Spanish Course

Lesson Topics
Unit One
1. Gender of Nouns I
2. Gender of Nouns II
3. Numbers: 1-10
4. Plural Forms of Nouns
5. Def. & Indef. Articles
6. The Verb Form "hay"
7. Subject Pronouns
8. Reg. Verbs I
9. Reg. Verbs II
10.Reg. Verbs III
11.Adjectives I
12.Adjectives II
13.Days of the Week
14.Numbers: 11-30
Unit Two
15.Ser and Estar I

16.Ser and Estar II
17.Ser and Estar III
18.Ser and Estar IV
19.Negation
20.Questions
21.Poss. Adjectives
22.Tener, venir
23.Tener que / Hay que
24.Exp. with "Tener"
25.Weather Expressions
26.The Personal "a"
27.Contractions
Unit Three
28.Stem-Changing Verbs: o:ue

29.Stem-Changing Verbs: e:ie
30.Stem-changing verbs: e:i
31.Estar, Ir, Dar
32."Ir a" + infinitive
33.Acabar de
34.Volver a
35.Ordinal Numbers
36.Months, Seasons, and Dates
37.Comparisons of Inequality
38.Comparisons of Equality
39.Superlatives
Unit Four
40.Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions

41.Dir. Object Pronouns I
42.Dir. Object Pronouns II
43.Dir. Object Pronouns III
44.Ind. Object Pronouns I
45.Ind. Object Pronouns II
46.Ind. Object Pronouns III
47.DO and IO Pronouns Together
48.Verbs Like Gustar
49.Present Progressive
50.Verbs with Irregular 1st Persons
Unit Five
51.Saber vs Conocer / Pedir vs Preguntar

52.Numbers: 31-1000
53.Telling Time
54.Por and Para
55.Irreg. Comparatives
56.Demonstratives
57.Time Expressions With Hacer
58.Possessive Pronouns
59.Reflexive Verbs I
60.Reflexive Verbs II
61.Definite Article II
Unit Six
62.Pret. vs Imp. I
63.Preterite I
64.Imperfect I
65.Preterite II
66.Imperfect II
67.Pret. vs Imp. II
68.Preterite III
69.Imperfect III
70.Preterite IV
71.Preterite V
72.Preterite VI
73.Pret. vs Imp. III
74.Pret. vs Imp. Review
Unit Seven
75."Hace ..." to mean "ago"

76.Formation of Adverbs
77.Subjunctive I: Introduction
78.Subjunctive II: Conjugating regular and stem-changing verbs
79.Subjunctive III: Verbs that change orthographically
80.Subjunctive IV: Irregular verbs
81.Subjunctive V: Desire
82.Subjunctive VI: Ignorance, doubt
83.Subjunctive VII: Impersonal Expressions
84.Subjunctive VIII: Actions not yet completed
Unit Eight
85.Rel. Pronouns - que

86.Rel. Pronouns - quien
87.Rel. Pronouns - el que and lo que
88.Rel. Adjective - cuyo
89.Rel. Pronouns and Adjectives - Review
90.Formal Commands
91.Inform. Commands - t
92.Irreg. Commands - t
93.Using Object Pronouns with Commands
94.Commands Review I
95.Informal Commands - vosotros
96.1st Person Commands - nosotros
97.Indirect Commands
98.Commands Review II
Unit Nine
99.Future
100. Past Participle
101. Present Perfect
102. Past Perfect
103. Future Perfect
104. Conditional
Gender of Nouns Part I
Anounisawordusedtodenoteaperson,place,thing,oridea.
PERSON: John,girl,dentist
PLACE: garden,university,Venezuela
THING: book,car,tomato
IDEA: liberty,despair,intelligence
InSpanish,allnounsareeithermasculineorfeminine.
MASCULINE FEMININE
elchico.................... boy lachica........................ girl
Copyright19972005SpanishLearningResourcesAllRightsReserved.Thispagemaybereproducedfornon-proteducationalpurposes,provideditisreproducedinitsentirety.
eljardn.................... garden launiversidad............... university
ellibro..................... book larevista...................... magazine
elmiedo................... fear lalibertad.................... liberty
Theideathatnounshavegenderseemsperfectlynaturalwhenthenounstandsfora
livingcreature.ThisisbecauseinEnglish,livingcreaturesoftenhavedifferentnames,
dependinguponwhethertheyaremaleorfemale.
MASCULINE FEMININE
man woman
tiger tigress
aviator aviatrix
ThefollowingSpanishnounsalldenotelivingcreatures.
elgato..................... malecat lagata......................... femalecat
elperro.................... maledog laperra........................ femaledog
elchico.................... boy lachica........................ girl
elabuelo.................. grandfather laabuela...................... grandmother
Howareallofthesemasculinenounsalike?
elgato elperro
elchico elabuelo
HINT:lookatboththebeginningandtheendingofeachwordpair.
Howareallofthesefemininenounsalike?
lagata laperra
lachica laabuela
HINT:lookatboththebeginningandtheendingofeachwordpair.
Elandlabothmeanthe.
elchico(theboy) lachica(thegirl)
elperro(themaledog) lagata(thefemalecat)
NOTE:Thesetwowords(el,la)arecalleddenitearticles.Youwilllearnmoreabouttheminalaterlesson.
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Whatdoyounoticeaboutthelastletterofthesenouns?
MASCULINE FEMININE
gato gata
perro perra
chico chica
abuelo abuela
Nounsthatendin-oareusuallymasculine.Nounsthatendin-aareusuallyfeminine.Noticethe
wordusually!Thereareexceptionstothesetworulesandyouwillsoonbelearningthem.
Onecannotpredictthegenderofanounthatstandsforanon-livingthing.Trytopredict
whethertheSpanishwordsforthefollowingthingsaremasculineorfeminine:
MASCULINEORFEMININE?
book house
money window
Onecannotpredictthegenderofanoun,exceptinthecaseoflivingcreatures.Donottryto
analyzethenatureoftheobject,lookingforsomeinherentmasculinityorfemininity.Itwont
work!
Takeaguess.DoyouthinktheSpanishwordfordressismasculineorfeminine?You
mightexpectittobefeminine,sinceadressisanarticleofclothingwornbyfemales.
Actually,thewordfordressisamasculineword:
elvestido
Takeanotherguess.DoyouthinktheSpanishwordfornecktieismasculineor
feminine?Youmightexpectittobemasculine,sinceanecktieisanarticleofclothing
wornbymales.Actually,thewordfornecktieisafeminineword:
lacorbata
Whenyoulearnanewnoun,youshouldalsolearnitsdenitearticle(el,la).Thereare
severalreasonsforthis:
Becauseyoucannotpredictthegenderofmostnouns.
Becausenoteverynounthatendsin-oismasculine,andnoteverynounthatendsin-ais
feminine.
Becausemanynounsendinlettersotherthanoora.
Becausethedenitearticle(el,la)isyourclueastowhetheranounismasculineorfeminine.
Whydoyoucarewhetheranounismasculineorfeminine?Goodquestion!Asyoushall
seeinupcominglessons,Spanishplacesagreatdealmoreemphasisongenderthandoes
English.
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Quiz 1
Gender of Nouns: Part I
A.Circlethecorrectanswer. B. Choosebetweenmasculineorfeminine.
1. Whichwordismasculine? Circlethebestanswer.
lacasa 6. ellibro
lamesa isamasculineword
ellibro isafeminineword
laventana 7. lapluma
2. Whichwordisfeminine? isamasculineword
elchico isafeminineword
elhermano 8. elcuaderno
elabuelo
isamasculineword
lahermana
isafeminineword
3. Whichwordismasculine?
9. elescritorio
elcuaderno
isamasculineword
lapluma
esunapalabrafemenina
lamaestra
laprofesora 10. lasilla
esunapalabramasculina
4. Whichwordisfeminine?
elnmero
eltelfono C. Circlethecorrectlastletterofeachword.
elmuchacho 11. ellibr_ o a
lata 12. lames_ o a
5. Culeslapalabramasculina? 13. elgat_ o a
14. lagat_ o a
lamaana
15. elchic_ o a
lapalabra
16. lachic_ o a
eldiccionario
17. elcuadern_ o a
latarea
18. laplum_ o a
19. elvestid_ o a
20. lacorbat_ o a

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Gender of Nouns: Part II
Masculinenounsthatendinaconsonantoftenhaveacorrespondingfeminineformthat
endsin-a.
elprofesor............... laprofesora
eldoctor.................. ladoctora
elseor.................... laseora
Somenounsthatrefertopeopleusethesameformforbothmasculineandfeminine.
Thesenounsindicategenderbythearticle(elorla).
elestudiante............ laestudiante
elpianista................ lapianista
elartista................... laartista
Nounsthatendin-sin,-cin,-dad,-tad,-tud,-umbrearefeminine.
latelevisin ladecisin
laconversacin lahabitacin
laciudad launiversidad
ladicultad lalibertad
laactitud lagratitud
lacertidumbre lamuchedumbre
Somenounsthatendin-aaremasculine.
elproblema eltelegrama
elprograma elmapa
elsistema elpoema
elda eltema
elclima elidioma
elsof elplaneta
Manynounsthatendin-maaremasculine.Noticethateightofthetwelvenounslisted
aboveendin-ma.
eltelegrama elprograma
elproblema elsistema
elpoema elidioma
elclima eltema
NOTE:Afewnounsthatendin-maarefeminine,suchaslacamaandlapluma.
Fourofthenounsthatendin-aaresimplyexceptionsandmustbememorized.
elda elmapa
elplaneta elsof
Afewnounsthatendin-oarefeminine.
lamano laradio
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Reviewoftheruleslearnedinlesson1andlesson2.
Manynounsthatdenotelivingthingshavebothamasculineandafeminineform.
Mostnounsthatendin-oaremasculine.
Mostnounsthatendin-aarefeminine.
Masculinenounsthatendinaconsonantoftenhaveacorrespondingfeminineformthatends
in-a.
Somenounsthatrefertopeopleusethesameformforbothmasculineandfeminine.These
nounsindicategenderbythearticle(elorla).
Nounsthatendin-sin,-cin,-dad,-tad,-tud,-umbrearefeminine.
Manynounsthatendin-maaremasculine.
Afewnounsthatendin-oarefeminine
Younowknowmostoftherulesfordeterminingthegenderofanoun.Therearejusta
fewmorethingstoknow,buttheywon'tbecovereduntillater.Remember,wheneveryou
learnanewnoun,learnitcompletewithitsdenitearticle(el,la).Denitearticlesare
thesubjectofanupcominglesson.
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Quiz 1
Gender of Nouns: Part II
A.Circlethecorrectanswer. elsistema
1. Whichwordismasculine? laesta
elda 8. Culeslapalabrafemenina?
lagratitud
elsistema
ladecisin
eltema
lacertidumbre
elplaneta
2. Whichwordisfeminine? lanovia
elpoema B. Choosebetweenmasculineorfeminine.
elsof Circlethebestanswer.
laradio 9. televisin
eltema
isamasculineword
3. Culeslapalabramasculina? isafeminineword
launiversidad 10. mano
latelevisin
lalibertad
elmapa
11. ciudad
4. Culeslapalabrafemenina?
elnmero
eltelfono
elabuelo 12. problema
lamano esunapalabramasculina
5. Culeslapalabramasculina? esunapalabrafemenina
lamaana 13. gratitud

lapalabra esunapalabramasculina
elclima esunapalabrafemenina
latarea
14. radio
6. Culeslapalabramasculina? esunapalabramasculina
lachica esunapalabrafemenina
laabuela C. Circlethecorrectlastletterofeachword.
elidioma
5. eld_
1 o a
laamiga
16. laman_ o a
7. Culeslapalabramasculina? 17. elproblem_ o a
ladicultad 18. elidiom_ o a
lacomputadora 19. eltem_ o a
20. elpoem_ o a
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Cardinal Numbers: 110
Herearethenumbers1-10:
1............................ uno
2............................ dos
3............................ tres
4............................ cuatro
5............................ cinco
6............................ seis
7............................ siete
8............................ ocho
9............................ nueve
10............................ diez
Thenumberonechangesfromunotounbeforeamasculinenoun.
unlibro.................... onebook
unperro................... onedog(male)
unhombre............... oneman
Thenumberonechangesfromunotounabeforeafemininenoun.
unapluma............... onepen
unagata.................. onecat(female)
unachica................. onegirl
Whencountinggenerically(one,two,three...)useunobutwhencountingspecically
(onecat,onedog),useunoruna.
uno,dos,tres........... one,two,three
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Quiz 1
A.Circlethecorrecttranslation. B. Circlethecorrecttranslation.
1. threechairs 8. threetelevisions
diezradios cincotelevisiones
cuatrosillas trestelevisiones
tressillas 9. twohands
nuevesituaciones unamano
2. sixconversations dosmanos
sieteconversaciones 10. oneplanet
seisconversaciones unplaneta
diezaviones ochoplanetas
unavin
11. sevenprofessors
3. fourmagazines nueveprofesores
unarevista sieteprofesores
tresrevistas
12. sixcities
cincouniversidades
diezciudades
cuatrorevistas
seisciudades
4. twoerasers
13. veconversations
treschicas
cincoconversaciones
unprograma
dosconversaciones
ochoprogramas
14. onemap
dosborradores
dosmapas
5. ninepencils
unmapa
unlpiz
doslpices C.Circlethecorrectsumorthedifference.
treslpices 15. Tresperrosmsdos
nuevelpices perrosson cinco siete
6. eightuniversities 16. Unlibromsdoslibrosson cuatro tres
tresprofesores 17. Cincoplumasmscinco
plumasson diez ocho
ochouniversidades
18. Cuatroavionesmsdos
diezprofesoras
avionesson siete seis
unahermana
19. Tresradiosmsuna
7. vewomen radioson cuatro dos
unaseorita 20. Diezplumasmenosuna
unamujer plumason nueve ocho
cincomujeres
unaamiga
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Plural Forms of Nouns
Ifanounendsinavowel,makeitpluralbyadding-s.
libro:libros............... (libro+s)
pluma:plumas......... (pluma+s)
chico:chicos............ (chico+s)
seora:seoras........ (seora+s)
Thedenitearticles(el,la)alsochangeinthepluralform.Theybecomelosandlas.
Thedenitearticleswillbecoveredindepthinthenextlesson.
ellibro:loslibros
lapluma:lasplumas
elchico:loschicos
laseora:lasseoras
Ifanounendsinaconsonant,makeitpluralbyadding-es.
elborrador:losborradores (borrador+es)
launiversidad:lasuniversidades (universidad+es)
elprofesor:losprofesores (profesor+es)
laciudad:lasciudades (ciudad+es)
Ifanounendsin-in,add-esanddropthewrittenaccent.
elavin:losaviones
laconversacin:lasconversaciones
laseccin:lassecciones
latelevisin:lastelevisiones
NOTE:Youmaywonderwhyavinisntfeminine.Noticethatitdoesntqualifyforourrulewhichsaysthat
allnounsendingin-cinandsinarefeminine.
Ifanounendsin-z,add-esandchangetheztoc.
ellpiz:loslpices lavoz:lasvoces
eltapiz:lostapices laactriz:lasactrices
Whenthepluralreferstotwoormorenounsofdifferentgenders,themasculinepluralis
used.
2perros+6perras=8perros(notperras)
1gato+8gatas=9gatos(notgatas)
Afewnounsarecompoundnouns,thatis,theyareformedbycombiningtwowords
intoone.(Example:abre+latas=abrelatas/open+cans=canopener)Thesecompound
nounsarealwaysmasculine,andthepluralisformedbychangingtheeltolos.
elabrelatas.............. losabrelatas
elparaguas.............. losparaguas
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Letsreviewtherulesformakingnounsplural.
Ifanounendsinavowel,simplyadd-s.
Ifanounendsinaconsonant,simplyadd-es.
Ifanounendsin-z,changetheztocbeforeadding-es.
Ifanounendsin-in,dropthewrittenaccentbeforeadding-es.
Ifthepluralreferstoamixedgroup,usethemasculine.
Forcompoundnouns,change"el"to"los".
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Quiz 1
Plural Forms of Nouns
A.Circlethecorrectpluralform. 5. elmapa
1. ellibro elmapas
loslibroes losmapas
loslibros
6. laconversacin
2. ellpiz lasconversaciones
loslpices lasconversacines
loslpizes
7. lahabitacin
3. launiversidad lashabitacines
lasuniversidads lashabitaciones
lasuniversidades
4. lasecretaria
lasecretarias
lassecretarias
B.Trueorfalse?Circlethecorrectanswer.
8. Ifanounendsin-o,makeitpluralbyadding-s. true false

9. Ifanounendsin-in,makeitpluralbyadding-es. true false
10. Ifanounendsin-a,makeitpluralbyadding-s. true false
11. Ifanounendsin-in,makeitpluralbyadding-esanddropping
thewrittenaccent. true false
12. Toformthepluralofnounsthatendinavowel,add-s. true false
13. Ifanounendsinaconsonant,makeitpluralbyadding-es. true false
14. Ifanounendsin-z,makeitpluralbychangingtheztoc,andadding-es. true false
C.Circlethemissingletterstocorrectlyformtheplural.
5. losav_
1 iones ines (elavin)
16. loslpi_ zes ces (ellpiz)
17. lasprofesor_ es as (laprofesora)
18. losprofesor_ es as (elprofesor)
19. lasuniversidad_ s es (launiversidad)
20. losplaneta_ s se (elplaneta)
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Denite and Indenite Articles: Part I
Thedifferencebetweendenitearticlesandindenitearticlescanbeobservedinthe
followingtwosentences:
Givemethechocolatechipcookie Givemeacookie,please.
Imagineaplatefullofcookies.Therearepeanutbuttercookies,sugarcookies,
gingerbreadcookies,andonechocolatechipcookie.
Therstsentencespeaksofaparticular(ordenite)cookie:
Givemethechocolatechipcookie.
Thesecondsentencespeaksofanyofanumberofcookies(oranindenitecookie):
Givemeacookie,please.
Thedifferencebetweenthedeniteandindenitearticlesisthedifferencebetween
talkingaboutaspeciccookie,oranyoldcookieatall.
thecookie................ acookie
InEnglish,thedenitearticleisthewordtheregardlessofwhetherthenounit
introducesissingularorplural.
thecookie................ thecookies
InSpanish,thedenitearticlehas4forms,dependingonwhetherthenounismasculine,
feminine,singularorplural.
elgato..................... themalecat
losgatos.................. themalecats
lagata..................... thefemalecat
lasgatas................... thefemalecats
NOTE:Themasculinepluraldeniteandindenitearticles(los,unos)arealsousedtoindicateagroupofmixed
sex.Thus,losgatoscouldrefertoagroupof10malecats,oritcouldrefertoagroupof9femalecatsand
onemalecat.
The4formsofthedenitearticleare:
el............................. masculinesingular
la............................. femininesingular
los............................ masculineplural
las............................ feminineplural
InEnglish,theindenitearticleistheworda,an,orsome.
acookie
anapple
somebooks
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InSpanish,theindenitearticlehas4forms,dependingonwhetherthenounis
masculine,feminine,singularorplural.
ungato.................... amalecat
unosgatos............... somemalecats
unagata.................. afemalecat
unasgatas............... somefemalecats
NOTE:Remember,aslongasthegroupofcreatureshasatleastonemalemember,themasculinepluralarticle
isused.Thus,unosgatoscouldrefertoagroupof10malecats,oritcouldrefertoagroupof9femalecats
andonemalecat.
The4formsoftheindenitearticleare:
un............................ masculinesingular
una.......................... femininesingular
unos........................ masculineplural
unas......................... feminineplural
Herearethedeniteandindenitearticlestogether:
el,un....................... masculinesingular
la,una..................... femininesingular
los,unos.................. masculineplural
las,unas................... feminineplural
Eachofthefollowinghasadifferentmeaning:
elgato..................... themalecat
losgatos.................. themalecats(oramixedgroup)
lagata..................... thefemalecat
lasgatas................... thefemalecats
ungato.................... amalecat
unosgatos............... somemalecats(oramixedgroup)
unagata.................. afemalecat
unasgatas............... somefemalecats
Unandunacanmeanone,a,oran.
unlibro.................... onebook,abook
unapluma............... onepen,apen
unamanzana........... oneapple,anapple
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Quiz 1
Denite and Indenite Articles: Part I
A.Circlethecorrecttranslation.
1. thebooks 5. adecision
ellibro ladecisin
larevista unasdecisiones
loslibros unidioma
lasrevistas unadecisin
2. anairplane 6. a(male)cat
unavin losgatos
unaavin ungato
unosaviones elgato
unasmuchachas lagata
3. somepencils 7. thevoice
unlpiz unavoz
unaactriz lavoz
unoslpices laconversacin
unasactrices lasconversaciones
4. the(female)professor 8. somestudents(maleandfemale)
elprofesor unasestudiantes
laprofesora losestudiantes
unprofesor unosestudiantes
unaprofesora elestudiante
B.Trueorfalse?Circlethecorrectanswer.
9. Thereareonlytwodenitearticles:elandla. true false
10. Therearefourdenitearticles:el,la,los,las. true false
11. Thereareonlytwoindenitearticles:unanduna. true false
12. Therearefourindenitearticles:un,una,unos,unas. true false
13. Unmeansbothaandone,whenusedbeforeamasculinenoun. true false
14. Whenreferringtoaspecicnoun,usetheindenitearticles. true false
15. Unameansbothaandone,whenusedbeforeafemininenoun. true false
16. Youchoosetheformofthearticlebywhetherornotthenoun
itintroducesismasculineorfeminine,singularorplural. true false
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C.Choosetheappropriatearticle.
7. (somechairs)
1 unos unas los las ___sillas
18. (atable) un una el la ___mesa
19. (acat) un una el la ___gata
20. (someairplanes) unos unas los las ___aviones
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The Verb Form Hay
Theverbformhayhastwomeanings:
thereis
thereare
Examples:
Haymuchoslibrosenlabiblioteca...................... Therearemanybooksinthelibrary.
Hayunlibroencimadelamesa.......................... Thereisabookonthetable.
Msejemplos:
Haydosbaosenmicasa.................................. Therearetwobathsinmyhouse.
Haycuatroocanosenelmundo....................... Thereare4oceansintheworld.
Hayunlibroyunaplumaenlamesa.................. Thereisonebookandonepenonthetable.
or:...................................................................... Thereisabookandapenonthetable.
Whenusedinquestions,hayhastwodifferentmeanings:
Isthere?
Arethere?
Ejemplos:
Hayunhotelenelcentro?............................... Isthereahoteldowntown?
Hayalgunoslibrosporaqu?............................ Arethereanybooksaroundhere?
Msejemplos:
Haymuchosestudiantesenlaclase?................ Aretherelotsofstudentsintheclass?
Haycuatrosillasenelcuarto?.......................... Arethere4chairsintheroom?
Hayunachicaodos?....................................... Isthereonegirlortwo?
Theverbformhaycanalsobeusedtoanswerquestions.
Hayunhotelenelcentro?............................... Isthereahoteldowntown?
S.Shay............................................................ Yes.Yesthereis.
Hayalgunoslibrosporaqu?............................ Arethereanybooksaroundhere?
No.Nohay......................................................... No.Notherearent.
Itisvitalthatyoubeginacollectionofverbashcards.Thiswillbeyourkeytosuccess
inmasteringtheSpanishverbs.Wewilltellyouwhenyouneedtoaddacardtothis
collection.Beginbycreatingacardwiththeverbformhayononeside,andtheEnglish
translationsontheotherside:
VerbFlashcards
1.hay...................... thereis,thereare
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Quiz 1
The Verb Form Hay
A.Choosethebesttranslation.
1. Haytreslibrosencimadelamesa. 7. Thereisabathroominthisbuilding.
Therearethreebooksonthetable. Hayunbarcoenesteedicio?
Thereisonebookonthetable. Hayunbarcoenesteedicio.
Therearethreebooksinthehouse. Hayunbaoenesteedicio.
Thereisonebookinthehouse. Hayunbaoenesteedicio?
2. Hayunhotelenelcentro. 8. Therearevepeoplehere.
Thehospitalisdowntown. Haycincoseoresaqu.
Thereisahospitaldowntown. Haycincopersonasaqu.
Thereisahoteldowntown. Haymuchaspersonasaqu.
Thehotelisdowntown. Cincopersonasestnaqu.
3. Haycincochicasenmiclase. 9. Aretherevepeoplehere?
Threegirlsareinmyclass. Haycincoseoresaqu.
Therearethreegirlsinmyclass. Haycincopersonasaqu?
Therearevegirlsinmyclass. Haymuchaspersonasaqu.
Fivegirlsareinmyclass. Cincopersonasestnaqu.
4. Hayunaplumaencimadelamesa. 10. Thereisfoodinthekitchen.
Thereisapencilonthechair. Haycomidaenmirefrigerador.
Thereisapenonthechair. Haysillasenlacocina.
Thereisapenonthetable. Haycomidaenlacocina.
Thereisapencilonthetable. Haycomidaenlasala.
5. Haytreshombresycincomujeresaqu. 11. Istherefoodinthekitchen?
Therearevemenandthreewomenhere. Haycomidaenmirefrigerador?
Therearethreewomenandvemenhere. Haysillasenlacocina.
Therearethreemenandvewomenhere. Haycomidaenlacocina?
Therearethreeboysandvegirlshere. Haycomidaenlasala.
B.Choosethebesttranslation. 12. Isthereonechairortwo?
6. Isthereabathroominthisbuilding? Hayunaplumaodos?
Hayunbarcoenesteedicio? Hayunasillaotres?
Hayunbarcoenesteedicio. Hayunasillaodos?
Hayunbaoenesteedicio? Hayunaventanaodos?
Hayunbaoenesteedicio.
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13. Isthereonepenortwo? C.Choosethebestanswertothe
followingquestions.
Hayunaplumaodos?
Hayunasillaotres? 16. HaydospresidentesdelosEstadosUnidos?
Hayunasillaodos? S.Shay.
Hayunaventanaodos? No.Nohaydos.Hayuno.
14. Howmanybooksarethere? 17. HaymspersonasenMxicoqueen

losEstadosUnidos?
Cuntoshombreshay?
S.Shay.
Cuntasmujereshay?
No.Nohay.
Cuntoscuadernoshay?
Cuntoslibroshay? 18. Hayunmapaenestapgina?
15. Howmanymenarethere? S.Shay.

