i bcst ifthc s oo
, and
J

crn seeing give help vhen the ch drcn are vcry young It s also
las ncvcr STuDENT2:Wow,that a lot.I heard that it only affects
important that tcachers,alld ru ftltu ache ,be ~
concIuded boys That n t true,is it?
about ho v you teach,and considcr the difFcrent learn-
Ls e troublc ing needs of students with dyslcxia, . . In s rnc spccid
TEAcHER No,Rcsearch has conflr1ned that both gendcrs
ausc the1r schools r dyslcxic lcarners,thc tcachcrs rcad to the stu
can havc dysIcxia OK,so that givcs you an idea of the
s. Let me dcnts.Thcy dont requlrc thc studcnts to rcad or wr1te to
problcm,but vhat causcs dyslcxiaP Researchers think

ds,fight? learn,Teachcrs prcscnt lessons in a varic

that there may be a genetic basis for dyslcxia,that the ofvays.Stu-
problem k j
Fj
from thc mothcr orthc thcL This dcnrs can take tcsts orall rathcr than in wri ng And
c`take the
will rcad
is based on the fact that about85Pcrccnt of ch dren reading and vriting are taught as separatc skdls.This

c sounds, approach recognizcs that thcsc students arc vcry capablc

vith dyslexia have eithcr a mother or fathcr who is
: vho has
dyslcxic of lcarning, but nccd to bc taught in a diffcrcnt vay
0rd into
bccausc thcy lcarn diflf1:rcnd)`1' his is a vcry positive step.
to d. hat1interesting as ve as challcnging for us educa~
tors-
is that thcsc kids gcncra y scorc high on intc i- So,today I ve givcn you somc gcncral idcas about what
may have,
gencc tests,but thcy usually can`read, vrite,or spc at dyslcxia is,and vhat educators arc doing to hclP thcsc
problcms.
the samc lcvcl as thcir classmatcs.This can bc a problcm studcnts lcarn.OK,wcll,that1cnough r toda
c

Ia that 1s
because othcr PeoplC,Cvcn thcir tcachcrs,oRen don talk1nore about this in thc ncxt class
rcr, that a
orhcr pco- beheve that thc kids arc vcry intelligcnt. In addition,
dyslcxics often fcd likc thcre somcthing wrong with
dvslcxia
thcm bccausc thcy can11carn thc samc vay othcr kids at
Unit6 " n1 grat on:BOund
ul ver to a
udics hard school can.They oftcn feel stressed and blame thc for the united states
is spcllcd, sclvcs,cspccially vhcn other PcoplC say thcy arc lazy and

I test.Kurt not trying.l Iany ofthcn try vcry hard to lcarn,but still
T cHER All right,Lct gct startcd,U,S immigration is
lblc sitting have troublc.
our topic today.I kn0 v rnany ofvou arc imn igrants,so
Js tcachers
In this part of thc lccturc, I ll prcscnt thc vork of Dl: you knoll,somCthing about this topic Asyou may know

ublc vith
Harold Lcvinson, a psychologist
vho has studied by my last name,I havc a Gcrman background;my par-
I Problen1,
dyslcxia for ovcr1t liVCnu flve ycars. en immlgrated to thc u S from Gcrmany about sf~
|ulc.Susan
years ago,. . ,Yes,question?
)ntLlse len to help us understand dyslcxia,hc tells us to thihk ofour
brains as T sets,and to think ofthe parts in our brains STuDENT1:Docs that mcan you c an i 1rnigrant?

cO rfMPORAR TOPfC52 67
TEAcHER:Well,no .My parcnts are immigrants,Thcy Now let1see,where are we?Ah,rs,uh,1891 h1891, Eacl
carnc to thc Statcs from Gcrman I m a nrst gcncraton the U.S.Congress crcatcd thc INS,thc Immigration and gratc
Gcrman-Amc can because I was born hcrc, Natural ation Scrvice,to control imm ration,Any of This
you who wantto immigrate to the U.S,have heard ofthe grat
First,wc ll talk bricnv ab ut immigration,the histo of
INS.Up unti11891,cach state had its own laws ahd 290,
irn 1igration to thc U.S.,and the story ofdiversity in the
could decide vhich imnligrants could enteL So no one ent,
U.s.
rea y controlled the tot l number of pcople a o vcd in one
To immigratc mcans to movc from onc untry to cach yca ARcr1891,thc fcdcral government made the hrr
anorhcr.It`ap la vs instead.A ycar latcr,in1892,the INS opened Ell hote
' `moVe.By contrast,ifyou go to
li c and, 0rk in Francc for mo years,you dort irnmi~ Island,in Nc
`York Harbor.ships would go past thc In rc
gratc thcrc;vou move there temporar because you Statue ofLiber the oJofa new hfe for many Peo
realL
Plan to rcturn to your count y1So to im 1igratc Fneans to ple,and stop at Ellis Island.Have any of you seen E is
of it
mosc to anothcr untry to lhe there Jy IslandP(Dr the Statue ofLibert)` You have,StefanP
rcpla
Immi aton happclls all over thc wor!d,M t pCople do
` sTuDENT2:Ycs,I have.Thc Statue ofuber and Ellis nIzIr
it to improve thcir ccono 1ic or social situation.
Island. rural
ll do now is give you a brkfchronol S mun
`llat I
TEAcHER What did you thihP
irnnligraoon.Lct `of U
start vith the colonial pcriod,thc flrst Itali