No.Nohay.
Cuntoshombreshay?
Cuntasmujereshay? 19. Haylibrosenlabiblioteca?
Cuntoscuadernoshay? S.Haymuchos.
Cuntoslibroshay? No.Nohay.
20. Haypecesenelmar?
S.Shay.
No.Nohay.
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Subject Pronouns
Averbisanactionword.
run sit
eat sink
swim study
Themainformofaverbiscalledtheinnitive.InEnglish,innitivesincludetheword
to.
torun tosit
toeat tosink
toswim tostudy
Theinnitiveisthepureformofaverb.Theinnitiveislikealumpofclaythatcanbe
moldedtomatchthesubjectofthesentenceitisusedin:
Ispeak
youspeak
he/shespeaks

wespeak
you-all*speak

theyspeak
NOTE:Theaboveformsarecalledconjugationsoftheinnitivetospeak.
Regardingtheformyou-allthisusageisnotconsideredtobestandardEnglish.In
standardEnglish,thesamewordisusedforboththesingularyouandthepluralyou.That
is,eachofthefollowingiscorrect:
Youhaveataillightout,maam.
You(kids)havesoccerpracticeatfour.
Intherstsentence,youreferstothesingularmaam.Inthesecondsentence,you
referstothepluralkids.Toavoidconfusionbetweenyou(singular)andyou(plural),we
willemploythenon-standardEnglishusageyou-alltoindicateyou(plural).Thiswillbe
verybenecialtoyall,particularlyatthebeginningofyourstudies.
ThewordsIyouhesheweyou-allandtheyarecalledsubjectpronouns.
Spanishhascorrespondingsubjectpronouns.HeresalistoftheEnglishsubjectpronouns
andtheirSpanishequivalents:
yo............................ I
usted....................... you
l............................. he
ella........................... she
nosotros................... we
ustedes.................... you-all
ellos......................... they
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SpanishsubjectpronounsarebothsimilartoanddifferentfromtheirEnglish
counterparts.Letsexaminesomeofthedifferences.LookmorecloselyattheEnglish
wordyou.YouhavejustseenthatthiscanbetranslatedintoSpanishasusted.But
thereisalsoasecondwayitcanbetranslated.TherearetwowaystheEnglishword
youcanbeexpressedinSpanish:
usted....................... you
t............................. you
Spanishhasaformalandaninformalformofthewordyou.Ustedismoreformal
andisgenerallyusedtoexpressrespect.Tismorefamiliarandisusedamongfriends,
coworkers,relatives,orwhenaddressingachild.
Speakingtoyourboss:....................................... usted
Speakingtoyourdaughter:................................ t
Speakingtoyourteacher:.................................. usted
Speakingtoyourfriend:..................................... t

usted....................... youformal
t............................. youinformal(familiar)
Thissamedistinctionwithregardtodegreeofformalityoccursinthepluralformaswell.
Whenreferringtoyou-all,therearetwochoicesinSpanish:
ustedes.................... you-allformal
vosotros................... you-allfamiliar
Onceagain,thedifferenceliesinthedegreeofformalityconveyedbythespeaker.
However,thevosotrosformisusedprimarilyinSpain.ThroughoutLatinAmerica,
ustedesisgenerallyusedinbothformalandinformalsituationstorefertoyou-all.
Speakingtoagroupofchildren
(inSpain):.......................................................... vosotros

Speakingtoagroupofchildren
(inLatinAmerica):............................................. ustedes

Speakingtoagroupofstrangers
(inSpain):.......................................................... ustedes

Speakingtoagroupofstrangers
(inLatinAmerica):............................................. ustedes
NOTE:ustedcanbeabbreviatedUd.orVd.;ustedescanbeabbreviatedUds.orVds.
Inmanyways,Spanishismoregender-specicthanEnglish.Wendevidenceofthisin
thesubjectpronouns.First,lookatthewordnosotros.Thismeansweinthesense
ofagroupcontainingatleastonemale.Ifthegroupcontainsonlyfemales,theword
nosotrasisused.So,inSpanish,therearetwowaystosaywe:
nosotros................... we(masculineormixedgroup)
nosotras................... we(feminine)
StudySpanish.com
ThissameideaappliestotheEnglishwordthey:
ellos......................... they(masculineormixedgroup)
ellas......................... they(feminine)
Thissameideaalsoappliestothevosotrosform:
vosotros................... you-allfamiliar(masculineormixedgroup)
vosotras................... you-allfamiliar(feminine)
NOTE:TheseformsareusedprimarilyinSpain,notLatinAmerica.
Finally,dontgetconfusedoverthedifferencebetweentalkingtoagrouportalking
aboutagroup.Considerthefollowingstatement,whichcouldhavebeenmadebyyour
Spanishteacher,whilestandingbeforetheclass:
You-allneedtostudyyourSpanish.Thosestudentsintheotherclassdontneedtostudy
Spanish.TheyarestudyingFrench.You-allcanpracticeSpanishinSpain.Theycanpractice
FrenchinFrance.
TheteacheristalkingtotheSpanishstudentsandabouttheFrenchstudents.
TALKINGTOAGROUP,USEYOU-ALL:
ustedes
vosotros
vosotras
TALKINGABOUTAGROUP,USETHEY:
ellos
ellas
HeresthecompletelistofSpanishsubjectpronouns:
SINGULAR
yo............................ I
t............................. you(familiar)
l............................. he
ella........................... she
usted....................... you(formal)
PLURAL
nosotros................... we(masculineormixedgender)
nosotras................... we(feminine)
vosotros................... you-all(familiar,Spain,masculineormixedgender)
vosotras................... you-all(familiar,Spain,feminine)
ellos......................... they(masculineormixedgender)
ellas......................... they(feminine)
ustedes.................... you-all(formalinSpain,formalandfamiliarinLatinAmerica)
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Subject Pronouns
A.Circlethecorrecttranslation.
1. I 7. they
yo nosotros
t ustedes
l vosotros
ella ellos
2. you(familiar) 8. theyfeminine
yo nosotras
t ustedes
l vosotras
ella ellas
3. he B.Circlethecorrecttranslation.
yo 9. Ispeak
t yohablo
l thablas
ella
10. you(formal)speak
4. we
thablas
usted ustedhabla
ustedes
11. hespeaks
vosotros
nosotros lhabla
ellahabla
5. you(formal)
12. shespeaks
usted
ustedes lhabla
vosotros ellahabla
nosotros 13. we(agroupoffemales)speak
6. you-all(formal) nosotroshablamos
usted nosotrashablamos
ustedes 14. we(agroupof99femalesandonemale)
vosotros speak
nosotros nosotroshablamos
nosotrashablamos
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15. you-all(agroupofchildren,inSpain) 18. Totalkaboutyourmaleteacher,use
speak
t
ustedeshablan Ud
vosotroshablis l
16. you-all(agroupofchildren,inLatin 19. Totalktoayoungboy,use
America)speak
t
ustedeshablan
Ud
vosotroshablis
l
C. Circlethecorrectsubjectpronoun. 20. Totalkaboutayoungboy,use
17. Totalktoyourmaleteacher,use t
t Ud
Ud l
l
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Regular Verbs: Part I
AllSpanishverbsareeitherregularorirregular.Inthislessonwewilllookatthree
completelyregularverbs:
hablar...................... (tospeak)
comer...................... (toeat)
vivir.......................... (tolive)
Noticethelasttwolettersofeachverb.
hablar...................... (tospeak)
comer...................... (toeat)
vivir.......................... (tolive)
Therearethreecategoriesofverbs:
-arverbs................... (likehablar)
-erverbs................... (likecomer)
-irverbs.................... (likevivir)
Allthreecategoriesareinnitives.Youwillrecallfromapreviouslessonthatinnitives
arethebaseformoftheverb,equivalentinEnglishto:tospeak,toeat,tolive,etc.In
Spanish,allinnitivesendin-ar,-er,or-ir.
-arverb.................... hablar(tospeak)
-erverb.................... comer(toeat)
-irverb..................... vivir(tolive)
Rememberwhatitmeanstoconjugateaverb:
tospeak................... Ispeak
youspeak
hespeaks
shespeaks
wespeak
you-allspeak
theyspeak
Inthislesson,youwilllearntoconjugateourmodelverbsforI,you(formal),we,andyou-
all(formal).
hablar
yohablo............................................................. Ispeak
ustedhabla........................................................ youspeak
nosotros/ashablamos......................................... wespeak
ustedeshablan................................................... you-allspeak
comer
yocomo............................................................. Ieat
ustedcome........................................................ youeat
nosotros/ascomemos......................................... weeat
ustedescomen................................................... you-alleat
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vivir
yovivo............................................................... Ilive
ustedvive........................................................... youlive
nosotros/asvivimos............................................ welive
ustedesviven..................................................... you-alllive
Lookforapatternintheyoform.
yohablo
yocomo
yovivo
IfthesubjectisI(yo),conjugatebydroppingtheendingandadd-o.
yohablo............................................................. (hablar-ar+o=hablo)
yocomo............................................................. (comer-er+o=como)
yovivo............................................................... (vivir-ir+o=vivo)
Lookforapatternintheustedform.
ustedhabla
ustedcome
ustedvive
Ifthesubjectisyouformal(usted)droptheendingandaddeither-aor-e.Iftheverbis
an-arverb,add-a.Ifitisan-eror-irverb,add-e.
ustedhabla........................................................ (hablar-ar+a=habla)
ustedcome........................................................ (comer-er+e=come)
ustedvive........................................................... (vivir-ir+e=vive)
Lookforapatterninthenosotros/asform.
nosotros/ashablamos
nosotros/ascomemos
nosotros/asvivimos
Ifthesubjectiswe(nosotros/as),conjugatebydroppingtheendingandadd-amos,-emos,
or-imos.Noticethattheendingoftheinnitivedetermineswhichisused:-arverbsadd
-amos,-erverbsadd-emos,-irverbsadd-imos.
nosotros/ashablamos......................................... (hablar-ar+amos=hablamos)
nosotros/ascomemos......................................... (comer-er+emos=comemos)
nosotros/asvivimos............................................ (vivir-ir+imos=vivimos)
Lookforapatternintheustedesform.
ustedeshablan
ustedescomen
ustedesviven
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Ifthesubjectisyou-all(ustedes),conjugatebydroppingtheendingandadd-anor-en.If
theverbisan-arverb,add-an.Ifitisan-eroran-irverb,add-en.
ustedeshablan................................................... (hablar-ar+an=hablan)
ustedescomen................................................... (comer-er+en=comen)
ustedesviven..................................................... (vivir-ir+en=viven)
Presenttense(indicative)inSpanishmeansthreethings.
Yohabloingls:
IspeakEnglish.
IdospeakEnglish.
IamspeakingEnglish.
Yocomopan:
Ieatbread.
Idoeatbread.
Iameatingbread.
YovivoenBuenosAires:
IliveinBuenosAires.
IdoliveinBuenosAires.
IamlivinginBuenosAires.
Itisvitalthatyoucontinuewithyourcollectionofverbashcards.Thiswillbeyourkey
tosuccessinmasteringtheSpanishverbs.Continuebycreating4additionalcards,writing
thewordsinboldononesideandtheconjugationsontheotherside:
VerbFlashcards
2. PresentIndicative....................................... Ispeak
Idospeak
Iamspeaking
3. hablar(tospeak)........................................ hablo
habla
hablamos
hablan
4. comer(toeat)............................................. como
come
comemos
comen
5. vivir(tolive)................................................ vivo
vive
vivimos
viven
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Regular Verbs: Part I
A.Circlethecorrectclassication.
1. hablar C. Circlethecorrectsubjectpronoun.
-arverb 8. youtalk
-erverb yoconverso
-irverb ustedconversa
2. comer nosotrosconversamos
ustedesconversan
-arverb
-erverb 9. you-alltalk
-irverb yoconverso
3. vivir ustedconversa
nosotrosconversamos
-arverb
ustedesconversan
-erverb
-irverb 10. Idrink
yobebo
B.Circlethecorrecttranslation.
ustedbebe
4. yotomo nosotrosbebemos
ustedesbeben
Idrink
youdrink 11. wedrink
yobebo
5. nosotrostomamos
ustedbebe
you-alldrink
nosotrosbebemos
wedrink ustedesbeben
6. ustedcree 12. youlive
Ibelieve yovivo
youbelieve ustedvive
7. ustedescreen nosotrosvivimos
ustedesviven
you-allbelieve
webelieve 13. you-alllive
yovivo
ustedvive
nosotrosvivimos
ustedesviven
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D. Writethecorrectending. vivir
hablar 18.ustedviv______
14.nosotros/ashabl______ 19.nosotros/asviv______
15.ustedeshabl______ 20.ustedesviv______
comer
16.yocom______
17.ustedcom______
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Regular Verbs: Part II
Remember,allSpanishverbsareeitherregularorirregular.Inthislessonwecontinue
bylookingatourthreemodelverbs,whicharecompletelyregular:
hablar...................... tospeak
comer...................... toeat
vivir.......................... tolive
Alsoremember,therearethreecategoriesofverbs:
-arverbs................... (likehablar)
-erverbs................... (likecomer)
-irverbs.................... (likevivir)
Rememberthatwhenyouconjugateaverb,youmoldtheinnitivetomatchthesubject
ofthesentence.
tospeak................... Ispeak
youspeak
hespeaks
shespeaks
wespeak
you-allspeak
theyspeak
Inthislesson,youwilllearntoconjugateregularverbsforthefollowingforms:you
(familiar),he,she,you-all(familiar)andthey.
hablar
thablas.................. you(familiar)speak
lhabla.................... hespeaks
ellahabla................. shespeaks
vosotros/ashablis... you-all(familiar)speak
ellos/ellashablan...... theyspeak
comer
tcomes.................. you(familiar)eat
lcome.................... heeats
ellacome................. sheeats
vosotros/ascomis... you-all(familiar)eat
ellos/ellascomen...... theyeat
vivir
tvives.................... you(familiar)live
lvive...................... helives
ellavive.................... shelives
vosotros/asvivs........ you-all(familiar)live
ellos/ellasviven......... theylive
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Lookforapatterninthetform.
thablas
tcomes
tvives
Ifthesubjectisyou(familiar),conjugatebydroppingtheendingandadd-asor-es.Ifthe
verbisan-arverb,add-as.Ifitisan-eror-irverb,addes.
thablas.................. (hablar-ar+as=hablas)
tcomes.................. (comer-er+es=comes)
tvives.................... (vivir-ir+es=vives)
Lookforapatterninthelform.
lhabla
lcome
lvive
Ifthesubjectishe(l)droptheendingandaddeither-aor-e.Iftheverbisan-arverb,
add-a.Ifitisan-eror-irverb,add-e.
lhabla.................... (hablar-ar+a=habla)
lcome.................... (comer-er+e=come)
lvive...................... (vivir-ir+e=vive)
Lookforapatternintheellaform.
ellahabla
ellacome
ellavive
Ifthesubjectisshe(ella),conjugateinexactlythesamemannerasyoudidforhe(l).
Thatis,bydroppingtheendingandadd-aor-e,dependingonwhethertheverbisan-ar,
-eror-irverb.
ellahabla................. (hablar-ar+a=habla)
ellacome................. (comer-er+e=come)
ellavive.................... (vivir-ir+e=vive)
NOTE:atthispoint,youmaynoticethattheconjugationsforl/ellaarethesameasforusted(ustedhabla,
ustedcome,ustedvive).
Lookforapatterninthevosotros/asform.
vosotros/ashablis
vosotros/ascomis
vosotros/asvivs
Ifthesubjectisyou-allfamiliar(vosotros/as),conjugatebydroppingtheendingandadding
-is,-isor-s.Again,decidewhichendingtousebytheclassofinnitive(-ar,-er,-ir).
vosotros/ashablis............................................. (hablar-ar+is=hablis)
vosotros/ascomis............................................. (comer-er+is=comis)
vosotros/asvivs.................................................. (vivir-ir+s=vivs)
NOTE:Remember,vosotrosandvosotrasformsareprimarilyusedinSpain.InLatinAmerica,ustedesisgenerally
usedforbothformalandinformalsituations.
StudySpanish.com
Lookforapatternintheellosform.
elloshablan
elloscomen
ellosviven
Ifthesubjectistheymasculine(ellos)droptheendingandaddeither-anor-en.Ifthe
verbisan-arverb,add-an.Ifitisan-eror-irverb,add-en.
elloshablan........................................................ (hablar-ar+an=hablan)
elloscomen........................................................ (comer-er+en=comen)
ellosviven.......................................................... (vivir-ir+en=viven)
Lookforapatternintheellasform.
ellashablan
ellascomen
ellasviven
Ifthesubjectistheyfeminine(ellas),conjugateinexactlythesamemannerasyoudidfor
theymasculine(ellos).Thatis,bydroppingtheendingandadd-anor-en,dependingon
whethertheverbisan-ar,-eror-irverb.
ellashablan........................................................ (hablar-ar+an=hablan)
ellascomen........................................................ (comer-er+en=comen)
ellasviven.......................................................... (vivir-ir+en=viven)
NOTE:Atthispoint,youmaynoticethattheconjugationsforellos/ellasarethesameasforustedes(ustedes
hablan,ustedescomen,ustedesviven).
Rememberthatthepresenttense(indicative)inSpanishmeansthreethings.
thablasingls:
youspeakEnglish.
youdospeakEnglish.
youarespeakingEnglish.
tcomespan:
youeatbread.
youdoeatbread.
youareeatingbread.
tvivesenBuenosAires:
youliveinBuenosAires.
youdoliveinBuenosAires.
youarelivinginBuenosAires.
IfyouaregoingtosucceedinSpanish,youmustlearntheverbs.Thebestwaytodothatis
bycreatingaspecialcollectionofashcards.Practicingwiththeseashcardsisyourkeyto
successinmasteringtheSpanishverbs.Continuebyreplacingthethreecardsyoucreated
inthepreviouslessonwiththeseupdatedversions.
StudySpanish.com
VerbFlashcards
3. hablar(tospeak)........................................... hablo
hablas
habla
hablamos
hablis
hablan
4. comer(toeat)............................................... como
comes
come
comemos
comis
comen
5. vivir(tolive)................................................... vivo
vives
vive
vivimos
vivs
viven
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Regular Verbs: Part II
A.Classifyeachverb. C.Circlethecorrecttranslation.
1. hablar 10. you(familiar)talk
-arverb tconversas
-erverb l/ellaconversa
-irverb vosotros/asconversis
2. comer ellos/ellasconversan
-arverb 11. you-all(familiar)talk
-erverb tconversas
-irverb l/ellaconversa
3. vivir vosotros/asconversis
ellos/ellasconversan
-arverb
-erverb 12. he/shedrinks
-irverb tbebes
l/ellabebe
B.Circlethecorrecttranslation.
vosotros/asbebis
4. ltoma
ellos/ellasbeben
hedrinks
13. theydrink
youdrink
tbebes
5. vosotros/astomis
l/ellabebe
you-alldrink vosotros/asbebis
wedrink ellos/ellasbeben
6. l/ellacree 14. you(familiar)live
I/webelieve tvives
he/shebelieves l/ellavive
7. ellos/ellascreen vosotros/asvivs
he/shebelieves ellos/ellasviven
theybelieve D.Writethecorrectending.
8. l/ellaabre 15. l/ellahabl_______(hablar)
I/youopen 16. ellos/ellashabl_______(hablar)
he/sheopens 17. tcom_______(comer)
9. ellos/ellasabren 18. ellos/ellascom_______(comer)
he/sheopens 19. tviv_______(vivir)
theyopen 20. l/ellaviv_______(vivir)
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Regular Verbs: Part III
HeresthecompletelistofSpanishsubjectpronouns.
SINGULAR
yo
t
usted
l
ella
PLURAL
nosotros/as
vosotros/as
ustedes
ellos
ellas
Toconjugate-arverbs,droptheendingandadd:
-o
-as
-a
-amos
-is
-an
Toconjugate-erverbs,droptheendingandadd:
-o
-es
-e
-emos
-is
-en
Toconjugate-irverbs,droptheendingandadd:
-o
-es
-e
-imos
-s
-en
Youwillbenetgreatlybyquicklymemorizingthethreemodelverbs.
hablar...................... yohablo
thablas
l,ella,Ud.habla
nosotros/ashablamos
vosotros/ashablis
ellos,ellas,Uds.hablan
StudySpanish.com
comer...................... yocomo
tcomes
l,ella,Ud.come
nosotros/ascomemos
vosotros/ascomis
ellos,ellas,Uds.comen
vivir.......................... yovivo
tvives
l,ella,Ud.vive
nosotros/asvivimos
vosotros/asvivs
ellos,ellas,Uds.viven
NOTE:Theverbformsarethesameforl,ellaandUd.asaretheverbformsforellos,ellasandUds.
InSpanishthesubjectpronounsarenotalwaysrequired.Thisisbecausetheverbendings
canindicatewhoisperformingtheaction.
Habloespaol.(Yoisnotnecessary.).................. IspeakSpanish.
Comemoscarne.(Nosotrosisnotnecessary.)...... Weeatmeat.
VivesenMxico.(Tisnotnecessary.)................ YouliveinMexico.
Subjectpronounsareoftenusedforclarication.Forexample,theverbformhablais
ambiguous.
Ud.habla
lhabla
ellahabla
Therefore,todistinguishbetweenyouspeak,hespeaks,andshespeaks,itmaybe
necessarytousethesubjectpronoun.Often,theconversationimpliesthesubjectofthe
verb.Insuchcasesthesubjectpronounmaybeomitted.
Subjectpronounsareoftenusedforemphasis.
Ellahablaespaolyyohabloingls.
Herethereisnoambiguitywithrespecttohablo.Thesubjectpronounismerelyadding
emphasis
ShespeaksSpanishandIspeakEnglish.
Anotherexampleofusingsubjectpronounsforemphasis.
Yocomopanytcomesarroz.
Onceagainthereisnoambiguity.Thepronounsemphasizethecontrast.
Ieatbreadandyoueatrice.
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Itispossibletousetwoverbsinarow.JustlikeinEnglish,therstverbisconjugated,
whilethesecondverbremainsintheinnitiveform.
NecesitohablarconAlfredo
IneedtospeakwithAlfredo.
(necesitar,hablar)

Necesito+hablar+conAlfredo.
Ineed+tospeak+withAlfredo.
Anotherexampleoftwoverbsusedtogether:
DeseasvivirenEspaa.
YouwishtoliveinSpain.
(desear,vivir)

Deseas+vivir+enEspaa.
Youwish+tolive+inSpain.
Hopefully,youhavetakenouradviceandhavebeencreatingaspecialcollectionofverb
ashcards.Ifnot,itsnottoolatetostart.Hereistheentirelistofcardstothispoint:
VerbFlashcards
1. hay................................................................ thereis,thereare
2. PresentIndicative.......................................... Ispeak
Idospeak
Iamspeaking
3. hablar(tospeak)........................................... hablo
hablas
habla
hablamos
hablis
hablan

4. comer(toeat)............................................... como
comes
come
comemos
comis
comen

5. vivir(tolive)................................................... vivo
vives
vive
vivimos
vivs
viven
StudySpanish.com
Heresalistofsomecommonregular-ar,-er,and-irverbs:
-arverbs -erverbs
alquilar..................... torent aprender.................. tolearn
amar........................ tolove beber....................... todrink
andar....................... towalk comer...................... toeat
ayudar..................... tohelp comprender............. tounderstand
bailar....................... todance correr....................... torun
buscar...................... tolookfor creer........................ tobelieve
caminar.................... towalk deber....................... tohaveto,toowe
cantar...................... tosing esconder.................. tohide
cocinar..................... tocook leer.......................... toread
comprar................... tobuy meteren.................. toputinto
dejar........................ toallow,toleave poseer...................... topossess,toown
desear...................... todesire prometer.................. topromise
ensear.................... toteach romper..................... tobreak
entrar(en)................ toenter(into) temer....................... tofear
enviar....................... tosend vender..................... tosell
escuchar.................. tolistento
esperar..................... tohope,towaitfor -irverb
estudiar.................... tostudy abrir......................... toopen
rmar....................... tosign admitir..................... toadmit
ganar....................... towin,earn asistira.................... toattend
gastar...................... tospendmoney cubrir....................... tocover
hablar...................... tospeak,totalk decidir...................... todecide
lavar......................... towash describir................... todescribe
llegar....................... toarrive descubrir.................. todiscover
llevar........................ towear,tocarry discutir..................... todiscuss
mandar.................... toorder escribir..................... towrite
mirar........................ towatch,tolookat existir....................... toexist
necesitar.................. toneed omitir....................... toomit
olvidar...................... toforget partir........................ todivide
pagar....................... topayfor permitir.................... topermit
practicar................... topractice recibir...................... toreceive
preguntar................. toask subir........................ toclimb,togoup
preparar................... toprepare sufrir........................ tosuffer
regresar................... toreturn unir.......................... tounite
saludar..................... togreet vivir.......................... tolive
tocar........................ totouch,toplayan
instrument
tomar....................... totake,todrink
trabajar.................... towork
viajar........................ totravel
visitar....................... tovisit
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Regular Verbs: Part III
A.Circlethecorrecttranslation. B.Circlethecorrecttranslation.
1. thablas 10. Italk
you(formal)speak converso
you(familiar)speak conversas
2. ellahabla conversa
conversamos
hespeaks
conversis
shespeaks
conversan
3. vosotros/ashablis
11. you(formal)talk
you-all(formal)speak
converso
you-all(familiar)speak
conversas
4. Uds.hablan conversa
you-all(formal)speak conversamos
you-all(familiar)speak conversis
conversan
5. ellos/ellashablan
he/shespeak 12. hetalks
theyspeak converso
conversas
6. tcomes
conversa
Ieat
conversamos
youeat
conversis
7. l/ellacome conversan
he/sheeats 13. wetalk
we/theyeat
converso
8. l/ellavive conversas
he/shelives conversa
we/theylive conversamos
conversisconversan
9. nosotroscomemos
you-alleat 14. wedrink(beber)
weeat bebamos
bebemos
bebimos
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15. wedrink(tomar) 18. Iworkbutyoueat.(emphasis)
tomamos Trabajoperocomes.
tomemos Yotrabajoperotcomes.
tomimos
D.Rearrangethewordstoformasentence.
16. wedecide(decidir) 19. pan-comer-Necesito
decidamos _______ _______ pan.
decidemos
20. beber-Manuel-debe-agua
decidimos
Manuel_______ _______ agua.
C.Circlethebesttranslation.
17. IspeakEnglish.
Habloingls.
Yohabloingls.
StudySpanish.com
Adjectives: Part I
Adjectivesarefrequentlydescriptive.Thatis,mostoftenadjectivesareusedtodescribea
noun,ordistinguishthenounfromagroupofsimilarobjects.Forexample,anadjective
mightdescribethecolorofanobject.
theredpen
thebluepen
InSpanish,mostadjectiveschangeform,dependinguponwhetherthewordtheymodify
ismasculineorfeminine.Noticethedifferencebetweenthetallboyandthetallgirl.
elchicoalto
lachicaalta
Adjectivesalsochangeformdependinguponwhetherthewordtheymodifyissingular
orplural.Noticethedifferencebetweenthetallboyandthetallboys;thetallgirl
andthetallgirls.
elchicoalto
loschicosaltos

lachicaalta
laschicasaltas
Manycommonadjectivesendin-o.Theseadjectiveshavefourforms.Thefollowingwords
allmeantall:
alto
alta
altos
altas
Thecorrectformoftheadjectivedependsuponthenounitmodies.Isthenoun
masculineorfeminine?Singularorplural?
librorojo.................. redbook
plumaroja............... redpen
librosrojos............... redbooks
plumasrojas............. redpens
Noticehowtheendingsofthesenounsandadjectivesaresimilar.
librorojo
plumaroja
librosrojos
plumasrojas
Adjectivesthatendin-ealsochangeformforsingularorplural.Toformtheplural,simply
add-s.
lachicainteligente
laschicasinteligentes
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Adjectivesthatendin-edonot,however,changeformformasculineorfeminine.
lachicainteligente
elchicointeligente

laschicasinteligentes
loschicosinteligentes
Similarly,mostadjectivesthatendinaconsonantdochangeformforsingularorplural,
butdonotchangeformasculineorfeminine.Toformtheplural,add-es.
lachicapopular
elchicopopular

laschicaspopulares
loschicospopulares
Letsreview.
Adjectivesthatendin-ohavefourforms:alto,alta,altos,altas
Adjectivesthatendin-ehavetwoforms:inteligente,inteligentes
Mostadjectivesthatendinaconsonanthavetwoforms:popular,populares(formpluralby
adding-es)
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Adjectives: Part I
A. Choose the correct form of the adjective.
1. rojo 6. bonito
Hay una pluma _____ encima de la mesa. Hoy es un da _____.
rojo bonito
roja bonita
rojos bonitos
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rojas bonitas
2. alto 7. guapo
La chica _____ est en la casa. l es un hombre _____.
alto guapo
alta guapa
altos guapos
altas guapas
3. pequeo 8. negro
Hay tres libros _____ en la bolsa. Ella tiene pelo _____.
pequeo negro
pequea negra
pequeos negros
pequeas negras
4. poco 9. rubio
Hay _____ chicos en la clase. l tiene pelo _____.
poco rubio
poca rubia
pocos rubios
pocas rubias
5. mucho 10. simptico
Hay _____ chicas en la clase. Muchas personas _____ viven en
mucho Latino Amrica.
muchos simptico
mucha simptica
muchas simpticos
simpticas
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B. Choose the correct translation. C. Choose the correct translation.
11. six smart boys (inteligente) 16. the popular girl (popular)
seis muchachos inteligente la chica popular
seis muchachos inteligentes la chica populara
las chicas populares
12.one pleasant girl (agradable)
una muchacha agradable 17. That young boy is my cousin. (joven)
una muchacha agradabla Aquel chico joven es mi primo.
Aquel chico joveno es mi primo.
13. eight smart girls (inteligente)
Aquellos chicos jovenes son mis primos.
ocho muchachas inteligentas
ocho muchachas inteligentes 18. That young girl is my niece. (joven)
Aquella chica joven es mi sobrina.
14. one pleasant boy (agradable)
Aquella chica jovena es mi sobrina.
un chico agradablo
Aquellas chicas jovenes son mis sobrinas.
un chico agradable
19. Those young boys are my nephews. (joven)
15. an enormous house (enorme)
Aquel chico joven es mi sobrino.
una casa enorme
Aquellos chicos jvenos son mis sobrinos.
unas casas enormes
Aquellos chicos jvenes son mis sobrinos.
20. Those young girls are my cousins. (joven)

Aquella chica joven es mi prima.
Aquellas chicas jvenas son mis primas.
Aquellas chicas jvenes son mis primas.
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Adjectives: Part II
Manyadjectivesofnationalityendin-o.Theseadjectivesfollowthesamerulesasother
adjectivesendingin-o.Thatis,theyhavefourforms.
elmuchachomexicano
lamuchachamexicana

losmuchachosmexicanos
lasmuchachasmexicanas
Manyotheradjectivesofnationalityendinaconsonant.Theseadjectivesdonotfollow
thesamerulesasotheradjectivesendinginaconsonant,rather,theyhaveadistinct
feminineformendingin-a.
elmuchachoespaol
lamuchachaespaola

losmuchachosespaoles
lasmuchachasespaolas
Thereisanothergroupofadjectivesthatdoesnotfollowthenormalrules.Adjectives
endingin-or,-n,-n,or-nalsohaveafeminineform.
elchicohablador
lachicahabladora

loschicoshabladores
laschicashabladoras

elhombretrabajador
lamujertrabajadora

loshombrestrabajadores
lasmujerestrabajadoras
NOTE:Adjectivesendingin-eriordonothaveafeminineform.
Adjectivesthataredescriptiveusuallyfollowthenountheydescribe.
elchicoalto
lachicaalta
loslibrospequeos
lasplumasrojas
Adjectivesofquantityalmostalwayscomebeforethenoun.Suchadjectivestellhowmuch
orhowmany.
pocoslibros
muchaenerga
muchotrabajo
pocascasas
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Sometimes,adescriptiveadjectivecanprecedethenoun.Iftheadjectiveisdescriptive,
butspeaksofaqualitythatisinherentandusuallytakenforgranted,theadjectivecomes
rst.
lablancanieve......... thewhitesnow(snowisinherentlywhite)
losaltospicos........... thetallpeaks(peaksareinherentlytall)
Letsreviewthelasttwolessons.
Adjectivesthatendin-ohavefourforms
alto alta
altos altas
Adjectivesofnationalityendingin-oarenodifferentfromothersuchadjectives
guatemalteco guatemalteca
guatemaltecos guatemaltecas

Adjectivesthatendin-ehavetwoforms
inteligente
inteligentes

Mostadjectivesendingwithaconsonanthavetwoforms
popular
populares
Adjectivesofnationalityendinginaconsonanthavefourforms
espaol espaola
espaoles espaolas
Adjectivesendingin-or,-n,-n,or-nhavefourforms
hablador habladora
habladores habladoras
Adjectivesthataredescriptiveusuallyfollowthenountheydescribe
casablanca
chicaalta
Whenanadjectivespeaksofaqualitythatisinherentandusuallytakenforgranted,the
adjectiveprecedesthenoun
lablancanieve
losaltospicos
Adjectivesofquantityusuallycomebeforethenoun
pocoslibros
muchoslibros
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Adjectives: Part II
A. Choose the correct form of the adjective.
1. rojo 6. francs
Hay una pluma _____ encima de la mesa. Los pasteles _____ son excelentes.
rojo francs
roja francesa
rojos franceses
rojas francesas
2. mexicano 7. ingls
La chica _____ est en la casa. Ustedes hablan el idioma _____.
mexicano ingls
mexicana inglesa
mexicanos ingleses
mexicanas inglesas
3. colombiano 8. alemn
Hay tres chicos _____ en la clase. Mercedez Benz es una compaa _____.
colombiano alemn
colombiana alemana
colombianos alemanes
colombianas alemanas
4. peruano 9. hablador
Hay cinco profesoras _____ en la universidad. Ella es una chica _____.
peruano hablador
peruana habladora
peruanos habladores
peruanas habladoras
5. cubano 10. trabajador

Hay dos msicos _____ en la banda. l es un hombre _____.
cubano trabajador
cubana trabajadora
cubanos trabajadores
cubanas trabajadoras
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B. Choose the correct translation.
11. the red pen 16. the tall peaks
la roja pluma los picos altos
la pluma roja los altos picos
12. the dark-haired girl 17. few men

la chica morena hombres pocos
la morena chica pocos hombres
13. few books 18. many women

libros pocos mujeres muchas
pocos libros muchas mujeres
14. many chairs 19. a lot of food

sillas muchas mucha comida
muchas sillas comida mucha
15. the white snow 20. a little money

la nieve blanca dinero poco
la blanca nieve poco dinero
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Days of the Week
InSpanish-speakingcountries,theweekbeginsonMonday.
lunes........................ Monday
martes..................... Tuesday
mircoles................. Wednesday
jueves...................... Thursday
viernes..................... Friday
sbado..................... Saturday
domingo.................. Sunday
Noticethatthedaysoftheweekarenotcapitalized.
lunes
martes
mircoles
jueves
viernes
sbado
domingo
Thedaysoftheweekareallmasculine.
ellunes
elmartes
elmircoles
eljueves
elviernes
elsbado
eldomingo
Whenusedwiththedaysoftheweek,thedenitearticlehasthespecialmeaningon.
Notrabajoellunes............................................. IdontworkonMonday.
NotrabajolosmartesIdontworkonTuesdays.
Hayunaestaelmircoles................................. ThereisapartyonWednesday.
Haymuchasestaslosviernes............................ TherearemanypartiesonFridays.
Daysoftheweekendingin-sdonotchangeformintheplural.Onlythearticlechanges.
ellunes
loslunes

elmartes
losmartes

elmircoles
losmircoles
eljueves
losjueves
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elviernes
losviernes

elsbado
lossbados

eldomingo
losdomingos
Usetheverbsertoexpresstheday.Youwillsoonlearnmoreaboutthisverb.Fornow,
simplyrealizethatthewordesisaconjugationofthatverb,andisthecorrectverbin
thisuse.
Qudaeshoy?............................................... Whatdayistoday?
Hoyeslunes....................................................... TodayisMonday.
Maanaesmartes.............................................. TomorrowisTuesday.
Noticethatthefollowingactionsdonotoccurinthepresent,butratherinthenear
future.
Salimosellunes.................................................. WeleaveonMonday.
Maanaesdomingo.......................................... TomorrowisSunday.
InSpanish,thepresenttenseoftheindicativeissometimesusedtoexpressthenear
future.Englishdoesthistoo.
Salimosellunes.................................................. We(will)leaveonMonday.
Maanaesdomingo.......................................... Tomorrow(willbe)isSunday.
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Days of the Week
A. Circle the correct translation. C. Circle the correct translation.
1. Monday 10. I work on Monday.
el lunes Trabajo en lunes.
El Lunes Trabajo en el lunes.
2. Tuesday Trabajo el lunes.
el martes 11. I dont work on Monday.
El Martes No trabajo en lunes.
3. Wednesday No trabajo en el lunes.
No trabajo el lunes.
el mircoles
El Mircoles 12. We study on Tuesdays.
4. Thursday Estudiamos en martes.

Estudiamos en los martes.
el jueves
Estudiamos los martes.
El Jueves
13. We dont study on Tuesdays.
B. Circle the correct translation.
No estudiamos en martes.
5. Wednesday
No estudiamos en los martes.
el mircoles No estudiamos los martes.
la mircoles
D. Circle the correct answer.
6. Thursday
14. Hoy es lunes. Maana es _____.
el jueves
lunes
la jueves
martes
7. Friday mircoles
el viernes jueves
la viernes viernes
sbado
8. Saturday
domingo
el sbado
la sbado
9. Sunday
el domingo
la domingo
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15. Hoy es martes. Maana es _____. 18. Hoy es viernes. Maana es _____.
lunes lunes
martes martes
mircoles mircoles
jueves jueves
viernes viernes
sbado sbado
domingo domingo
16. Hoy es mircoles. Maana es _____. 19. Hoy es sbado. Maana es _____.
lunes lunes
martes martes
mircoles mircoles
jueves jueves
viernes viernes
sbado sbado
domingo domingo
17. Hoy es jueves. Maana es _____. 20. Hoy es domingo. Maana es _____.
lunes lunes
martes martes
mircoles mircoles
jueves jueves
viernes viernes
sbado sbado
domingo domingo
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Herearethenumbers1120:
11............................ once
12............................ doce
13............................ trece
14............................ catorce
15............................ quince
16............................ diecisis
17............................ diecisiete
18............................ dieciocho
19............................ diecinueve
20............................ veinte
Herearethenumbers2130:
21............................ veintiuno
22............................ veintids
23............................ veintitrs
24............................ veinticuatro
25............................ veinticinco
26............................ veintisis
27............................ veintisiete
28............................ veintiocho
29............................ veintinueve
30............................ treinta
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
A. Which number comes next?
1. 11,12,13, ? 8. eleven planets
catorce once planetas
quince dieciuno planetas
diecisis
9. seventeen professors
diecisiete
diecisis profesores
2. 12,14,16, ?
diecisiete profesores
diecisis
10. sixteen cities
diecisiete
diecisis ciudades
dieciocho
diecisiete ciudades
diecinueve
C. Calculate the sum or the difference.
3. 5,10,15, ?
11. Trece perros ms doce perros son:
quince
veinte quince
veinticinco veinticinco.
nueve 12. Once libros ms doce libros son:
4. 10,20, ? trece
tres veintitrs
trece 13. Quince plumas ms quince plumas son:
treinta
veinticinco
veintitrs
treinta
5. 14,15,16, ?
14. Catorce aviones ms doce aviones son:
seis
veintisiete
siete
veintisis
diecisis
diecisiete 15. Trece radios ms una radio son:
cuatro
B. Circle the correct translation.
catorce
6. thirteen televisions
16. Treinta plumas menos una pluma son:
trece televisores
veintinueve
diecitres televisores
veintiocho
7. twelve hands
doce manos
diecidos manos
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17. Veinticuatro sofs menos un sof son: 19. Dieciocho seoritas menos dos seoritas son:
veintitrs diecisiete
veinticinco diecisis
18. Dieciocho gatos menos un gato son: 20. Diecinueve poemas menos cinco poemas son:
diecisiete catorce
diecisis diecicuatro
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Ser and Estar: Part I
WholebookshavebeenwrittenaboutthetwoimportantSpanishverbs:serandestar.
Thiswillbethesubjectofourdiscussionforthenextfewlessons.Soon,youwillhavea
verygoodunderstandingofhowthesetwoverbsareused.
Serandestarcanbothbetranslatedastobe.HereistheEnglishverb,fullyconjugated:
tobe
Iam
youare
he/sheis
weare
you-allare
theyare
NoticethatthesetwosentencescanhavedifferentmeaningsinEnglish.
Theappleisgreen.............................................. (Meaningtheappleisnotripe.)
Theappleisgreen.............................................. (Meaningthecoloroftheappleisgreen.)
Intherstcase,ourexamplespeaksoftheconditionoftheapple.Theappleisgreen
becauseithasnotyetripened.Whentheconditionoftheapplechanges,thatis,whenit
hasripened,itwillnolongerbegreen,itwillberipe.
Inthesecondcase,ourexamplespeaksoftheessentialcharacteristicsoftheapple.The
appleisgreenincolor.Thisparticularappleremainsgreenevenafterithasripened.
InEnglish,theverbtobecanbeusedtotellhowsomethingis(thecondition)and
whatsomethingis(theessence).
Howistheapple?.............................................. Itisunripe.
Whatcoloristheapple?.................................... Itisgreen.
InSpanish,adifferentverbisusedtoexpresstobedependingonwhetherthespeaker
intendstoaddressaconditionoranessentialquality.
Lamanzanaestverde....................................... Theappleisgreen.(condition)
LamanzanaesverdeTheappleisgreen.(essence)
Notehowtheadjectiveverdeactuallychangesmeaning,dependinguponwhetheritis
usedwithserorestar.
Lamanzanaestverde....................................... (condition:verde=unripe)
Lamanzanaesverde(essentialcharacteristic:verde=colorgreen)
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Toaddresscondition,useestar.Estarisanirregularverb.Itdoesnotfollowthestandard
rulesofconjugationforregular-arverbs.Therefore,youmustmemorizeit.
estar
estoy
ests
est
estamos
estis
estn
Toaddressanessentialquality,useser.Serisalsoirregularandmustbememorized.
ser
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
Ifyouaretalkingaboutwhatsomethingis,useser;ifyouaretalkingabouthow
somethingis,useestar.
Whatisshelike?
Sheisquiet.
Useser:
Ellaescallada.