1ost
l1,avc of irnmigrants in thc scvcntccnth centur sTuDENT2:Ve huprcssive,Intcrcsting,too qucs
immigrants wcrc from Wcstcrn Europc Although thc
TEACHER:Yes,it is interesting now that E k Isl Ind has sTuI
Spaniards arrived in1513,the flrst pcrmancnt scttlcmcnt
bccn madc into a museum It s an important Part of a g
in North Amcrica was onc that thc British startcd in
An1cHcan hktor Between 1892and1954,when Ellis a sJ(
1607in Jamestown,Virginia.People were not pro
Island was dosed,about12mmi n immigmnts entered
TLA(
' `from was
through thcrc,rnost from Europc Ikl cncourage you all
comc.Lifc immigrating by the
dif ;cult,and British;anyone
somc pcoplc did not couId
s r- rogc
to go for a v1s1t.
vv ,but pcoplc fclt it as vorth the risk to havc a bcttcr nnet

lifc in thc colonies Thc French,Spanish,and Dutch also
came,but in smallcr nuhbers:I should al o point out
that about20percent of the population at this tirne vas
AJ:i:ican Amcrican.Howcver,most werert immigrants;
thcy wcrc brought from Africa as daves.1o-ay wc rc hm Imm rati n
iting our discussion to D JFrJ/iFn1nigrants-
to pcoplc
who chooseto come to the U.S.
Nov,by1775,the U.S.poPulation had gr0 vn to about
2.5 m lion.Thc coun y was growing fast.Some
hought too%st.So in the1790s,la vs wcrc passcd to
controhmm rati n for the nrst time,The Naturaliza-
tion Act of1798 requircd imllligrants to livc in the
U.S.a ccrta1n nunnbcr ofycars bc%rc thcy became c1tl
zcns.
Thc sccond big avc ofimnligration happcned bc6vccn
1840and 1920 During this vavc,about37111illion
peoplc came to the U.S Tho industrial revolution had
Let go back for a rninute.About9 1illion People entered cach
the U.s.bea rccn 1900and 1910.As a result,the U,S. soun
govcrnmcnt decided thatit needed to lhnit the numbcr of
s I
immigrants This lcd to a serics of new la vs.First,thc
Act of1917was passed to restrict wh could TLA(
cntc Thcn in1921,the U.S,Congrcss passcd a quota s or lr
tcn1.This meant they dcclded that a certaln number of mos
peopk om cach countr) could eI1ter the U S.each yea mosl
For example,2m on from Germany could e,te Once r (
that number had imm ratCd,n more wcrc me&until bcrt(
thc next yca That how thc quota s tC1worked. Cour
re nt
During this pcriod,say11p unt thc196os,the U.S.was
callcd a melting pot. Thc attitudc lvas that immigrants
Tha
had t give up their traditions and culturcs in order to crc~
ate a uniform so0c PeoplC were expectcd to forgFt about
bcing Italian or Chinese.Thcy vcrc cxpected to learn En~
kh alld t0 to Am can w s ofdoing things.
T (

bcgun in Europc,causing a big shift from{:a1rming to Nolv,le look at the third w c,t e0eri d from1965 cnd
(l
1cto jobs Mal y kR forthe U.S.,hoping to nont1e to thc prescnt tirnc.I 11965,the quota systeIn vas abol-
busi
doing the%rming jobs tlley knc About80pcrccnt of ished, Instcad,a liFnit of29o,ooo vas set on thc total
cou1
th c sccond wavc immigrants wcrc om all over number ofpeopIe vho could enter each vea During thc
rs(
Europc.During this sccond vavc,Chincsc workcrs also 1970s and 1980s,about8o pcrccnt of thc imr11igrants
no
camc to thc U,S ,mostIy as o J,Jrc Workcrs,Thc werc om La nmcoca and Ash,and only20p cent
car
ar ngcd,or qontractcd,to work for an American com wereon1Europe and clscwhcre.So fyou comparc the
g
pany bsforc thcy left home. Iost ofthem worked in thc sccond and third vaves,u seC that in the second vavc
pnC
gold mines of California,and later built railroads.Thcn it vas nlosdy Europeans,and in the third vave it Was
la vs vcrc passed in the 1880s to keep most contraCt mostly Latin Americans and Asians.Again,cconomic ll(
wofkers out oPportuni was thc m n reas n pcoplc imm ratcd. cmP

68 Co TfMPORARy TOPrC52