Howissheacting?
Sheisbeingquiet.
Useestar:
Ellaestcallada.
Letsaddthetwoimportantverbsserandestartooursetofverbashcards:
VerbFlashcards
6 ser(tobe)
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
7 estar(tobe)
estoy
ests
est
estamos
estis
estn
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Ser and Estar: Part I
A. Circle the correct translation.
1. He is bored. 11. Maria is amusing.
l es aburrido. Mara es divertida.
l est aburrido. Mara est divertida.
2. He is boring. 12. Maria is amused.
l es aburrido. Mara es divertida.
l est aburrido.
Mara est divertida.
3. She is happy. (temperament) 13. Arsenio is lively.
Ella es alegre. Arsenio es vivo.
Ella est alegre. Arsenio est vivo.
4. She is happy. (feeling happy) 14. Arsenio is alive.
Ella es alegre. Arsenio es vivo.
Ella est alegre. Arsenio est vivo.
5. They are tired. 15. My sister is very quiet.
Ellos son cansados. Mi hermana es muy callada.
Ellos estn cansados. Mi hermana est muy callada.
6. They are tiresome. 16. My sister is being very quiet.
Ellos son cansados. Mi hermana es muy callada.
Ellos estn cansados. Mi hermana est muy callada.
7. John is sick. 17. The apple is unripe.
Juan es enfermo. La manzana es verde.
Juan est enfermo. La manzana est verde.
8. John is sickly. 18. The apple is green (color).
Juan es enfermo. La manzana es verde.
Juan est enfermo. La manzana est verde.
9. The boys are big. 19. The soup (here) is (always) delicious.
Los chicos son grandes. La sopa es deliciosa.
Los chicos estn grandes. La sopa est deliciosa.
10. The boys are big for their age. 20. The soup is delicious (tonight).
Los chicos son grandes. La sopa es deliciosa.
Los chicos estn grandes. La sopa est deliciosa.
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Ser and Estar: Part II
Inthepreviouslessonyoulearnedthefundamentaldifferencebetweenserandestar-
essenceorcondition.Theexamplesusedtheverbsinconjunctionwithadjectivestoclearly
illustratethispoint.Inpractice,serandestararenotalwaysusedwithadjectives,norisit
alwayseasyforthenon-nativespeakertochoosebetweenthetwoverbs.Therefore,itis
extremelyusefultolearnsomeconcreterulesfordecidingwhentouseserorestar.This
lessonexaminessomecommonusesfortheverbser.
Serisusedtoexpressthehour,day,anddate.
Quhoraes?................................................... Whattimeisit?
Sonlasdos........................................................ Itstwooclock.
Qudaeshoy?............................................... Whatdayistoday?
Hoyeslunes...................................................... TodaysMonday.
Qufechaeshoy?........................................... Whatsthedatetoday?
Eselcincodemayo........................................... ItsMayfth.
Serisusedtoexpressplaceoforigin.
Dedndeerest?........................................... Whereareyoufrom?
SoydeColombia............................................... ImfromColombia.
Serisusedtoexpressoccupation.
Culestutrabajo?........................................... Whatdoyoudo?
Soycarpintero................................................... Imacarpenter.
Serisusedtoexpressnationality.
Esellapuertorriquea?.................................... IsshePuertoRican?
No,esguatemalteca.......................................... No,shesGuatemalan.
Serisusedtoexpressreligiousorpoliticalafliation.
SonlosGarcabautistas?................................. AretheGarciasBaptists?
No,soncatlicos............................................... No,theyreCatholics.
Eselgobiernosocialista?.................................. Isthegovernmentsocialist?
No,escomunista............................................... No,itscommunist.
Serisusedtoexpressthematerialsomethingismadeof.
Dequmaterialeslamesa?............................. Whatsthetablemadeof?
Esdemadera..................................................... Itsmadeofwood.
Serisusedtoexpresspossession.
Dequineslapluma?...................................... Whosepenisit?
EsdeEmilio....................................................... ItsEmilios.
Serisusedtoexpresstherelationshipofonepersontoanother.
QuinesRogelio?............................................ WhoisRoger?
EselesposodeMarta........................................ HesMarthashusband.
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Serisusedwithcertainimpersonalexpressions.
Esimportantepracticarcadada........................ Itsimportanttopracticeeveryday.
Esnecesariohablarmucho................................. Itsnecessarytospeakalot.
Serisusedtotellwhereaneventistakingplace.
Lapelculaesenelcine...................................... Themovieisatthetheatre.
LaestaesenelclubFantstico........................ ThepartyisintheFantasticClub.
Serisusedwithadjectivestoexpressinherent,oressentialqualities.
Miguelesunhombresincero............................. Mikeisasincereman.
Tambinesguapo.............................................. Hesalsohandsome.
Letsreview.Serisusedtoexpress:
thehour,day,anddate
placeoforigin
occupation
nationality
religiousorpoliticalafliation
thematerialsomethingismadeof
possession
relationshipofonepersontoanother
certainimpersonalexpressions
whereaneventistakingplace
essentialqualities
Letsaddanotherashcard:
VerbFlashcards
8. Usesofser
thehour,day,anddate
placeoforigin
occupation
nationality
religiousorpoliticalafliation
thematerialsomethingismadeof
possession
relationshipofonepersontoanother
certainimpersonalexpressions
whereaneventistakingplace
essentialqualities
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Ser and Estar: Part II
A. Write the correct form of the verb ser
1. Qu hora es? 11. De quin es la pluma?
_____ las tres. _____ de Mara.
2. Qu da es hoy? 12. Quin es esa mujer?
Hoy_____sbado. _____ la novia de Ral.
3. Qu fecha es hoy? 13. Es importante practicar cada da?
_____ el dos de febrero. S, _____ muy importante.
4. De dnde es usted? 14. Es necesario hablar mucho?
_____ del Per. S, _____ necesario hablar y escuchar.
5. A qu te dedicas? 15. Es la fiesta en la casa de Mara?
_____ mdico. No, _____ en la casa de Marco.
6. De qu pas es ella? 16. Es la reunin en el caf?
_____ chilena. No, _____ en la universidad.
7. Son los Gmez protestantes? 17. Es la chica guapa o fea?
S, _____ protestantes. _____ muy guapa.
8. Es el seor Mao socialista? 18. Es ella callada o habladora?
No, _____ comunista. _____ callada.
9. De qu material es la pluma? 19. Es excelente esta prctica?
_____ de plstico. S, _____ excelente.
10. De dnde son las chicas? 20. Cmo es el idioma espaol?
_____ de Espaa. _____ muy romntico.
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Ser and Estar: Part III
Intheprevioustwolessonsyoulearnedthefundamentaldifferencebetweenserandestar
-essenceorcondition,aswellassomecommonusesfortheverbser.Thislessonexamines
theotherSpanishverbfortobe:estar.
Estarisusedtoexpressgeographicorphysicallocations.
Dndeests?................................................... Whereareyou?
Estoyenellaboratorio........................................ Iminthelaboratory.
DndeestChile?............................................ WheresChile?
ChileestenAmricadelSur............................. ChileisinSouthAmerica.
NOTE:Theoneexceptiontothisruleisthatserisusedtotellwhereaneventistakingplace.(Laestaesenmi
casa.)
Estarisusedwithadjectivestoexpressastateorcondition.
Cmoestlasopa?.......................................... Howsthesoup?
Lasopaestfra................................................. Thesoupiscold.
Cmoestst?................................................ Howareyou?
Estoymuybien,gracias...................................... Iamverywell,thanks.
Estarisusedwithmanyidiomaticexpressions.Thesearejustafew.
estardeacuerdo................................................ tobeinagreement
estardepie........................................................ tobestanding
estarencamino................................................. tobeontheway
estarenlasnubes.............................................. todaydream
Estarisusedwiththeprogressivetenses.Youwilllearnmoreaboutthisusagelater.We
presentitnowsimplybecauseitisanimportantuseoftheverbestar.
Questscomiendo?....................................... Whatareyoueating?
Estoycomiendoarrozyfrijoles........................... Iameatingriceandbeans.
Letsreview.Estarisusedtoexpress:
geographicorphysicallocation
stateorcondition
manyidiomaticexpressions
progressivetenses
VerbFlashcards
9. Usesofestar

geographicorphysicallocation
stateorcondition
manyidiomaticexpressions
progressivetenses
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Quiz #1
Ser and Estar: Part III
A Circle the correct verb form.
1. Dnde est Ral? 5. Dnde est Guatemala?
_____ en la universidad. _____en la Amrica Central.
Estoy Estoy
Ests Ests
Est Est
Estamos Estamos
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Estis Estis
Estn Estn
2. Dnde estn ustedes? 6. Dnde est Espaa?

_____ en el laboratorio de lenguas. _____en la Pennsula Ibrica.
Estoy Estoy
Ests Ests
Est Est
Estamos Estamos
Estis Estis
Estn Estn
3. Dnde estn tus padres? 7. Estn los Gmez en Madrid?

_____ en Florida. No, _____ en Arequipa.
Estoy Estoy
Ests Ests
Est Est
Estamos Estamos
Estis Estis
Copyright 19972006 Spanish Learning Resources All Rights Reserved

Estn Estn
4. Dnde est usted? 8. Cmo est la sopa?

_____ en la casa. Estoy _____ fra.
Ests Estoy
Est Ests
Estamos Est
Estis Estamos
Estn Estis
Estn
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9. Cmo est la comida? 13. Ella tiene razn . . .
_____ deliciosa. Yo _____ de acuerdo con ella.
Estoy Estoy
Ests Ests
Est Est
Estamos Estamos
Estis Estis
Estn Estn
10. Cmo estn ustedes? 14. l no escucha al profesor . . .
_____ bien. _____ en las nubes.
Estoy Estoy
Ests Ests
Est Est
Estamos Estamos
Estis Estis
Estn Estn
11. Cmo est su marido? 15. T no tienes dinero. Yo no tengo dinero . . .
_____ enfermo. _____ en las mismas.
Estoy Estoy
Ests Ests
Est Est
Estamos Estamos
Estis Estis
Estn Estn
12. Para ver al famoso . . . 16. Cmo ests?
Ellos _____ de pie. _____ bien gracias, y t?
Estoy Estoy

Ests Ests
Est Est
Estamos Estamos
Estis Estis
Estn Estn
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17. Cmo est usted? 19. Cmo est la hamburguesa?
_____ bien gracias, y usted? _____ bien cocida.
Estoy Estoy
Ests Ests
Est Est
Estamos Estamos
Estis Estis
Estn Estn
18. Cmo est la carne? 20. Dnde est la casa de Juan?
_____ bien cocida. _____en el centro.
Estoy Estoy
Ests Ests
Est Est
Estamos Estamos
Estis Estis
Estn Estn
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Ser and Estar: Part IV
Inthepreviousthreelessonsyoulearnedthefundamentaldifferencebetweenserand
estaressenceorcondition,aswellassomecommonusesforeachverb.Thislesson
presentsthetwoverbssidebyside,withtheemphasisoncontrastingtheiruses.Inthe
process,muchbutnotallofthepreviousthreelessonswillbereviewed.Thepractice
exercisesandthetestcovermaterialfromallfourlessons(SerandEstarPartsIIV).
Whentheverbtobeisfollowedbyanoun,theverbserisalwaysused.Inthisinstance,
itmightbehelpfultothinkoftheverbasequivalenttoanequalsign,suchasa=
b.Thistypeofsentenceisalwaysreferringtoessentialcharacteristics,sincetheverbis
linkingwhatcomesbeforetheverbtowhatcomesaftertheverb.
Johnisadoctor.
John=doctor.
Juanesmdico.
Whentheverbtobeisfollowedbyanadjective,theverbuseddependsuponthe
meaning.Whenreferringtoanessentialcharacteristic,useser.Whenreferringtoastate
orcondition,useestar.
Lasopaestfra................................................. Thesoupiscold.
Loselefantessongrandes.................................. Theelephantsarebig.
Whentheverbtobeisfollowedbyanadjective,theverbcanactuallychangethe
meaningoftheadjective.
Elprofesorestaburrido.................................... Theprofessorisbored.
Elprofesoresaburrido....................................... Theprofessorisboring.
Distinguishingbetweenorigin,location,andtotakeplace.Todescribeorigin,orwhere
somethingisfrom,useser.Todescribelocation,orwheresomethingislocatedrightnow,
useestar.Totellwhereaneventistakingplace,useser.
MnicaesdeEspaa.(origin)
MnicaestenVenezuela.(location)
LaestaesenlacasadeMnica.(takingplace)
Letsreview.
Whenanounfollowstheverb,useser
Whenanadjectivefollowstheverb,decidebetweenessenceandcondition
Totellwheresomethingisfrom,useser
Totellwheresomethingislocatedrightnow,useestar
Totellwhereaneventistakingplace,useser
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VerbFlashcards
10. Serandestar(contrastinguses)
Whenanounfollowstheverb,useser
Whenanadjectivefollowstheverb,decidebetweenessenceandcondition
Totellwheresomethingisfrom,useser
Totellwheresomethingislocatedrightnow,useestar
Totellwhereaneventistakingplace,useser
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Quiz #1
Ser and Estar: Part IV
A. Circle the correct form of ser or estar.
1. Andrea _____ en la universidad. 11. Los Gmez _____ catlicos.
est son
es estn
2. El seor Fidel _____ comunista. 12. Ustedes _____ en el laboratorio de lenguas.

es son
est estn
3. Mi marido _____ enfermo. (hoy) 13. La pluma _____ de plstico.

est es
es est
4. Para ver al famoso ellos _____ de pie. 14. La pluma _____ de Arturo.
son es
estn est
5. Ella tiene razn. Yo _____ de acuerdo con ella. 15. Francisco _____ el novio de Katrina.
estoy es
soy est
6. _____ las tres. 16. _____ importante practicar cada da.

Estn Es
Son Est
7. Hoy _____ lunes. 17. La fiesta _____ en la casa de Mara.

est es
es est
8. l _____ de Mxico. 18. La reunin _____ en el caf.

est es
es est
9. _____ mdico. 19. Esa chica _____ una persona habladora.

Estoy es
Soy est
10. Ella _____ chilena. 20. La clase no es interesante. _____ aburrida.

es Soy
est Estoy
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Negation
You have already learned how to make simple affirmative statements.
Ella habla ingls ................................................. She speaks English.
l es profesor ..................................................... He is a professor.
To make a sentence negative, place the word no before the verb.

Ella no habla ingls ............................................ She doesnt speak English.
l no es profesor ................................................ He is not a professor.
When the answer to a question is negative, two negative words are required.
Habla Ud. espaol? .......................................... (Do you speak Spanish?)
No. No hablo espaol......................................... (No. I dont speak Spanish.)
Est Gerardo en la clase? ................................. (Is Gerardo in the class?)
No. Gerardo no est en la clase .......................... (No. Gerardo is not in the class.)
Siempre estudias? ............................................ (Do you always study?)

No, nunca estudio .............................................. (No, I never study.)
Study the following list of affirmative words and their negative counterparts:
algo ................................................................... (something)
nada .................................................................. (nothing)
alguien............................................................... (somebody)
nadie ................................................................. (nobody)
algn (-o, -a, -os, -as) ......................................... (some, something)

ningn (-o, -a, -os, -as) ....................................... (no, none)
siempre .............................................................. (always)

nunca, jams...................................................... (never, ever)
tambin ............................................................. (also)

tampoco ............................................................ (neither, not either)
o . . . o ............................................................... (either . . . or)

ni . . . ni ............................................................. (neither . . . nor)
The negative words can be used alone, preceding the verb.

Nadie habla........................................................ Nobody speaks.
l nunca come ................................................... He never eats.
Alfredo tampoco baila ........................................ Alfredo doesnt dance either.
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The negative words can also be used with the word no, following the verb. Note that
unlike English, double negatives are acceptable in Spanish.
No habla nadie................................................... Nobody speaks.
l no come nunca .............................................. He never eats.
Alfredo no baila tampoco .................................. Alfredo doesnt dance either.
Sometimes, three negative words occur in the same sentence.

No compro nada nunca ...................................... I never buy anything.
l no compra nada tampoco .............................. He doesnt buy anything either.
You can even have four negative words in the same sentence.
Yo no veo nunca a nadie tampoco ..................... I never see anybody either.
Unlike English, Spanish does not normally mix negative and affirmative words.
ENGLISH
Maria doesnt need anything.
NOT Maria doesnt need nothing.
SPANISH
Mara no necesita nada.
NOT Mara no necesita algo.
Alguno and ninguno drop the -o before a masculine singular noun.

Tienes algn libro? ........................................... No, no tengo ningn libro.
Ninguno(-a) is generally used in the singular.

Tienes algunas revistas?.................................... No, no tengo ninguna.
Tienes algunos libros? ...................................... No, no tengo ninguno.
The plural of ninguno(-a) is used only when the noun it modifies exists only in plural, or is
normally used in plural.
Ningunas vacaciones a Alaska son completas sin una excursin a Mt. McKinley.
No vacation to Alaska is complete without a trip to Mt. McKinley.
In this example ningunas is used because vacaciones is normally used in plural form.
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Quiz #1
Negation
A. Write the necessary word(s) to form a
logical negative sentence, based on the
sentence above it.
Example: Es Raquel mdico?
Mario habla espaol. 9. No, Raquel ___________ mdico.
Mario no habla ingls.
Es Alfredo de Guatemala?
Ella habla ingls. 10. No, Alfredo ___________ de Guatemala.
1. Ella ___________ alemn.
Tiene algo que declarar?

l es profesor. 11. No, no tengo ___________ que declarar.
2. l ___________ mdico.
Hay algo para comer?

Hay pocos alumnos en la clase. 12. No, no hay ___________ para comer.
3. ___________ muchos alumnos en la clase.
Tiene alguien una pluma?

Juana es mexicana. 13. No, ___________ tiene una pluma.
4. Juana ___________ dominicana.
Est alguien en el coche?

La gata come poco.
14. No, ___________ est en el coche.
5. La gata ___________ mucho.
Deseas comprar algunos objetos tambin?

Vive Alberto en Mxico?
6. No, Alberto ___________ en Mxico. 15. No, no deseo comprar ningn
objeto ___________ .
Estudia Juan espaol?

7. No, ___________ Juan espaol. Carolina no estudia espaol.
16. Juan ___________ estudia espaol. (neither
does Juan)
Estamos en Alaska?
8.No, ___________ en Alaska.
Tiene algunas revistas?
17. No, no tengo ___________ revista.
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Siempre estudias? Quiere cantar Andrea o Sylvia?
18. No, ___________ estudio.
20. ___________ Andrea ni Sylvia quieren
cantar.
Quiere bailar l o ella?
19. Ni l ___________ ella quieren bailar.
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Questions
InSpanish,theremaybeseveralwaystoaskthesamequestion.Notetheinverted
questionmarkthatbeginseachquestion.
Marahablaespaol?....................................... DoesMariaspeakSpanish?
HablaMaraespaol?....................................... DoesMariaspeakSpanish?
HablaespaolMara?....................................... DoesMariaspeakSpanish?
Thefollowingquestionsmeanprettymuchthesamething:
DoesMaraspeakSpanish?
Marahablaespaol?
HablaMaraespaol?
HablaespaolMara?
Possibleanswerswouldbe:
S,Marahablaespaol.
No,Maranohablaespaol.
Anothermethodofformingquestionsistoaddatagquestiontotheendofastatement.
Marahablaespaol,no?................................. MariaspeaksSpanish,doesntshe?
Marahablaespaol,verdad?........................... MariaspeaksSpanish,right?
Commonwordsusedtointroduceotherquestionsare:
Adnde?
Dnde?
Dednde?
Cmo?
Cul(-es)?
Cundo?
Cunto(-a)?
Cuntos(-as)?
Qu?
Dequ?
Quin(-es)?
Aquin(-es)?
Conquin(-es)?
Dequin(-es)?
Porqu?
Paraqu?
NOTE:Eachhasawrittenaccentmark.
Noticehowthesubjectandverbsareinverted.Thatis,thesubjectcomesaftertheverb.
QuestudiaPilar?............................................ WhatdoesPilarstudy?
Cundocomenustedes?.................................. Whendoyou-alleat?
Dndeestmicoche?...................................... Whereismycar?
Cuntocuestalacorbata?................................ Howmuchdoesthetiecost?
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Dnde?meansWhere?Adnde?meansTowhere?Thus,dndeasksforalocation,
whileadndeasksforadestination.
Dndeestlabiblioteca?................................. Whereisthelibrary?
AdndevaRal?.............................................. WhereisRaulgoing?
(Literally:TowheregoesRaul?)
Dednde?meansFromwhere?
DedndeesGerardo?..................................... WhereisGerardofrom?
Cmo?meansHow?
Cmoestusted?............................................ Howareyou?
Cul?andCules?meanWhat?orWhich?
Culestunombre?.......................................... Whatisyourname?
Culessontuslibrosfavoritos?......................... What(Which)areyourfavoritebooks?
Cundo?meansWhen?
Cundovanairustedes?................................. Whenareyou-allgoingtogo?
Cunto(-a)?meansHowmuch?
CuntodineroganaEduardo?.......................... HowmuchmoneydoesEduardoearn?
Cuntos(-as)?meansHowmany?
Cuntaschicashayenlaclase?........................ Howmanygirlsarethereintheclass?
Qu?meansWhat?
Queslalibertad?........................................... Whatisliberty?
Questudias?.................................................. Whatdoyoustudy?
Dequ?meansAboutwhat?orOfwhat?
Dequmaterialeslapluma?........................... Whatisthepenmadeof?
Literally:Ofwhatmaterialisthepen?
Dequhablanustedes?................................... Whatareyou-alltalkingabout?
Literally:Ofwhatdoyou-allspeak?
Quin(-es)?meansWho?
QuinesGregorio?.......................................... WhoisGregorio?
Quinessonesoschicos?................................. Whoarethoseboys?
Aquin(-es)?meansWhom?
Aquinbuscas?............................................... Forwhomareyoulooking?
Aquinesvasadartantoslibros?..................... Towhomareyougoingtogivesomany
books?
Conquin(-es)?meansWithwhom?
Conquinhablo?............................................. WithwhomamIspeaking?
ConquinesestudiaMario?............................. WithwhomdoesMariostudy?
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Dequin(-es)?meansWhose?
Dequinesaquelsombrero?........................... Whosehatisthat?
Dequinessonestasmonedas?....................... Whosecoinsarethese?
Porqu?meansWhy?(forwhatreason)
Porquestudiasespaol?................................ ForwhatreasondoyoustudySpanish?
Possibleanswer:
Porqueesunrequisito........................................ Becauseitsrequired.
Paraqu?meansWhy?(forwhatpurpose)
Paraquestudiasespaol?............................... ForwhatpurposedoyoustudySpanish?
Possibleanswer:
Paraserprofesordeespaol.............................. InordertobecomeaSpanishteacher.
Whenusedwiththeverbser,culandqucanbothmeanwhat,buttheyarenot
interchangeable.Culismorecommon,andisusedtoindicateaselection,orchoiceof
possibilities.Quisusedtoelicitadenitionoranexplanation.
CuleslacapitaldeEspaa?............................ WhatisthecapitalofSpain?
Queslacapital?............................................. Whatisthe(denitionof)capital?
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Quiz #1
Questions
A. Circle the correct question to agree
with each answer.
1. S, Mara habla espaol. 11. Es de Miguel.
Habla Mara espaol? De quin es la pluma?
Quin habla espaol? De dnde es la pluma?
2. S, Alberto est aqu. 12. Porque es mi amiga.
Dnde est Alberto? Por qu hablas con Marta?
Alberto est aqu, verdad? Para qu hablas con Marta?
3. Vamos al cine. 13. Para conocer su historia.
Adnde van ustedes? Por qu hablas con Marta?
Dnde estn ustedes? Para qu hablas con Marta?
4. Est en Mxico. B. Which question has the underlined
Adnde va Jess? word(s) as its answer?
Dnde est Jess? Example:
5. Soy de Nueva York. Mike goes to Maine in the summers.

Who goes to Maine in the summers?
De dnde es Ral?
Mike goes to Maine in the summers.
De dnde es usted?
Where does Mike go in the summers?
6. Vamos a ir maana.
14. Juan es inteligente.
Cundo van a ir ustedes?
Quin es inteligente?
Quin va a ir?
Cmo es Juan?
7. Quiero dos cucharadas de azcar.
15. Juan es inteligente.
Cuntos cucharadas de azcar quieres?
Quin es inteligente?
Cuntas cucharadas de azcar quieres?
Cmo es Juan?
8. Es de algodn.
16. El profesor va a Guatemala en el verano.
De dnde es la camisa?
Quin va a Guatemala en el verano?
De qu es la camisa?
Adnde va el profesor en el verano?
9. Es la hija de la profesora. Cundo va el profesor a Guatemala?
Quin es esa muchacha?
17. El profesor va a Guatemala en el verano.
A quin es esa muchacha?
Quin va a Guatemala en el verano?
10. Con mi mam. Adnde va el profesor en el verano?
Quin habla? Cundo va el profesor a Guatemala?
Con quin hablas?
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18. El profesor va a Guatemala en el verano. 20. La cena cuesta cinco pesos.
Quin va a Guatemala en el verano? Qu cuesta cinco pesos?
Adnde va el profesor en el verano? Cunto cuesta la cena?
Cundo va el profesor a Guatemala?
19. La cena cuesta cinco pesos.

Qu cuesta cinco pesos?
Cunto cuesta la cena?
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Possessive Adjectives
Possessiveadjectivesareusedtoshowownership.
milibro.................... mybook
tupluma.................. yourpen
Therearevepossessiveadjectives.
mi
tu
su

nuestro
vuestro
Threepossessiveadjectives(mi,tu,su)haveonlytwoforms,singularandplural.
mi
mis

tu
tus

su
sus
Possessiveadjectivesagreewiththenounstheymodify.Thatis,theyagreewiththething
possessed,notthepossessor.
milibro.................... mybook
mislibros................. mybooks
tupluma.................. yourpen
tusplumas............... yourpens
Mi,tuandsudonothavemasculineandfeminineforms.Theystaythesame,regardless
ofthegenderofthenounstheymodify.
miamigo
miamiga

tushermanos
tushermanas

sulibro
susplumas
Mimeansmy;tumeansyour.
Micasaestucasa.............................................. Myhouseisyourhouse.
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Su,liketu,canmeanyour.Thedifferencebetweenyour(tu)andyour(su)liesinthe
degreeofformalitythespeakerwishestoconvey.
Micasaestucasa.... (speakingtosomeoneyouwouldaddressast)
Micasaessucasa.... (speakingtosomeoneyouwouldaddressasusted)
NOTE:Thetwowordstuandtarepronouncedthesame.T(withthewrittenaccent)isthesubject
pronounmeaningyou(informal).Tu(withoutthewrittenaccent)isthepossessiveadjectivemeaningyour
(informal).
Suhasfourmeanings:his,her,theirandyour(formal).
Marabuscaasuhermana................................. Maraislookingforhersister.
Juanbuscaasuhermana................................... Juanislookingforhissister.
Ellosbuscanasuhermana................................. Theyarelookingfortheirsister.
Sumadrebuscaasuhermana............................ Yourmotherislookingforyoursister.
Ifthemeaningofsuisnotclearfromthecontextofthesentence,aprepositionalphrase
isusedinplaceofsu.
Marabuscaalahermanadel.......................... Maralooksforhissister.
Elhombrebuscalasllavesdeella....................... Themanlooksforherkeys.
MarabuscaelcuadernodeJuan....................... MaralooksforJuansnotebook.
ElhombrebuscalasllavesdeSamanta............... ThemanlooksforSamantaskeys.
Twopossessiveadjectives(nuestroandvuestro)havefourforms.
nuestro
nuestra
nuestros
nuestras

vuestro
vuestra
vuestros
vuestras
Nuestromeansour.
nuestrohermano..... ourbrother
nuestrahermana...... oursister
nuestroshermanos... ourbrothers
nuestrashermanas... oursisters
Vuestromeansyour(familiar,plural).Likevosotros,vuestroisprimarilyusedinSpain.
vuestrolibro............. yourbook
vuestrapluma.......... yourpen
vuestroslibros.......... yourbooks
vuestrasplumas....... yourpens
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Hereareallofthepossessiveadjectives:
mi(s)................................................................... my
tu(s)................................................................... your(fam.sing.)
su(s)................................................................... his,her,your(formal),their
nuestro(-a,-os,-as)............................................ our
vuestro(-a,-os,-as)............................................. your(fam.pl.)
Notethatthesepossessiveadjectivesarenotusedwitharticlesofclothingorbodyparts.
Rather,thedenitearticleisused.
Megustaelvestidonuevo.................................. Ilikemynewdress
Medueleelbrazo.............................................. Myarmhurts.
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Quiz #1
Possessive Adjectives
A. Circle the correct translation.
1. your (informal) classes 7. their books
mis clases mis libros
tus clases tus libros
sus clases sus libros
nuestros clases nuestros libros
2. your (formal) telephone 8. my book
mi telfono mi libro
tu telfono tu libro
su telfono su libro
nuestro telfono el libro
3. his son B. Write the correct word in order to form

mi hijo a logical response.
tu hijo 9. Dnde trabaja su esposo?
su hijo Where does your husband work?
nuestro hijo _______ esposo trabaja en el aeropuerto.
4. her children 10. Es grande su casa?
mis hijos Is his house big?
tus hijos S, _______ casa es muy grande.
sus hijos
11. Dnde est su tienda?
nuestros hijos
Where is her store?
5. our daughter _______ tienda est en el centro.
mi hija
12. Cmo estn los padres de Ernesto?
tu hija
How are Ernests parents?
su hija
_______ padres estn bien.
nuestra hija
13. Cuntos aos tiene el hermano de ella?
6. your (informal) car
How old is her brother?
mi carro
_______ hermano tiene cinco aos.
tu carro
su carro 14. Dnde estn nuestros vecinos?
nuestro carro Where are our neighbors?
_______ vecinos estn en sus casas.
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15. Cundo abren los nios sus regalos? C. Write the answer that forms a
correct translation.
When do the kids open their gifts?
Ellos abren _______ regalos maana. 17. Juans book
16. Necesitan ustedes nuestros libros? El libro de _______
Do you-all need our books? 18. her book
S, necesitamos _______ libros. (formal)
El libro de _______
19. Martas pen

La pluma de _______
20. her pen
La pluma de _______
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Irregular Verbs: Tener and Venir
Tenerandvenirarebothirregularverbs.Becausetheyareirregular,youmust
memorizetheirconjugations.Wepresentthesetwoverbstogetherbecausetheyarevery
similarinthewaytheyareconjugated:
tener....................... tohave
venir....................... tocome

tengo/vengo
tienes/vienes
tiene/viene
tenemos/venimos
tenis/vens
tienen/vienen
Continuingwithourverbashcards,letsaddasinglecardforthetwoverbstenerand
venir:
VerbFlashcards
11.tener(tohave)
venir(tocome)

tengo/vengo
tienes/vienes
tiene/viene
tenemos/venimos
tenis/vens
tienen/vienen
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Quiz #1
Tener and Venir
A. Circle the correct conjugation for C. Circle the correct conjugations for
tener. the regular verbs.
1. yo 5. yo
tengo hablo, como, vivo
tienes hablas, comes, vives
tiene habla, come, vive
tenemos hablamos, comemos, vivimos
tenis hablis, comis, vivs
tienen hablan, comen, viven
2. l, ella, Ud. 6. t
tengo hablo, como, vivo
tienes hablas, comes, vives
tiene habla, come, vive
tenemos hablamos, comemos, vivimos
tenis hablis, comis, vivs
tienen hablan, comen, viven
B. Circle the correct conjugation for venir. 7. l, ella, Ud.

3. t hablo, como, vivo
vengo hablas, comes, vives
vienes habla, come, vive
viene hablamos, comemos, vivimos
venimos hablis, comis, vivs
vens hablan, comen, viven
vienen 8. nosotros/as
4. nosotros/as hablo, como, vivo
vengo hablas, comes, vives
vienes habla, come, vive
viene hablamos, comemos, vivimos
venimos hablis, comis, vivs
vens hablan, comen, viven
vienen
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D. Circle the correct conjugations for E. Write the correct form of tener.
the verbs ser and estar.
13. (yo) _______ dos casas.
9. yo
14. (l) _______ mucho dinero.
soy, estoy
eres, ests 15. (ella) _______ poco dinero.
es, est
16. (Uds.) _______ mis zapatos.
somos, estamos
sois, estis F. Write the correct form of venir.
son, estn
17. (t) _______ los sbados.
10. t
18. (Ud.) _______ con Andrea.
soy, estoy
eres, ests 19. (nosotros) _______ a las cinco.
es, est
20. (ellos) _______ ms tarde.
somos, estamos
sois, estis
son, estn
11. l, ella, Ud.

soy, estoy
eres, ests
es, est
somos, estamos
sois, estis
son, estn
12. nosotros/as
soy, estoy
eres, ests
es, est
somos, estamos
sois, estis
son, estn
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Tener que, Hay que
Tenerque+innitiveisonewaytoexpressobligationornecessity.Thisexpressioncan
betranslatedassomeonehastodosomething.Tenerisconjugatedaccordingtothe
subjectofthesentence.
Tengoquecomerlasverduras............................ Ihavetoeatthevegetables.
ngeltienequeleerelperidico........................ ngelhastoreadthenewspaper.
Ellostienenquecomprarunarevista.................. Theyhavetobuyamagazine.
Hayque+innitiveisusedtoexpresstheideaofonemustdosomethingor,itis
necessarytodosomething.Itisamoregeneralexpressionandsincethereisnosubject,
theverbformhayisalwaysused.
Hayquetomaruntaxi........................................ Itisnecessarytotakeataxi.
Hayqueestudiarmucho.................................... Onemuststudyalot.
Theseexamplesillustratethecontrastingusesofthesetwoexpressions:
Maratieneunexamenellunes.
Ellatienequeestudiar........................................ MarahasatestonMonday.Shehastostudy.
Noesfcilaprenderelespaol.
Hayquepracticarmucho................................... ItisnteasytolearnSpanish.Itisnecessaryto
practicealot.
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Quiz #1
Tener que, Hay que
A. Write the correct verb: hay, or a form
of the verb tener.
1. The embassy is a long way from here. 9. In Spain, they speak Spanish
It is necessary to take a taxi. In Spain, it is necessary to speak Spanish.
La embajada est lejos. En Espaa, se habla espaol.
_______ que tomar un taxi. En Espaa, _______ que hablar espaol.
2. I dont have a car. 10. Bill is in Spain.
I have to take a taxi. Bill has to speak Spanish.
No tengo carro. Bill est en Espaa.
_______ que tomar un taxi. Bil_______ que hablar espaol.
3. To live, it is necessary to eat. 11. To speak Spanish well, it is necessary to

practice.
Para vivir, _______ que comer.
Para hablar bien el espaol, _______ que
4. Juan hasnt eaten anything for two days. practicar.
Juan has to eat something.
12. Cristina wants to speak Spanish.
Juan no ha comido nada por dos das.
Cristina has to practice.
Juan _______ que comer algo.
Cristina desea hablar espaol.
5. The verbs are important. Cristina _______ que practicar.
It is necessary to memorize them.
13. To make money, one must work.
Los verbos son importantes.
Para ganar dinero, _______ que trabajar.
_______ que aprenderlos de memoria.
14. Alfredo works a lot.
6. There is a test on Monday.
He has to work every day.
The students have to memorize the verbs.
Alfredo trabaja mucho.
Hay un examen el lunes.
_______ que trabajar todos los das.
Los alumnos _______ que aprender de
memoria los verbos. 15. The bureaucracy is horrible.
7. To get a good grade, one must study. One must fill out many forms.
Para sacar una buena nota, _______ que La burocracia es horrible.
estudiar. _______ que llenar muchos formularios.
8. Mara has a test on Monday. 16. Mara is looking for work.

She has to study. She has to fill out a job application.
Mara tiene un examen el lunes. Mara solicita trabajo.
Ella _______ que estudiar. Ella _______ que llenar una solicitud de
trabajo.
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17. To play an instrument well, one must 19. To see the world, one must travel.
practice a lot.
Para ver el mundo, _______ que viajar.
Para tocar bien un instrumento,
_______ que practicar mucho. 20. Elena wants to see the world.
She has to travel.
18. Marco wants to be a musician.
Elena quiere ver el mundo.
He has to practice a lot.
Ella _______ que viajar.
Marco quiere ser msico.
l _______ que practicar mucho.
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Idiomatic Expressions with Tener
Anidiomisanexpressionthatcannotbeimmediatelyunderstoodbyanalyzingitsliteral
meaning.AfewexamplesofidiomsinEnglishare:
tobeonthego
toplaytheeld
tojumpthegun
Spanishalsohasmanyidiomaticexpressions.Althoughtheirliteraltranslationssoundodd
toEnglishspeakers,theysoundperfectlynaturaltonativespeakers.Hereisoneexample:
Idiom....................... Hacemuchofro
Literally.................... Itmakesmuchcold
TrueMeaning........... Itisverycold
Therearemanyidiomaticexpressionsthatusetheverbtener.Thisoneexpressesage:
Idiom....................... tener_____aos
Literally.................... tohave_____years
TrueMeaning........... tobe_____yearsold
Manyotherexpressionsusingtenerexpressphysicalsensations:
tenerfro.................. tobecold
tenercalor............... tobehot
tenerhambre........... tobehungry
tenersed.................. tobethirsty
tenersueo.............. tobesleepy
tenerdolorde.......... tohurtorbesore,etc.
Therearealsomanyidiomaticexpressionswithtenerthatexpresssensationsmore
psychologicalinnature:
tenerprisa.......................................................... tobeinahurry
tenermiedoa/de+noun................................... tobeafraidofsomething
tenermiedoa/de+innitive.............................. tobeafraidtodosomething
tenercelos......................................................... tobejealous
tenerconanza.................................................. tobecondent
tenercuidado..................................................... tobecareful
tenervergenza................................................. tobeashamed
Thereareotheridiomaticexpressionswithteneraswell:
tenerrazn.............. toberight
tenerxito............... tobesuccessful
tenerlaculpa........... tobeguilty
tenersuerte............. tobelucky
tenerlugar............... totakeplace
tenerganasde......... tofeellike
tenerencuenta........ totakeintoaccount
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Whenusingtheseidiomaticexpressions,conjugatetheverb(tener)accordingtothe
Yotengocincoaos.
Ttienesochoaos.
Pablotienedosaos.
Noticethattheexpressionscombinetheverbtenerwithanoun:
elao loscelos
elfro laconanza
elcalor elcuidado
lahambre lavergenza
lased larazn
elsueo elxito
eldolor laculpa
laprisa lasuerte
elmiedo ellugar
Becausetheexpressionswithtenerusenouns,theyaremodiedwithadjectives,not
adverbs.
Tengofro.
Tengomuchofro.(notmuy)
Therstpracticeexerciseandtestwillcovertenofthemostcommonandusefulofthese
expressions:
tener_____aos
tenercalor
tenerfro
tenerhambre
tenersed
tenerprisa
tenermiedoa/de_____
tenerrazn
tenersuerte
Practiceexercises24andtest2willcoveralloftheexpressionsinthislesson.
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Quiz #1
Idiomatic Expressions with Tener
A. Write the correct word.
1. Paco _______ diez aos de edad. 12. Cuntos aos tiene Mara?
Mara _______ diecinueve aos.
Paco is ten years old.
How old is Maria? Maria is
2. Es un chico muy valiente. nineteen years old.
No tiene _______ a nada.
13. Por qu llevas el abrigo? Porque _______ fro.
He is a very brave boy.
Hes not afraid of anything. Why do you wear the coat?
Because Im cold.
3. Voy a la playa porque tengo _______.
14. Por qu bebes agua? Porque tengo_______.
I go to the beach because Im hot.
Why do you drink water?
4. Llevo el abrigo porque _______ fro. Because Im thirsty.
I wear a coat because I am cold.
15. Por qu comes la carne?
5. Voy al restaurante porque tengo Porque tengo _______ .
mucha _______. Why do you eat meat? Because Im hungry.
I go to the restaurant because
I am very hungry. B. Choose the correct response.
16. Alberto tiene _______ hambre.
6. Bebo agua porque tengo _______ .
mucha
I drink water because I am thirsty.
muy
7. La clase empieza en diez minutos.
Mara necesita tener _______ . 17. Los perros tienen _______ fro.
The class starts in ten minutes. mucho

Maria needs to hurry. muy
8. Tengo salud, dinero y amor. 18. Los nios tienen _______ sed.
Tengo buena _______. mucho
I have health, money and love. Im lucky. mucha
9. Ella es muy inteligente. 19. Las chicas tienen _______ hambre.
Ella siempre _______ razn.
mucho
She is very intelligent. She is always correct. mucha
10. Muchas personas tienen _______ de 20. Alfredo tiene _______ calor.
hablar en pblico.
mucho
Many people are afraid of public speaking.
muy
11. Deseas comer algo? No, no tengo _______ .
Do you want to eat something?
No, Im not hungry.
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Weather Expressions
Remember, an idiom is an expression that cannot be immediately understood by analyzing
its literal meaning. A few examples of idioms in English are:
to drive someone crazy
to lose it
to be raining cats and dogs
Spanish also has many idiomatic expressions. Although their literal translations sound odd
to English speakers, they sound perfectly natural to native speakers. Here is one example:
Idiom ....................... Hace mucho fro
Literally .................... It makes much cold
True Meaning ........... It is very cold
In Spanish, there are a number of idiomatic expressions that employ the verb hacer (literal
meaning: to do or to make), and are used to describe the weather.
Qu tiempo hace? ... Whats the weather like?
Hace fro .................. Its cold.
Hace calor ................ Its hot.
Hace viento .............. Its windy.
Hace sol ................... Its sunny.
Hace buen tiempo.... The weather is good.
Hace mal tiempo ...... The weather is bad.
Hace fresco .............. Its brisk.
Like the idioms that use tener, these idioms also contain a noun.
el fro
el calor
el viento
el sol
el tiempo
Because the idioms use nouns, they are modified by adjectives, not adverbs.
Hace mucho fro ...... Its very cold.
There are also weather expressions that use the verb hay:
Hay niebla .......................................................... Its foggy.
Hay neblina ........................................................ Its misty.
Hay sol ............................................................... The sun is shining.
Hay luna ............................................................ The moon is out.
Hay relmpagos ................................................. Its lightning.
Hay humedad .................................................... Its humid.
Hay nubes .......................................................... Its cloudy.
Hay lluvias torrenciales ....................................... Its pouring.
Hay un vendaval................................................. Theres a windstorm.
Hay granizo........................................................ Its hailing.
Hay lloviznas ...................................................... Its sprinkling.
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Other weather expressions use the verb estar along with an adjective:
Est oscuro .............. Its dark.
Est nublado ............ Its cloudy.
Est lluvioso ............. Its raining.
Other weather expressions simply use a single verb:

Llueve.
It is raining. or It rains.
From the verb llover (to rain)
Nieva.
It is snowing. or It snows.
From the verb nevar (to snow)
Truena.
It is thundering. or It thunders.
From the verb tronar (to thunder)
Llovizna.
It is drizzling. or It drizzles.
From the verb lloviznar (to drizzle)
Here are some common ways to ask about the weather:

Qu tiempo hace?
Qu clima hace?
Cmo est el clima en . . .?
Cmo est el tiempo?
Cmo est el clima hoy?
The first practice exercise and test will cover ten of the most common and useful of these
expressions:
Qu tiempo hace?
Hace fro.
Hace calor.
Hace viento.
Hay niebla.
Hay granizo.
Hay relmpagos.
Llovizna.
Nieva.
Llueve.
Practice exercises 24 and test 2 will cover all of the expressions in this lesson.
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Weather Expressions
A. Write the correct word. B. Circle the correct answer.
1. Whats the weather like? 11. Hace _____ fro hoy.
Qu _____ hace? Its very cold today.
2. Its raining. (It rains.) mucha
mucho
_____.
muy
3. Its hailing.
12. En el verano, hace _____ calor.
Hay _____.
In summer, its very hot.
4. Its hot. mucha
_____ calor. mucho
muy
5. Its cold.
_____ fro. 13. En el desierto hace _____ sol.
In the desert, its very sunny.
6. Its windy.
mucha
Hace _____ .
mucho
7. Its foggy. muy
Hay _____ . 14. En el invierno, nieva _____.
8. Its snowing. (It snows.) In winter, it snows a lot.
_____. mucha
mucho
9. Its drizzling. (It drizzles.)
muy
_____.
15. En San Francisco, hay _____ niebla.
10. Its lightning.
In San Francisco, theres a lot of fog.
_____ relmpagos.
mucha
mucho
muy
16. Diana lleva el abrigo porque hace

mucho _____.
Dianna wears her coat because its very cold.
fro
calor
viento
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17. Vamos a la playa porque hace mucho _____. 19. Es peligroso porque hay _____ .
We go to the beach because its very hot. Its dangerous because theres lightning.
fro niebla
calor granizo
viento relmpagos
18. Es imposible ver porque hay mucha _____ . 20. El auto est daado porque hay_____.
Its impossible to see because its very foggy. The car is damaged because its hailing.
niebla niebla
granizo granizo
relmpagos relmpagos
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The Personal a
Thedirectobjectisthenounorpronounthatreceivestheactionoftheverb.Inthe
followingsentences,thedirectobjectsareunderlined.
Mikehittheball.
GeorgecallsMary.
Hecallsher.
InSpanish,whenthedirectobjectisaperson,itisprecededbytheprepositiona.This
wordhasnoEnglishtranslation.
JorgellamaaMara........................................... JorgecallsMara.
FromtheperspectiveoftheEnglishspeaker,thepersonalaappearstobeanextra
word.FromtheperspectiveoftheSpanishspeaker,thepersonalaisrequired,andto
notuseitisaseriouserror.
JorgellamaaMara.
Thepersonalamayalsobeusedifthedirectobjectisadomesticatedanimal,especially
apet,providedthatthespeakerattachessomesortofpersonalfeelingstowardsthe
animal.
Lamujeracariciaasuperro.(acariciar)............... Thewomanpetsherdog.
Elperropersiguealagata.(perseguir)................ Thedogchasesthecat.
Thepersonalaisnotusedwhenthedirectobjectisnotapersonorisananimalfor
whichnopersonalfeelingsarefelt.
Bebolaleche.(beber)......................................... Idrinkthemilk.milkisneitherapersonnor
ananimal
Mirolajirafa.(mirar).......................................... Ilookatthegiraffe.nopersonalfeelingsare
felttowardsthegiraffe
Thepersonalaisnotusedaftertheverbtener,ortheverbformhay.Thisistrueevenif
thedirectobjectisaperson.
Tengodoshermanos.(tener).............................. Ihavetwobrothers.
Haycincochicas................................................. Therearevegirls.
Ifthedirectobjectisanindeniteperson,thepersonalaisnotused.Theresultisthat
thepersonbecomesdepersonalized.
Necesitomdico................................................. Ineed(any)doctor.
(or)..................................................................... Ineedmedicalassistance.
Necesitojardinero.............................................. Ineed(any)gardener.
(or)..................................................................... Ineedsomeonetotendmygarden.
BecausethisSpanishgrammaticalstructurehasnoequivalentinEnglish,itisnormalto
expectthatthestudentwillforgettouseituntilapatternofusehasbeenestablished.
Remember,tonotusethepersonalaisaseriouserror,andthestudentshouldtryto
remembertouseitwhenappropriate.
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Quiz #1
The Personal a
A. Circle the correct answer.
1. Veo _____ . 11. Cuntos hermanos tiene Ud?
Carolina Tengo _____ .
a Carolina dos hermanos
a dos hermanos
2. Veo _____ de Carolina.
la casa 12. Llama Ud. a Mara o _____ ?
a la casa Elena
a Elena
3. Busco _____ .
Pablo 13. Llamo _____ .
a Pablo Mara
a Mara
4. Busco _____ de Pablo.
la silla 14. Tu amigo lleva _____ a la fiesta?
a la silla mi hermana
a mi hermanaa
5. Llevo _____ .
mis tres hermanas 15. No, lleva _____.
a mis tres hermanas a tu hermano
tu hermano
6. Llevo _____ .
la comida 16. Tienes _____ ?
a la comida muchos hermanos
a muchos hermanos
7. Escucho _____ .
los estudiantes 17. S, tengo _____ .
a los estudiantes muchos hermanos
a muchos hermanos
8. Escucho _____ .
las cintas 18. Leo _____.
a las cintas la revista
a la revista
9. Visito _____ .
mi novio 19. Visitamos _____.
a mi novio nuestra abuela
a nuestra abuela
10. Visito _____ de mi novio.
la ciudad 20. Vemos _____ .
a la ciudad de los nios
a los nios
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Contractions
Whenaordeprecedesthedenitearticleel,thetwowordscombinetoforma
contraction.Thatis,twowordsbecomeone.
a+el=al
de+el=del
A+elisalwayscontracted.
Incorrect:................. LlevasaelhermanodeRal?
Correct:................... LlevasalhermanodeRal?
De+elisalwayscontracted.
Incorrect:................. Ellibroesdeelprofesor?
Correct:................... Ellibroesdelprofesor?
De+la,de+las,de+los,a+la,a+las,anda+losarenevercontracted.
LlevasalhermanodeRal?.............................. AreyoutakingRaulsbrother?
No,llevoalashermanasdePilar........................ No,ImtakingPilarssisters.
Ellibroesdelprofesor?.................................... Isthebooktheprofesors?
No,ellibroesdelaprofesora............................. No,thebookistheprofesors(fem).
Rememberthedifferencebetweenelandl.Thepronoun(l)doeshaveawrittenaccent
andmeanshe.Thedenitearticle(el)doesnothaveawrittenaccentandmeansthe.
ellibro/thebook............................................... lcome/heeats
Onlythedenitearticle(el)iscontracted.Thepronoun(l)isnot.
LaCasaBlancaeslacasadelpresidente............. TheWhiteHouseisthepresidentshouse.
Eslacasadel................................................... Itshishouse.
Alnolegustafumar........................................ Hedoesntliketosmoke.
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Quiz #1
Contractions
1. De dnde vienes? 7. No, tengo que ir _____ laboratorio para
Vengo _____ fiesta de la universidad. estudiar.
de la a la
de las a las
del al
de los a los
2. A qu hora llamas _____ profesora? 8. Adnde llevas _____chicas?
a la a la
a las a las
al al
a los a los
3. Le llamo _____ medioda. 9. Llevo a las chicas _____ apartamento.

a la a la
a las a las
al al
a los a los
4. Los libros son _____ Seor Rodrguez? 10. De quin son las plumas?
Son _____ profesora.
de la
de las de la
del de las
de los del
de los
5. No, son _____Seora Garca.
11. De quin es el libro?
de la
Es _____ profesor.
de las
de la
del
de las
de los
del
6. Tienes que ir _____ casa de tu amigo? de los
a la
a las
al
a los
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12. A quin invita a cenar? 17. De quin son los libros?
Invito _____ morena. Son _____ profesora.
a la de la
a las de las
al del
a los de los
13. A quin trae la muchacha? 18. De quin son las plumas?
Trae _____ muchacho. Son _____ profesores.
a la de la
a las de las
al del
a los de los
14. Adnde llevan _____ muchachas? 19. Adnde vas?
Voy _____ cine.
a la
a las a la
al a las
a los al
a los
15. Llevamos a las muchachas _____ club.
20. Adnde van ustedes?
a la
Vamos _____ cafetera.
a las
a la
al
a las
a los
al
16. De quin son los libros? a los
Son _____ profesor.
de la
de las
del
de los
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Stem-Changing Verbs: o:ue
Remember,therearethreetypesofinnitives:-ar,-er,-ir.Innitivesaremadeupoftwo
parts:theendingandthestem.Inthefollowingexamples,thestemisunderlinedandthe
endingisinbold.
hablar
comer
vivir
Withregularverbs,thestemstaysthesame,andtheendingchangesastheyare
conjugated.
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive
hablamos comemos vivimos
hablis comis vivs
hablan comen viven
Withsomeverbs,thestemalsochangeswhenyouconjugatethem.Inthepresenttense,
therearethreegroupsofstem-changingverbs:
o:ue
e:ie
e:i
Withtherstgroupofstem-changingverbs,theletterointhestemchangestoueinall
formsexceptthenosotrosandvosotros.
contar

cuento
cuentas
cuenta

contamos
contis

cuentan
Heresanothero:uestemchangingverb.Compareittotheregularverbcomer.Notice
thattheendingsarethesameforregularverbsandstem-changingverbs.
mover(o:ue)
comer(regular-erverb)

muevo
como

mueves
comes

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mueve
come

movemos
comemos

movis
comis

mueven
comen
Heresanothero:uestem-changingverb.Noticehowthestemdoesntchangeinthe
nosotrosandvosotrosforms.
dormir(o:ue)

duermo
duermes
duerme

dormimos
dorms

duermen
Hereisalistofcommono:uestem-changingverbs.
almorzar.................. toeatlunch
morir........................ todie
aprobar.................... toapprove
mostrar.................... toshow
colgar...................... tohang
mover...................... tomove(anobject)
contar...................... tocount,totell
probar...................... toprove,test,sample,taste
costar....................... tocost
recordar................... toremember
devolver................... toreturn(anobject)
resolver.................... tosolve
volver....................... toreturn(fromsomeplace)
rogar........................ tobeg,pray
dormir...................... tosleep
sonar....................... tosound,ring
encontrar................. tond
soar(con)............... todream(about)
envolver................... towrap
tostar....................... totoast
morder..................... tobite
volar........................ toy
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Letsaddaashcardforo:uestem-changers:
VerbFlashcards
12. o:uestem-changers(dormir)

duermo
duermes
duerme
dormimos
dorms
duermen

(almorzar,contar,costar,volver,recordar,volar)
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Quiz #1
Stem-Changing Verbs o:ue
1. yo 6. nosotros
puedo puedo
puedes puedes
puede puede
podemos podemos
podis podis
pueden pueden
2. t 7. nosotras
puedo puedo
puedes puedes
puede puede
podemos podemos
podis podis
pueden pueden
3. l 8. vosotros
puedo puedo
puedes puedes
puede puede
podemos podemos
podis podis
pueden pueden
4. ella 9. vosotras
puedo puedo
puedes puedes
puede puede
podemos podemos
podis podis
pueden pueden
5. usted 10. ellos
puedo puedo
puedes puedes
puede puede
podemos podemos
podis podis
pueden pueden
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11. ellas B. Write the correct conjugation.
puedo 13. almorzar
puedes Yo _____ en casa a las tres de la tarde.
puede
14. recordar
podemos
podis T _____ todos los detalles de su pasado.
pueden 15. poder
12. ustedes Carolina no _____ ir a mi casa esta noche.
puedo 16. contar
puedes usted burros para dormirse?
puede
17. llover
podemos
podis _____ mucho en tu ciudad?
pueden 18. volar
Los pjaros _____ mucho.
19. encontrar
_____ ustedes fcil la clase de espaol?
20. dormir
Los chicos _____ mucho.
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Stem-Changing Verbs: e:ie
endingisinbold.
hablar
comer
vivir
conjugated.
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive

hablis comis vivs

hablan comen viven
o:ue
e:ie
e:i
Withthesecondgroupofstem-changingverbs,thelettereinthestemchangestoieinall
cerrar

cierro
cierras
cierra

cerramos
cerris

cierran
Heresanothere:iestemchangingverb.Compareittotheregularverbcomer.Noticethat
theendingsarethesameforregularverbsandstem-changingverbs.
entender(e:ie)
comer(regular-erverb)

entiendo
como
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entiendes
comes

entiende
come

entendemos
comemos

entendis
comis

entienden
comen
Heresanothere:iestem-changingverb.Noticehowthestemdoesntchangeinthe
mentir(e:ie)

miento
mientes
miente

mentimos
ments

mienten
Hereisalistofcommone:iestem-changingverbs.
acertar..................... toguess,getright
encender.................. tolight,kindle
advertir.................... toadvise,warn
entender.................. tounderstand
cerrar....................... toclose,shut
fregar....................... toscrub,washdishes
comenzar................. tobegin
hervir....................... toboil
confesar................... toconfess
mentir...................... tolie
consentir.................. toconsent
negar....................... todeny
convertir.................. toconvert
pensar(en)............... tothinkabout
defender.................. todefend
perder...................... tolose
empezar................... tobegin
preferir..................... toprefer
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Letsaddaashcardfore:iestem-changers:
VerbFlashcards
13. e:iestem-changers(cerrar)

cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerris
cierran

(comenzar,empezar,entender,pensar,perder,preferir)
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Stem-Changing Verbs e:ie
1. yo 5. usted
cierro cierro
cierras cierras
cierra cierra
cerramos cerramos
cerris cerris
cierran cierran
2. t 6. nosotros
cierro cierro
cierras cierras
cierra cierra
cerramos cerramos
cerris cerris
cierran cierran
3. l 7. nosotras
cierro cierro
cierras cierras
cierra cierra
cerramos cerramos
cerris cerris
cierran cierran
4. ella 8. vosotros

cierro cierro
cierras cierras
cierra cierra
cerramos cerramos
cerris cerris
cierran cierran
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9. vosotras B. Write the correct conjugation.
cierro 13. preferir
cierras Qu _____ beber Ud?
cierra
14. preferir
cerramos
cerris Yo _____ beber soda.
cierran 15. querer
10. ellos Carolina no _____ caf.
cierro 16. empezar
cierras A qu hora _____ la clase?
cierra
17. empezar
cerramos
cerris La clase _____ a las once.
cierran 18. cerrar
11. ellas A qu hora _____ Ud. la tienda?
cierro 19. entender
cierras _____ t el espaol?
cierra
20. entender
cerramos
cerris S. Yo lo _____.
cierran
12. ustedes
cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerris

cierran
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Stem-Changing Verbs: e:i
endingisinbold.
hablar
comer
vivir
conjugated.
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive

hablis comis vivs

hablan comen viven
o:ue
e:ie
e:i
Withthethirdgroupofstem-changingverbs,thelettereinthestemchangestoiinall
repetir

repito
repites
repite

repetimos
repets

repiten
Heresanothere:istemchangingverb.Compareittotheregularverbvivir.Noticethatthe
endingsarethesameforregularverbsandstem-changingverbs.
competir(e:i)
vivir(regular-irverb)

compito
vivo
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compites
vives
compite
vive
competimos
vivimos
compets
vivs
compiten
viven
Heresanothere:istem-changingverb.Noticehowthestemdoesntchangeinthe
pedir(e:i)

pido
pides
pide

pedimos
peds

piden
Hereisalistofcommone:istem-changingverbs.
bendecir*................. tobless
impedir.................... toimpede
colegir...................... todeduce
maldecir*................. tocurse
competir.................. tocompete
medir....................... tomeasure
conseguir................. toget,obtain
pedir........................ toaskfor,toorder
corregir.................... tocorrect
perseguir.................. topursue,topersecute
decir*...................... tosay,tell
rer........................... tolaugh
despedir................... todismiss,re
repetir...................... torepeat
elegir....................... toelect
seguir....................... tofollow,continue
frer.......................... tofry
servir........................ toserve
gemir....................... togroan,moan
sonrer..................... tosmile
*NOTE:Theverbdeciranditsderivitiveformsareirregularintherstperson:yodigo,etc.
StudySpanish.com
Letsaddaashcardfore:istem-changers:
VerbFlashcards
14. e:istem-changers(repetir)

repito
repites
repite
repetimos
repets
repiten

(decir(yodigo),despedir,medir,pedir,servir)
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Quiz #1
Stem-Changing Verbs e:i
1. yo 5. usted
sirvo sirvo
sirves sirves
sirve sirve
servimos servimos
servs servs
sirven sirven
2. t 6. nosotros
sirvo sirvo
sirves sirves
sirve sirve
servimos servimos
servs servs
sirven sirven
3. l 7. nosotras
sirvo sirvo
sirves sirves
sirve sirve
servimos servimos
servs servs
sirven sirven
4. ella 8. vosotros

sirvo sirvo
sirves sirves
sirve sirve
servimos servimos
servs servs
sirven sirven
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9. vosotras B. Write the correct conjugation.
sirvo 13. servir
sirves Qu _____ el mesero?
sirve
14. competir
servimos
servs Atletas de todo el mundo _____ en las
sirven Olimpiadas.
10. ellos 15. corregir
sirvo Las profesoras _____ muchos exmenes.

sirves 16. pedir
sirve Nosotros _____ el desayuno.
servimos
17. decir
servs
sirven El inspector _____ que debe abrir las maletas.
11. ellas 18. decir
sirvo Quin _____ esto?

sirves 19. medir
sirve Pablo _____ seis pies.
servimos
20. pedir
servs
sirven Mara _____ ayuda.
12. ustedes
sirvo
sirves
sirve
servimos
servs

sirven
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Irregular Verbs: Estar, Ir, Dar
Youshouldalreadyknowhowtoconjugatetheverbestar.
estoy
ests
est
estamos
estis
estn
Noticethatiranddarfollowthesamepatternasestar;theyareirregularintherst
personsingular(yo).
ESTAR(TOBE) IR(TOGO) DAR(TOGIVE)
estoy voy doy
ests vas das
est va da

estamos vamos damos
estis vais dais

estn van dan
Sincetheseverbsareirregular,theirconjugationsmustbememorized.Makeaashcard
withthesethreeverbsononeside,andtheirconjugationsontheotherside.
Itseemsthattherearetwooptionswhenitcomestolearningtheirregularverbs.Therst
istoviewthemascomplexanddifcult,inwhichcaseyouwillstruggle,wringyourhands
inconsternation,andneverreallylearnthem.Wedonotadvocatethisapproach.
Amoreproductivestrategyistobuildalibraryofashcardsandtostudythemregularly.
Itisnotnecessarytostudythemforlongperiodsoftime.Itis,however,essentialtostudy
themfrequently.Therefore,werecommendthatyoucarryyourlittlestackofverbcards
withyou,andpullthemoutseveraltimesaday.Thiswillwork,evenifyouonlystudy
themfor3-4minutespersession.
Guaranteed!
Letsaddaashcardfortheirregularverbsestar,ir,anddar:
VerbFlashcards
15. estar,ir,dar

estoy-voy-doy
ests-vas-das
est-va-da
estamos-vamos-damos
estis-vais-dais
estn-van-dan
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Irregular Verbs: Estar, Ir, Dar
1. yo 5. ustedes
estoy voy
ests vas
est va
estamos vamos
estis vais
estn van
2. ella 6. t
estoy doy
ests das
est da
estamos damos
estis dais
estn dan
3. nosotras 7. l
estoy doy
ests das
est da
estamos damos
estis dais
estn dan
4. ellos 8. usted

estoy doy
ests das
est da
estamos damos
estis dais
estn dan
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B. Write the correct conjugation.
9. dar 15. dar
Tatiana _____ el dinero a su amiga. Pablo _____ una fiesta hoy.
10. ir 16. dar

Yo _____ en seguida. El profesor _____ muchos exmenes.
11. estar 17. ir

T y yo _____ en la playa. Adnde _____ t?
12. ir 18. ir
Los chicos _____ a la playa. Yo _____ al club.
13. ir 19. ir
Cmo _____ Mara? Adnde _____ ustedes?
14. ir 20. ir
Mara _____ en tren. Nosotros _____ a la playa.
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Ir a + innitive
InSpanish,manyusefulexpressionsareformedbycombiningtwoverbs.Whenthisoccurs,
therstverbisconjugated,whilethesecondverbremainsintheinnitiveform.
ir,viajar................... YovoyaviajaraEspaa.
IamgoingtotraveltoSpain.
acabar,comer......... Tacabasdecomer.
Youhavejusteaten.
saber,nadar............ Juansabenadar.
Juanknowshowtoswim.
volver,leer.............. Maravuelvealeerellibro.
Marareadsthebookagain.
Onesuchexpressioncombinestheverbir(conjugated)withaninnitive.Thepreposition
aisalwaysused.Theformulais:
ira+innitive=tobegoingtodosomething(inthenearfuture)
Voyallevaramihermanaasucasa................. Iamgoingtotakemysistertoherhouse.
Vasainvitaramuchasmuchachas................... Youaregoingtoinvitelotsofgirls.
Cristinavaaconversarconmimam............... Christinaisgoingtotalkwithmymom.
Eduardovaaleerellibro.................................. Edwardisgoingtoreadthebook.
Rememberfromthepreviouslessonhowtoconjugatetheverbir:
voy
vas
va

vamos
vais

van
Herearesomeusefulwordsandexpressionsforpinpointingexactlywhenyouaregoing
todosomething.
hoy.................................................................... today
maana............................................................. tomorrow
mstarde........................................................... later
estatarde........................................................... thisafternoon
lasemanaqueviene........................................... nextweek
elmesqueviene................................................ nextmonth
elaoqueviene................................................. nextyear
estanoche......................................................... tonight
maanaporlamaana...................................... tomorrowmorning
maanaporlatarde........................................... tomorrowafternoon
maanaporlanoche......................................... tomorrownight
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VerbFlashcards
16. Ira+innitive
Tobegoingtodosomething
(voy,vas,va,vamos,vais,van)
Letsaddaashcardfortheexpressionira+innitive:
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Quiz #1
Ir a + infinitive
A. Write the necessary word(s) in order to
indicate an action in the near future.
1. Yo como una hamburguesa. 10. Trabajo en el hospital.
Yo voy a _____ una hamburguesa maana. _____ a trabajar en el hospital.
2. Empezamos. 11. Juan sale.
Vamos a _____ esta tarde. Juan va a _____ maana.
3. Paco regresa a Mxico. 12. Sabemos los resultados.
Paco va a _____ a Mxico la semana que _____ a saber los resultados la semana
viene. que viene.
4. La familia visita la universidad. 13. El hombre de negocios viaja en avin.
La familia va a _____ la universidad hoy. El hombre de negocios va a _____ en avin.
5. Las vampiresas beben la sangre. 14. Los chicos nadan en el mar.
Las vampiresas van a _____ la sangre esta Los chicos _____ a nadar en el mar.
noche.
15. El presidente habla.
6. Asistes al concierto.
El presidente va a _____ .
T _____ a asistir al concierto maana por
la noche. 16. Las chicas miran las telenovelas.
Las chicas _____ a mirar las telenovelas.
7. Los atletas juegan en el estadio.
Los atletas _____ a jugar en el estadio el 17. Los nios compran dulces.
domingo. Los nios van a _____ dulces.
8. El profesor da una conferencia. 18. Los alumnos visitan Espaa.
El profesor _____ a dar una conferencia el Los alumnos _____ a visitar Espaa.

mes que viene.
19. Vuelvo en tren.
9. Los amigos desayunan juntos.
Voy a _____ en tren.
Los amigos _____ a desayunar juntos
maana por la maana. 20. Ustedes van al Museo del Prado.
Ustedes _____ a ir al Museo del Prado.
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Acabar de + innitive
InSpanish,manyusefulexpressionsareformedbycombiningtwoverbs.Whenthisoccurs,
therstverbisconjugated,whilethesecondverbremainsintheinnitiveform.
YovoyaviajaraEspaa.................................... IamgoingtotraveltoSpain.
Tacabasdecomer.......................................... Youhavejusteaten.
Juanpuedenadarcadada................................ Juancanswimeveryday.
Maravuelvealeerellibro................................ Marareadsthebookagain.
Onesuchexpressioncombinestheverbacabar(conjugated)withaninnitive.The
prepositiondeisalwaysused.Theformulais:
acabarde+innitive=tohavejustdonesomething(intheveryrecentpast)
Acabodellevaramihermanaasucasa........... Ijusttookmysistertoherhouse.
Acabasdeinvitaramuchasmuchachas........... Youhavejustinvitedmanygirls.
Cristinaacabadeconversarconmimam...... Christinahasjustspokenwithmymom.
Nosotrosacabamosdeleerellibro................. Wejustreadthebook.
Vosotrosacabisdeescribirunascartas......... You-allhavejustwrittensomeletters.
Ellosacabandenadarenelmar...................... Theyhavejustswumintheocean.
Letsaddaashcardfortheexpressionacabarde+innitive:
VerbFlashcards
17. Acabarde+innitive

Tohavejustdonesomething

(acabo,acabas,acaba,acabamos,acabis,acaban)
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Quiz #1
Acabar de + infinitive
1. I have just eaten. 12. The class has just visited a museum.
Yo _____ de comer. La clase acaba de _____ un museo.
2. He has just eaten. 13. My friend has just drunk a soft drink.
l _____ de comer. Mi amigo _____ de beber un refresco.
3. Juan has just eaten. 14. The family has just watched a soccer game.
Juan _____ de comer. La familia _____ de mirar un partido de
ftbol.
4. Mara has just eaten.
15. I have just napped.
Mara _____ de comer.
Yo _____ de dormir la siesta.
5. They have just read the entire novel.
16. We have just watched a movie.
Ellos acaban de _____ la novela entera.
Acabamos _____ ver una pelcula.
6. My parents have just paid my tuition.
17. The class has just begun.
Mis padres acaban _____ pagar la matrcula.
La clase _____ de empezar.
7. I have just attended the lecture.
18. I have just sung the song.
Yo _____ de asistir a la conferencia.
Yo _____ de cantar la cancin.
8. The girl has just done her homework.
19. They have just published the book.
La chica _____ de hacer la tarea.
Ellos acaban _____ publicar el libro.
9. The boy has just read a book.
20. She has just returned from Spain.
El chico acaba de _____ un libro.
Ella _____ de volver de Espaa.
10. We have just bought a house.

_____ de comprar una casa.
11. The children have just eaten a lot of candy.

Los nios _____ de comer muchos
bombones.
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Volver a + innitive
InSpanish,manyusefulexpressionsareformedbycombiningtwoverbs.Whenthis
occurs,therstverbisconjugated,whilethesecondverbremainsintheinnitiveform.
YovoyaviajaraEspaa.................................... IamgoingtotraveltoSpain.
Tacabasdecomer.......................................... Youhavejusteaten.
Juannopuedecomer........................................ Juancanteat.
Maravuelvealeerellibro................................ Marareadsthebookagain.
Onesuchexpressioncombinestheverbvolver(conjugated)withaninnitive.The
prepositionaisalwaysused.Theformulais:
volvera+innitive=todosomethingagain

Vuelvoaleerellibro........................................ Ireadthebookagain.
Cristinavuelveaconversarconmimam...... Christinaspeakswithmymomagain.
Remember,volverisano:uestem-changingverb.
vuelvo
vuelves
vuelve

volvemos
volvis

vuelven
Letsaddaashcardfortheexpressionvolvera+innitive:
VerbFlashcards
18. Volvera+innitive

Todosomethingagain

(vuelvo,vuelves,vuelve,volvemos,volvis,vuelven)
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Volver a + infinitive
A. Fill in the blank to form a sentence
that means the same.
1. Como otra vez. 11. La muchacha barre el piso otra vez.
Vuelvo a _____.
La muchacha vuelve a _____ el piso.
2. Leemos la novela entera otra vez. 12. El chico besa a la chica otra vez.
_____ a leer la novela entera. El chico _____ a besar a la chica.
3. Lara da la conferencia otra vez.
13. Busco las llaves otra vez.
Lara vuelve a _____ la conferencia. _____ a buscar las llaves.
4. El hombre manda el telegrama otra vez. 14. La chica se corta el pelo otra vez.
El hombre vuelve _____ mandar el telegrama. La chica vuelve _____ cortarse el pelo.
5. Lo vemos otra vez. 15. Los alumnos estudian las notas otra vez.
Lo volvemos _____ ver. Los alumnos vuelven a _____ las notas.
6. Ellos no visitan otra vez. 16. La nia grita otra vez.
Ellos no vuelven a _____. La nia _____ a gritar.
7. La tienda abre otra vez. 17. La madre lava los platos otra vez.
La tienda _____ a abrir. La madre vuelve a _____ los platos.
8. Escribo la carta otra vez. 18. Llamo a Mara otra vez.
Vuelvo a _____ la carta. _____ a llamar a Mara.
9. l me ayuda otra vez. 19. Llueve otra vez.
l me vuelve _____ ayudar. Vuelve _____ llover.

10. Limpiamos la cocina otra vez. 20. Nieva otra vez.
_____ a limpiar la cocina. Vuelve _____ nevar.
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Ordinal Numbers
Herearetheordinalnumbersrst-tenth:
primero.................... rst
segundo................... second
tercero..................... third
cuarto...................... fourth
quinto...................... fth
sexto........................ sixth
sptimo.................... seventh
octavo...................... eighth
noveno.................... ninth
dcimo..................... tenth
Likemanyotheradjectives,theordinalnumbershaveamasculineandafeminineform.
primero.................... primera
segundo................... segunda
tercero..................... tercera
cuarto...................... cuarta
quinto...................... quinta
sexto........................ sexta
sptimo.................... sptima
octavo...................... octava
noveno.................... novena
dcimo..................... dcima
Theyalsohaveasingularandpluralform.
primero.................... primeros
segundo................... segundos
tercero..................... terceros
cuarto...................... cuartos
quinto...................... quintos
sexto........................ sextos
sptimo.................... sptimos
octavo...................... octavos
noveno.................... novenos
dcimo..................... dcimos
So,theordinalnumbershavefourforms,justlikeotheradjectivesthatendin-o.
primero
primeros
primera
primeras
Primeroandtercerodropthe-ointhemasculinesingularadjectiveform.
elprimerda
eltercerao
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Ordinalnumbersusuallyprecedethenoun.However,ifthenountheyrefertoisroyalty,a
pope,orastreet,theycomeafterthenoun.
CarlosQuinto..................................................... (QuintocomesafterCarlos-royalty)
elquintolibro.................................................... (quintocomesbeforelibro)
laCalleSexta..................................................... (sextacomesaftercalle-street)
lasextapluma.................................................... (sextacomesbeforepluma)
Ordinalnumbersarenotnormallyusedafter10.
laCalleDiecisis................................................. SixteenthStreet
elsiglodiecinueve.............................................. thenineteenthcentury
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Ordinal Numbers
A. Choose the corresponding ordinal number.
1. uno 4. ocho
primero primero
segundo segundo
tercero tercero
cuarto cuarto
quinto quinto
sexto sexto
sptimo sptimo
octavo octavo
noveno noveno
dcimo dcimo
2. cuatro 5. nueve
primero primero
segundo segundo
tercero tercero
cuarto cuarto
quinto quinto
sexto sexto
sptimo sptimo
octavo octavo
noveno noveno
dcimo dcimo
3. cinco B. Translate the following phrases.

primero 6. the third day
segundo el_____da
tercero
7. the fourth circle
cuarto
quinto el _____ crculo
sexto 8. the first time
sptimo
la _____ vez
octavo
noveno 9. Fourth Street
dcimo la Calle _____
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10. the twentieth century 16. the fourth day
el siglo_____ el _____ da
11. the second house 17. the first question

la _____ casa la _____ pregunta
12. the third book 18. the third test

el _____ libro el _____ examen
13. the second car 19. the first days

el _____ coche los _____ das
14. Second Street 20. the first times
la Calle _____ las _____ veces
15. Carlos the Fifth

Carlos _____
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Months, Seasons, and Dates
HerearethemonthsinSpanish.Notethat,likethedaysoftheweek,theyarenotcapitalized.
enero....................... January
febrero..................... February
marzo...................... March
abril......................... April
mayo....................... May
junio........................ June
julio......................... July
agosto..................... August
septiembre............... September
octubre.................... October
noviembre................ November
diciembre................. December
Toexpressinacertainmonth,usetheprepositionen.
VamosaMxicoenenero.................................. WearegoingtoMexicoinJanuary.
Lasclasesempiezanenelmesdeseptiembre..... ClassesbegininSeptember.
Herearethefourseasons.Lasestacionesdelao
laprimavera............. spring
elverano.................. summer
elotoo................... autumn
elinvierno................ winter
Notethatthearticlesarenormallyusedwiththeseasons.
EnAmricadelNorte,
laprimaveraempiezaenmarzo...................... InNorthAmerica,springbeginsinMarch.
EnAmricadelSur,laprimaveraempieza
enseptiembre................................................ InSouthAmerica,springbeginsinSeptember.
NOTE:Theseasonsarereversedsouthoftheequator.WhenitiswinterinNewYork,NY,itissummerin
Santiago,Chile.
Herearesomewaystoinquireastothedate.
Culeslafechadehoy?
Acuntosestamoshoy?
Qudaeshoy?
Acuntosestamos?
Ifyouaretalkingabouttherstdayofthemonth,usetheexpressionelprimerdaor
simplyelprimero.
Qudaeshoy?
Hoyeslunes,elprimerdademayo.
Hoyeslunes,elprimerodemayo.
TodayisMonday,May1.
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Forallotherdaysofthemonth,usethecardinalnumbers.
Culeslafechadehoy?(Tuesday,March25)
Hoyesmartes,elveinticincodemarzo.

Acuntosestamoshoy?(Sunday,June3)
Estamosaldomingo,eltresdejunio.
TheSpanishwayistowritetheday+month+year.ThisisdifferentfromtheAmerican
way(month+day+year).
el29defebrerode1996................................... February29,1996
29.2.96.............................................................. 2/29/96
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Months, Seasons, and Dates
A. Write the month that comes next. C. Choose the correct answer.
1. enero, febrero, _____ 11. En el hemisferio austral (southern
hemisphere) el mes de febrero ocurre en:
2. marzo, abril, _____
la primavera
3. mayo, junio, _____ el verano
el otoo
4. julio, agosto, _____
el invierno
5. septiembre, octubre, _____ 12. En el hemisferio austral el mes de agosto
ocurre en:
6. noviembre, diciembre, _____
la primavera
B. Complete each sentence. el verano
7. En Amrica del Sur la primavera empieza en: el otoo
marzo el invierno
septiembre 13. En el hemisferio austral el mes de mayo
ocurre en:
8. En Amrica del Sur el invierno empieza en:
la primavera
junio
el verano
diciembre
el otoo
9. En Amrica del Sur el otoo empieza en: el invierno
marzo
14. En el hemisferio austral el mes de enero
septiembre ocurre en:
10. En Amrica del Sur el verano empieza en: la primavera
junio el verano
diciembre el otoo

el invierno
15. En el hemisferio austral el mes de octubre

ocurre en:
la primavera
el verano
el otoo
el invierno
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16. En el hemisferio austral el mes de julio D. Complete each sentence.
ocurre en:
18. Qu fecha es hoy? (April 1)
la primavera
Hoy es el _____ de abril.
el verano
el otoo 19. Cul es la fecha de hoy?
(Wednesday, June 20)
el invierno
Hoy es mircoles, el veinte de _____.
17. En el hemisferio austral el mes de abril
ocurre en: 20. Qu da es hoy? (May 5)
la primavera Hoy es el _____ de mayo.
el verano
el otoo
el invierno
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Comparisons of Inequality
Iftwothingsarenotequal,theyareunequal.
Wearenotthesameheight.
YouaretallerthanI.

Thetwoitemsdonotcostthesame.
Thecameraismoreexpensivethanthetelevision.
InSpanish,inequalityisexpressedbyusingoneofthefollowingformulae:
ms(menos)+adjective+que
ms(menos)+adverb+que
ms(menos)+noun+que
Herearesomeexamples:
Teresmsaltoqueyo..................................... YouaretallerthanI.
MnicahablamslentamentequeCarmen....... MonicaspeaksmoreslowlythanCarmen.
TengomenoslibrosqueArsenio......................... IhavefewerbooksthanArsenio.
Ifthecomparativeisfollowedbyanumber,usederatherthanque.
Haymenosdeveintealumnosenlaclase........... Therearelessthantwentystudentsintheclass.
ltienemsdenoventaaos............................. Heismorethanninetyyearsold.
LITERALLY:Hehasmorethanninetyyears.
Notethatwhenthesentenceisnegative,queisusedevenwithnumbers,toconveythe
meaningonly.
Tengomsdecincodlares............................... Ihavemorethanvedollars.

but

Notengomsquecincodlares....................... Ionlyhavevedollars.

Haymsdeveinteestudiantesenlaclase........... Therearemorethantwentystudentsintheclass.

but

Nohaymsqueveinteestudiantesenlaclase.... Thereareonlytwentystudentsintheclass.
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Comparisons of Inequality
A. Translate the following sentences. B. Combine the two sentences into one.
1. There are fewer girls than boys. Model:
Hay _____ chicas que chicos. Yo estoy cansado.
2. You are taller than Emilio. T ests ms cansado.
T eres ms alto _____ Emilio. Yo estoy menos cansado que t.
3. She is less than 18 years old. 16. La pelcula es interesante.
Ella tiene menos _____ dieciocho aos.
El libro es ms interesante.
4. He is over 40 years old. La pelcula es _____ interesante que el libro.
l tiene ms _____ cuarenta aos.
17. El japons es difcil.
5. There are only twenty students in the class. El espaol es menos difcil.
No hay ms _____ veinte alumnos en la clase. El espaol es _____ difcil que el japons.
6. I have more homework than you.
18. La casa blanca es cara.
Tengo ms tarea _____ t.
La casa roja es ms cara.
7. He runs less quickly than I. La casa blanca es _____ cara que la casa roja.
l corre _____ rpidamente que yo. 19. La carne es deliciosa.
8. I earn less money than she. La sopa es ms deliciosa.
Gano _____ dinero que ella. La sopa es _____ deliciosa que la carne.
9. Your uncle is fatter than mine.
20. El libro de Miguel es largo.
Tu to es ms gordo _____ el mo.
El libro de Ernesto es menos largo.
10. The cat is less intelligent than the dog.
El libro de Miguel es _____ largo que el
El gato es_____inteligente que el perro. libro de Ernesto.
11. I only have ten dollars.

No tengo ms _____ diez dlares.
12. There are more than twenty students in the
class.
Hay ms _____ veinte estudiantes en la
clase.
13. He only has two brothers.
No tiene ms _____ dos hermanos.
14. We only have one house.
No tenemos ms _____ una casa.
15. There are fewer horses than cars.
Hay _____ caballos que coches.
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Comparisons of Equality
Whenthingsbeingcomparedhaveequalcharacteristics,thecomparisonofequalityis
used.
Thebookisasgoodasthemovie.
Theboyisastallasthegirl.
Toformthecomparisonsofequalityusingadjectivesoradverbs,usethefollowing
formula:
tan+adjective(adverb)+como

Ellibroestanbuenocomolapelcula.............. Thebookisasgoodasthemovie.
Elchicoestanaltocomolachica..................... Theboyisastallasthegirl.
Toformcomparisonsofequalitywithnouns,usethefollowingformula:
tanto(-a,-os,-as)+noun+como

JuantienetantodinerocomoMara................ asmuchmoneyas
ltienetantapacienciacomoella.................... asmuchpatienceas
Tienetantoslibroscomoella........................... asmanybooksas
Tienetantasplumascomoella........................ asmanypensas
Choosetheformoftantotoagreewiththenounitmodies.
tantodinero
tantapaciencia
tantoslibros
tantasplumas
Whenactions(notthings)arebeingcompared,andthereisnoadjective,usethe
followingformula:
verb+tanto+como
Susestudiantesaprendentantocomo
misestudiantes............................................... learnasmuchas
RosariococinatantocomoJosena................. cooksasmuchas
Lasnaranjascuestantantocomo
lasmanzanas.................................................. costasmuchas
Whenactions(notthings)arebeingcompared,andthereisanadjective,usethe
followingformula:
verb+tan+adjective(masculineform)+como

Aqusetrabajatandurocomoah.................. workashardas
Elniojuegatanpococomolania................ playsaslittleas
Ellosduermentanpococomoella................... sleepaslittleas
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Comparisons of Equality
A. Combine the two sentences into one.
Model:
Yo tengo una pluma.
T tienes una pluma.
Yo tengo tantas plumas como t.
1. Juan tiene dos padres. 10. Este hotel es caro.

Mara tiene dos padres. El otro es caro tambin.
Mara tiene _____ padres como Juan. Este hotel es tan caro como _____ otro.
2. Ricardo es viejo. 11. Diego compra siete sombreros.
Rita es vieja tambin. Enrique compra siete sombreros tambin.
Rita es tan vieja _____ Ricardo. Enrique compra _____ sombreros como
Diego.
3. El hombre lee tres libros.
12. Mara est triste.
La mujer lee tres libros.
La mujer lee _____ libros como el hombre. Juan est triste tambin.
Juan est _____ triste como Mara.
4. El perrito es travieso.
La gatita es traviesa tambin. 13. Mi primo bebe dos vasos de leche.
La gatita es _____ traviesa como el perrito. Mi prima bebe dos vasos de leche tambin.
5. El chico escribe dos cartas. Mi prima bebe tantos vasos como mi _____.
La chica escribe dos cartas tambin. 14. El seor es rico.
La chica escribe tantas _____ como el chico.
La seora es rica.
6. El tigre es feroz. La seora es _____ rica como el seor.
El len tambin es feroz.
15. El profesor da dos conferencias.
El len es tan feroz como el _____ .
La profesora da dos conferencias tambin.

7. El nio come dos manzanas.
La profesora da tantas conferencias _____
La nia come dos manzanas.
el profesor.
La nia come _____ manzanas como el nio.
16. El caf es bueno.
8. El espaol es difcil.
El ingls es difcil tambin. El agua es buena.
El ingls es _____ difcil como el espaol. El agua es tan buena como _____ caf.
9. Pablo duerme nueve horas. 17. Este edificio tiene diez pisos.
Elena duerme nueve horas. Ese edificio tiene diez pisos.
Elena duerme tantas _____ como Pablo. Ese edificio tiene _____ pisos como ste.
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18. La carne de vaca es deliciosa. 20. Yo tengo dos hermanos.
La carne de cerdo es deliciosa tambin. T tienes dos hermanos.
La carne de cerdo es _____ deliciosa como T tienes tantos hermanos como _____.
la carne de vaca.
19. Andrea habla lentamente.
Alberto habla lentamente tambin.
Alberto habla tan _____ como Andrea.
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Superlatives
Therearetwotypesofsuperlative:relativeandabsolute.
Relative:Johnisthesmartestboyintheclass.
Absolute:Johnisverysmart.
Therelativesuperlativedescribesanounwithinthecontextofsomelargergroup.
Johnisthesmartestboyintheclass.
Maryistheyoungestpersonintheroom.
Ofthethree,Moeisthemeanest.
Theabsolutesuperlativedoesnotdescribethenouninthecontextofalargergroup.
Johnisverysmart.
Thebookisextremelyexpensive.
Thefoodisindescribablytasty.
InEnglish,therelativesuperlativeisformedbyusingthewordmostortheending-est.
Johnisthemostintelligentboyintheclass.
Maryisthesmartestgirlintheclass.
InSpanish,therelativesuperlativeconstructionissimilartothecomparative.
denitearticle+noun+ms(menos)+adjective+de
Herearesomesuperlativeexamples.
Juaneselchicomsinteligentedelaclase......... Johnisthesmartestboyintheclass.
BillGateseselhombremsricodelosEEUU...... BillGatesistherichestmanintheU.S.
JustlikeinEnglish,thenouncanbeomitted.Allofthefollowingarecorrect.
Maraeslachicamsdelgadadelaclase........... Maryisthethinnestgirlintheclass.
Maraeslamsdelgadadelaclase.................... Maryisthethinnestintheclass.
Theabsolutesuperlativeforadjectiveshasthreepossibleforms.
muy+adjective
sumamente+adjective
adjective+simo(-a,-os,-as)
Thefollowingtranslationsaresomewhatarbitrary.Eachsuperlativestatementisalittle
strongerthantheonethatprecedesit.
muyguapo........................................................ veryhandsome
sumamenteguapo............................................. extremelyhandsome
guapsimo.......................................................... indescribablyhandsome
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Superlatives
A. Translate the following sentences.
1. The Prado is the most famous museum in 12. The living room is the largest room in the
Madrid. house.
El Museo del Prado es el museo ms La sala es el cuarto ms _____ de la casa.
famoso _____ Madrid.
13. Mate is the most popular beverage of
2. Emilio is the tallest boy in the school. Argentina
Emilio es _____ chico ms alto de la escuela. El mate es la bebida ms popular de _____
Argentina.
3. She is the tallest girl in the room.
Es _____ chica ms alta del cuarto. 14. Cervantes is the most famous writer of Spain.
Cervantes es el escritor ms famoso _____
4. The apple is the tastiest fruit in the world.
Espaa.
La manzana es la _____ ms deliciosa del
mundo. 15. Seinfeld is the funniest program of all.
5. This house is the prettiest of all. Seinfeld es _____ programa ms divertido

de todos.
Esta casa _____ la ms bonita de todas.
16. Elaine and Teresa are the tallest of the group.
6. Paul is the shortest in the family.
Elena y Teresa son las ms altas _____ grupo.
Pablo es el ms _____ de la familia.
17. He is the smartest in the family.
7. This hotel is the most elegant in the city.
Es el ms inteligente de _____ familia.
Este hotel es _____ ms elegante de la
ciudad. B. Circle the best answer.
8. Mr. Gmez is the most important man in 18. Carmen is very pretty.
the city.
Carmen es muy guapa.
El seor Gmez es el hombre ms Carmen es sumamente guapa.

importante de la _____ .
Carmen es guapsima.
9. Sugar is the most important product of
19. Luz is extremely pretty.
Cuba.
Luz es muy guapa.
El azcar _____ el producto ms
importante de Cuba. Luz es sumamente guapa.
Luz es guapsima.
10. Mara is the nicest girl of all.
20. The food is indescribably delicious.
Mara es la _____ ms simptica de todas.
La comida es muy rica.
11. That boy is the least hardworking of all.
La comida es sumamente rica.
Aquel chico es el _____ trabajador de todos. La comida es riqusima.
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Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions
Apronounisawordthatisusedinsteadofthenameofapersonorthing.
Juan......................... he,him
Mara....................... she,her
MaraandJuan........ they,them
etc.
Youhavealreadylearnedonesetofpronouns,calledthesubjectpronouns.
yo
t
l,ella,usted

nosotros/as
vosotros/as

ellos,ellas,ustedes
Asthenameimplies,subjectpronounsarethepronounstouseforthesubjectofthe
sentence.
Juancomemucho.
lcomemucho.

JuanyMarahablanespaol.
Elloshablanespaol.
Whenthepronounactsastheobjectofapreposition,adifferentsetofpronounsisused.
SUBJECT:PRONOUNS OBJECTPREPOSITION:PRONOUNS
yo m
t ti
l l
ella ella
usted usted

nosotros/as nosotros/as
vosotros/as vosotros/as
ellos/as ellos/as
ustedes ustedes
NOTE:Onlymandtiaredifferentfromthesubjectpronouns.
Usethissecondsetofpronounstoreplacethenounthatcomesimmediatelyaftera
preposition.
Juanhabladem................................................ Juanspeaksofme.
Habloconellos.................................................. Ispeakwiththem.
Pablocomprunanilloparaella........................ Pabloboughtaringforher.
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Whenevermfollowstheprepositioncon,thetwowordscombinetoformconmigo.
Porqunovienesconmigo?........................... Whydontyoucomewithme?
Whenevertifollowstheprepositioncon,thetwowordscombinetoformcontigo.
Novoycontigo,voyconellos............................ Imnotgoingwithyou,Imgoingwiththem.
Wheneveryouwanttosaywithhim,withher,withyou(formal),withthem,withyou-
all(formal)therearetwopossibilities.Ifthepronounisreferringtothesubjectofthe
sentence,useconsigo.Ifthepronoundoesnotrefertothesubjectofthesentence,use
con+theappropriatepronoun.
Pronoundoesrefertothesubject
Hetookthepenswithhim(self).......................... lllevlasplumasconsigo.
Whydontyoutakeabookwithyou(rself)?....... Porqunollevaunlibroconsigo?
Pronoundoesnotrefertothesubject
Theylivewithhim.............................................. Ellosvivenconl.
Idontwanttotalktoyou................................. Noquierohablarconusted.
Therearesixspecialprepositionsthatarefollowedbysubjectpronounsratherthanobject
pronouns.
entre........................ between
excepto.................... except
incluso..................... including
menos...................... except
segn....................... accordingto
salvo........................ except
Examples:
Entretyyo,estacomidaeshorrible.
Todosbebenagua,inclusoyo.
Segnt,lachicaesbonita.
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Quiz #1
Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions
A.Write the correct pronoun.
11. Everyone has a pen except you. (familiar)
1. She lives with us. (feminine)
Cada una tiene una pluma salvo _____.
Ella vive con _____ .
12. I have a gift for you. (familiar)
2. Do you have something for me?
Tengo un regalo para _____.
Tienes algo para _____ ?
13. Between you and me, this food is horrible.
3. She always takes an umbrella with her.
(familiar)
Ella siempre lleva un paraguas _____.
Entre _____ y yo, esta comida es horrible.
4. Mara is with me.
14. Who lives with them? (masculine)
Mara est _____.
Quin vive con _____?
5. Does she study with you? (familiar)
15. John doesnt live near you-all. (masc. fam.)
Estudia ella _____ ?
Juan no vive cerca de _____ .
6. Youre not with me.
16. I work with you. (familiar)
No ests _____.
Trabajo _____ .
7. Hes with her.
17. Everyone is sleeping except me.
l est con _____.
Todos duermen, salvo _____.
8. Mara is behind him.
18. He always takes the key with him.
Mara est detrs de _____.
l siempre lleva la llave _____ .
9. She lives with you. (familiar)
19. Everyone eats except you. (familiar)
Ella vive _____ .
Todos comen, menos _____ .
10. Shes to the right of me.

20. The letter is from her.
Ella est a la derecha de _____.
La carta es de _____ .
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Direct Object Pronouns: Part I
The object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object.
Bill hit the ball.
Ball receives the action of the verb hit.
Sherry reads the book.

Book receives the action of the verb reads.
The direct object can also be a person.

Sherry hit Bill. (DO=Bill)
The direct object answers the question what? or whom? with regard to what the
subject of the sentence is doing.
Bill hit the ball.
Bill hit what?
Bill hit the ball.
Sherry hit Bill.

Sherry hit whom?
Sherry hit Bill.
Often, it is desirable to replace the name of the direct object with a pronoun.
Example 1:
Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and gave the flowers to his wife.
Example 2:
Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave them to his wife.
When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
los, las (them, you-all-formal)
In an affirmative statement with one verb, the direct object pronoun comes immediately
before the conjugated verb.
Tengo = I have
Tengo la pluma. = I have the pen.
La tengo. = I have it.
The pronoun (la) comes immediately before the verb (tengo).
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Notice that if the subject of the sentence changes, this does not affect the direct object
pronoun.
Juan la tiene.
Juan tiene = John has
Juan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.
Juan la tiene. = John has it.
and
Mara la tiene.
Mara tiene = Mary has
Mara tiene la pluma. = Mary has the pen.
Mara la tiene. = Mary has it.
However, if the direct object of the sentence changes to a masculine noun, the masculine
pronoun must be used.
Juan lo tiene.
Juan tiene el libro. = John has the book.
Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
but
Juan la tiene.
Juan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.
Juan la tiene. = John has it.
Likewise, if the direct object of the sentence changes from singular to plural, the plural
pronoun must be used.
Juan lo tiene.
Juan tiene el libro. = John has the book.
Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
but
Mara los tiene.

Mara tiene = Mary has
Mara tiene los libros. = Mary has the books.
Mara los tiene. = Mary has them.
Look at how Spanish and English are different.

Lo tengo and La tengo BOTH mean I have it.
Differences: 1 ..It has two forms in Spanish: lo, la

2 Tengo one word in Spanish = two words in English (I have)
3 The word order is different. In Spanish, the pronoun (lo, la) comes before the
verb; in English, the pronoun (it) comes after the verb.
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When you try to translate literally from English to Spanish, sometimes it works very well:
John eats the soup.
John = Juan
John eats = Juan come
John eats the = Juan come la
John eats the soup = Juan come la sopa.
Other times, direct translation doesnt work so well:

I eat the soup.
I = Yo
I eat = Yo como
I eat the = Yo como la
I eat the soup = Yo como la sopa.
Because como means I eat, the word yo is redundant. A better translation might be:
I eat the soup. = Como la sopa.
Sometimes, when you try to translate literally, you run into much bigger problems:
I eat it. (the soup - la sopa)
I = Yo
I eat = Yo como
I eat it. = Yo como la.
This is completely incorrect!
The correct translation would be:

I eat it. (the soup) = La como.
As you can see, directly translating sentences with direct object pronouns doesnt work,
so . . . dont do it! There is a better, easier way.
Learn to translate groups of words, rather than individual words. The first step is to learn
to view two Spanish words as a single phrase.
Try to think of each line as a single phrase, not two separate words:
la como
lo como
la leo
lo leo
la veo
lo veo
la tengo
lo tengo
la compro
lo compro
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Read each line again. Before you do, glance at the translation beneath it. Then, read each
line thinking of it as a phrase that has the same meaning as the English phrase below it.
la como
I eat it (feminine DO - la sopa, la comida, etc.)
lo como
I eat it (masculine DO - el pollo, el arroz, etc.)
la leo
I read it
lo leo
I read it
la veo
I see it
lo veo
I see it
la tengo
I have it
lo tengo
I have it
la compro
I buy it
lo compro
I buy it
In the previous examples, it is clear that the subject of the sentence is I because the
verbs are all conjugated in the yo form. With other verb forms, it is often desirable to
add a word to clarify the subject.
Juan la come. (la comida) ................................... Juan eats it.
Mara lo tiene. (el libro) ...................................... Mara has it.
El chico la compra. (la pluma) ............................. The boy buys it.
La chica lo ve. (el edificio) ................................... The girl sees it.
Ustedes lo leen. (el peridico) ............................. You-all read it.
Now, some examples of plural direct objects.

Juan come dos sndwiches ................................ Los come. or Juan los come.
Mara tiene tres libros ......................................... Los tiene. or Mara los tiene.
El chico compra dos revistas ............................... Las compra. or El chico las compra.
La chica ve dos coches ....................................... Los ve. or La chica los ve.
Ella compra dos televisiores ................................ Los compra. or Ella los compra.
Tenemos dos mesas............................................ Las tenemos. or Nosotros las tenemos.
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Now, some examples where the direct object is a person.
I know you ............... Te conozco.
She loves him ........... Ella lo ama.
She loves me ............ Ella me ama.
Juan sees her ........... Juan la ve.
They call us .............. Ellos nos llaman.
We call them ............ Los llamamos.
Just as no one has ever learned to ride a bicycle by reading about it, neither will you learn
to use direct object pronouns simply by reading this lesson. The key to success, as always,
is to practice, practice, practice.
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Direct Object Pronouns: Part I
A. Choose the correct pronoun.
1. They want the book. 4. You love me.
_______ quieren. _______ amas.
Me Me
Te Te
Lo Lo
La La
Nos Nos
Os Os
Los Los
Las Las
2. I know them. (Juan and Maria) 5. You-all (formal) drink milk.

_______ conozco. _______ beben.
Me Me
Te Te
Lo Lo
La La
Nos Nos
Os Os
Los Los
Las Las
3. Juan knows me. 6. He buys the magazines.

_______ conoce. _______ compra.
Me Me

Te Te
Lo Lo
La La
Nos Nos
Os Os
Los Los
Las Las
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7. They see Maria. B. Translate the following sentences by
_______ ven. writing the correct form of the verb.
Me 11. You-all (formal) understand the lesson.
Te (comprender)
Lo La _______.
La
Nos 12. She watches television. (mirar)
Os La _______.
Los
Las
13. You (familiar) understand the lesson.
8. I have the pen.
(comprender)
_______ tengo.
La _______.
Me
Te
Lo 14. I love her. (amar)
La _______.
La
Nos
Os 15. She believes it. (creer)
Los Lo _______.
Las
9. You-all (familiar) want the house.
_______ queris. C. Answer the following questions. The
answer will substitute a pronoun for the
Me direct object noun.
Te
16. Dnde compra Pablo los libros?
Lo
_______ compra en la librera.
La
Nos
Os 17. Conoces la capital de Espaa?
Los

S, _______ conozco.
Las
10. I love you.
18. Miras las telenovelas?
_______ amo.
Me S, _______ miro.
Te
Lo 19. Dnde estudia Bill el espaol?
La _______ estudia en Guatemala.
Nos
Os
20. Comprenden ustedes esta leccin?
Los
Las S, _______ comprendemos.
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Direct Object Pronouns: Part II
Remember,adirectobjectreceivestheactionoftheverb.
Billhittheball.
Ballreceivestheactionoftheverbhit.

Sherryreadsthebook.
Bookreceivestheactionoftheverbreads.
And,thedirectobjectcanalsobeaperson.
SherryhitBill.(DO=Bill)
Also,thedirectobjectanswersthequestionwhat?orwhom?withregardtowhat
thesubjectofthesentenceisdoing.
Billhittheball.
Billhitwhat?Theball.

SherryhitBill.
Sherryhitwhom?Bill.
Often,itisdesirabletoreplacethenameofthedirectobjectwithapronoun.
Example1:
Paulboughttheowers.Hetooktheowershomeandgavetheowerstohiswife.
Example2:
Paulboughttheowers.Hetookthemhomeandgavethemtohiswife.
Whenthepronounreplacesthenameofthedirectobject,usethefollowingpronouns:
me(me)
te(you-familiar)
lo,la(him,her,it,you-formal)

nos(us)
os(you-all-familiar)
los,las(them,you-all-formal)
Inanegativesentencewithoneverb,thedirectobjectpronounisplacedbetweenthe
negativewordandtheconjugatedverb.
AfrmativeSentence:
Ibuythebooks.
Comproloslibros.
Loscompro.(Ibuythem.)
NegativeSentence:
Idontbuythebooks.
Nocomproloslibros.
Noloscompro.(Idontbuythem.)
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Comparethefollowingafrmativestatementswiththeirnegativecounterparts.
Loscompras.
Noloscompras.

Guadalupesiempreloestudia.
Guadalupenuncaloestudia.

Ellosnosconocen.
Ellosnonosconocen.
Remember,donttrytotranslateword-for-word.Instead,thinkintermsofphrases,or
concepts.Forexample,thesentenceNoloscomprascontainstwoconcepts:
1.loscompras(youbuythem)
2.no(makesthewholesentencenegative)
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Quiz #1
Direct Object Pronouns: Part II
A. Choose the correct pronoun.
1. I love him. 4. I dont know them. (Juan and Maria)
_______ amo. No _______ conozco.
Me me
Te te
Lo lo
La la
Nos nos
Os os
Los los
Las las
2. I dont love him. 5. Juan knows me.
No _______ amo. _______ conoce.
me
Me
te
Te
lo
Lo
la
La
nos
Nos
os
Os
los
Los
las
Las
3. I know them. (Juan and Maria)
6. Juan doesnt know me.
_______ conozco.
No _______ conoce.
Me
me

Te
te
Lo
lo
La
la
Nos
nos
Os
os
Los
los
Las
las
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7. He buys the magazines. 11. I know you. (familiar)
_______ compra. _______ conozco.
Me Me
Te Te
Lo Lo
La La
Nos Nos
Os Os
Los Los
Las Las
8. He doesnt buy the magazines.
12. I dont know you. (familiar)
No _______ compra.
No _______ conozco.
me
me
te
te
lo
lo
la
la
nos
nos
os
os
los
los
las
las
9. They see Maria.
_______ ven. B. Change the following sentences from
Me affirmative to negative.
Te 13. La comprendemos.
Lo No _______ .
La
Nos
14. Mara lo vende.
Os Mara _______ .
Los

Las
10. They dont see Maria. 15. Ellos la ven.
No _______ ven. Ellos _______ ven.
me
te
16. Las conocemos.
lo
_______ conocemos.
la
nos
os
los
las
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C. Answer the following questions in the 19. Venden las chicas los dulces?
negative. No, no los _______ .
17. Compra Marta la falda?
No, no _______ compra.
20. Quieren ustedes la computadora?
No, no _______ queremos.
18. Comes t la manzana?
No, _______ la como.
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Direct Object Pronouns: Part III
Remember,adirectobjectreceivestheactionoftheverb.
Billhittheball.
Ballreceivestheactionoftheverbhit.

Sherryreadsthebook.
Bookreceivestheactionoftheverbreads.
And,thedirectobjectcanalsobeaperson.
SherryhitBill.(DO=Bill)
Also,rememberthatthedirectobjectanswersthequestionwhat?orwhom?with
regardtowhatthesubjectofthesentenceisdoing.
Billhittheball.
Billhitwhat?Theball.

SherryhitBill.
Sherryhitwhom?Bill.
Often,itisdesirabletoreplacethenameofthedirectobjectwithapronoun.
Example1:
Paulboughttheowers.Hetooktheowershomeandgavetheowerstohiswife.
Example2:
Paulboughttheowers.Hetookthemhomeandgavethemtohiswife.
Whenthepronounreplacesthenameofthedirectobject,usethefollowingpronouns:
me(me)
te(you-familiar)
lo,la(him,her,it,you-formal)

nos(us)
los,las(them,you-all-formal)
Whenasentencehastwoverbs,therstverbisconjugatedandthesecondverbremains
intheinnitiveform.
poder................................................................. tobeable
pagar................................................................. topay
Puedopagardiezpesos...................................... Iamabletopay10pesos.
preferir............................................................... toprefer
hablar................................................................ tospeak
Elenapreerehablarespaol.............................. ElenapreferstospeakSpanish.
StudySpanish.com
Insentenceswithtwoverbs,therearetwooptionsregardingtheplacementofthedirect
objectpronoun.
1.Placeitimmediatelybeforetheconjugatedverb
2.Attachitdirectlytotheinnitive
Hereareexamplesofthedirectobjectpronounplacedbeforetheconjugatedverb:
Loquierover...................................................... Iwanttoseeit.
Lodebemoscomprar......................................... Weshouldbuyit.
Maranosdebevisitar........................................ Maryshouldvisitus.
Juanlonecesitalavar......................................... Johnneedstowashit.
Hereareexamplesofthedirectobjectpronounattacheddirectlytotheinnitive:
Quieroverlo....................................................... Iwanttoseeit.
Debemoscomprarlo........................................... Weshouldbuyit.
Maradebevisitarnos......................................... Maryshouldvisitus.
Juannecesitalavarlo.......................................... Johnneedstowashit.
Herearethetwomethodssidebyside.Neithermethodisbetterthantheother.
Loquierover.
Quieroverlo.
Iwanttoseeit.

Lodebemoscomprar.
Debemoscomprarlo.
Weshouldbuyit.

Maranosdebevisitar.
Maradebevisitarnos.
Maryshouldvisitus.

Juanlonecesitalavar.
Juannecesitalavarlo.
Johnneedstowashit.
Thesesamerulesapplyforquestionsandnegativestatements.
Lodebemoscomprar?
Debemoscomprarlo?
Shouldwebuyit?

Juannolonecesitalavar.
Juannonecesitalavarlo.
Johndoesntneedtowashit.
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Quiz #1
Direct Object Pronouns: Part III
A. Fill in the blank in order to form
sentences that are true and correct.
Model:
Marta prefiere hablarlo.
Marta lo prefiere hablar.
Marta prefiere hablar el ingls.
1. Juan_____hablarlo. 11. Mara _____ debe visitar.
2. Juan lo _____ hablar. 12. Mara debe _____.
Juan prefiere hablar el espaol. Mara debe visitar a nosotros.
3. Usted _____ debe comprar. 13. La _____ invitar.

4. Usted _____ comprarla. 14. Quiero _____ .
Usted debe comprar la pluma. Quiero invitar a Mara.
5. Los _____ comer. 15. _____ tenemos que comprar.

6. Preferimos _____ . 16. Tenemos que _____ .
Preferimos comer los mariscos. Tenemos que comprar el coche.
7. _____ quiero ver. 17. La chica la _____ estudiar.

8. Quiero _____ . 18. La chica necesita _____ .
Quiero ver el men. La chica necesita estudiar la leccin.

9. _____ quieres comprar. 19. La _____ invitar?
10. Quieres _____ . 20. Quiero _____? Quiero invitar a Carmen?
Quieres comprar la casa. Quiero invitar a Carmen?
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Indirect Object Pronouns: Part I
Theindirectobject(IO)tellsuswherethedirectobject(DO)isgoing.
HegivesthebooktoMara.
DO=Book

Whereisthebookgoing?
ToMara.

IO=Mara

HegivesMarathebook.
DO=Book

ToMara.

IO=Mara
TheindirectobjectanswersthequestionTowhom?orForwhom?theactionofthe
verbisperformed.
HegivesMarathebook.
Towhomdoeshegivethebook?
ToMara.

IO=Mara

Hebuysmeowers.
Forwhomdoeshebuytheowers?
Forme.

IO=me
Sentencesthathaveanindirectobjectusuallyalsohaveadirectobject.Remember,the
IOtellsuswheretheDOisgoing.Noticehowthesentencesbelowjustwouldntwork
withoutadirectobject.
HegivesMara...
thebook,thepen,thediamond,etc.

Hebuysme...
owers,candy,anironingboard,etc.
Sometimesthedirectobjectisnotstated;ratheritisimplied,orunderstood.
Mymotherwritesmeeveryweek.
DO=letter(understood)
IO=me
(Mymotherwritesmealettereveryweek.)
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Shetoldhim.
DO=it(understood)
IO=him
(Shetoldittohim.)
Toidentifytheindirectobjectuseourtwoguidelines:
1. TheIOtellsuswheretheDOisgoing.
2. TheIOanswersthequestiontowhom?orforwhomtheactionoftheverbis
performed.
Whenapronountakestheplaceofthenameoftheindirectobject,usethefollowing
pronouns:
me(me)
te(you-familiar)
le(him,her,you-formal)

nos(us)
les(them,you-all-formal)
Inanafrmativestatementwithoneverb,theindirectobjectpronouncomesimmediately
beforetheconjugatedverb.
Juanmecompraunregalo.
Johnbuysmeagift.
Johnbuysagiftforme.

Juantecompraunregalo.
Johnbuysyouagift.
Johnbuysagiftforyou.

Juanlecompraunregalo.
Johnbuysheragift.
Johnbuysagiftforher.

Juannoscompraunregalo.
Johnbuysusagift.
Johnbuysagiftforus.

Juanoscompraunregalo.
Johnbuysyou-all(familiar)agift.
Johnbuysagiftforyou-all.

Juanlescompraunregalo.
Johnbuysthemagift.
Johnbuysagiftforthem.
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Now,focusinononepartofeachofthepreviousexamples:
Johnbuys(for)meagift.

Juantecompraunregalo.
Johnbuys(for)youagift.

Juanlecompraunregalo.
Johnbuys(for)heragift.

Johnbuys(for)usagift.

Juanoscompraunregalo.
Johnbuys(for)you-all(familiar)agift.

Juanlescompraunregalo.
Johnbuys(for)themagift.
LetsextracttheIOphraseanditsEnglishequivalent:
mecompra.............. buys(for)me
tecompra................ buys(for)you
lecompra................. buys(for)her
noscompra.............. buys(for)us
oscompra................ buys(for)you-all
lescompra............... buys(for)them
Justlikewiththedirectobject,theindirectobjectpresentsaproblemifonetriesto
translateword-for-word:
Juanmecompraunregalo................................. Johnformehebuysagift.
Thekeytolearningtousetheindirectobjectpronounsisthesameasthekeyfordirect
objectpronouns.Youmustlearntothinkinphrases,notwords.Thephrasesconsistofa
pronounandaconjugatedverb.Inthefollowingexamples,notethattheIOremainsthe
same,whilethesubjectofthephrasechanges.
mecompra.............. hebuysme
mecompran............ theybuyme
mecompras............. youbuyme
TheIOpronounsleandlespresentaspecialproblembecausetheyareambiguous.That
is,theycanstandfordifferentthings.
le
to(for)him
to(for)her
to(for)you-formal

les
to(for)them
to(for)you-all-formal
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Thefollowingsentences,whilegrammaticallycorrect,areambiguous:
Ellaleescribeunacarta.
Ellalesescribeunacarta.
Outofcontext,thereisnowaywecanknowthemeaning.
Ellaleescribeunacarta.
Shewriteshimaletter.
Shewritesheraletter.
Shewritesyou(formal)aletter.

Ellalesescribeunacarta.
Shewritesthemaletter.
Shewritesyou-all(formal)aletter.
Sinceleandlescanmeanmorethanonething,aprepositionalphraseisoftenaddedto
removetheambiguity.
EllaleescribeaJuanunacarta.
Ellaleescribeasuhermanaunacarta.
Ellaleescribeaustedunacarta.

Ellalesescribeasuspadresunacarta.
Ellalesescribeaustedesunacarta.
Sometimesaprepositionalphraseisaddednotforclarity,butratherforemphasis.
Juanmedaameldinero.
Johngivesmethemoney.
(emphasizingthatthemoneyisgiventomeandnottosomeoneelse)

Juantedaatieldinero.
Johngivesyouthemoney.(emphasisonyou)
Thereisnoambiguityinthefollowingsentence.Itcanonlymeanonething.
Juanmedaeldinero.
Theadditionofaprepositionalphrasemerelyaddsemphasis.
Juanmedaameldinero.
Letssumuptheimportantpointsofthislesson:
TheIOtellsuswheretheDOisgoing.
TheIOanswersthequestion"towhom"or"forwhom."
SentencesthathaveanIOusuallyalsohaveaDO
SometimestheDOisnotstated,butratherisimplied,orunderstood.
TheIOpronounsare:me,te,le,nos,os,les.
Placethepronounbeforetheconjugatedverb.
Thinkinphrases,donottranslateword-for-word.
Leandlesareambiguous.
Prepositionalphrasesareoftenusedforclarityandforemphasis.
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Quiz #1
Indirect Object Pronouns: Part I
A. Determine the direct object (DO) and
the indirect object (IO). Write only the
noun, not the article.
He gave her the ring. 9. Ellos dan una propina a m.
1. DO= _____ Ellos _____ dan una propina.
me
2. IO= _____
te
He sang them a song.
le
1. DO= _____ nos
os
2. IO= _____
les
Give the dog a bone.
10. Compro el libro para ti.
1. DO= _____
_____ compro el libro.
2. IO= _____ Me
te
B. Choose the correct pronoun.
le
7. Juan compra flores para ella. nos
Juan _____ compra flores. os
me les
te C. Translate the phrases. Do not abbreviate
le usted or ustedes.
nos Model:
os he gives her (dar)
les l le da

8. El mesero da el men a ellos. 11. we (masculine) give them (dar)
El mesero _____ da el men.
me
12. she gives us (dar)
te
le
nos 13. they (masculine) give us (dar)
os
les
14. they (feminine) give her (dar)
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15. you-all (formal) give me (dar) 18. we (masculine) tell them (decir)
16. Sara buys me (comprar) 19. Susana writes to them (escribir)
17. they (masculine) buy you (familiar) (comprar) 20. we (masculine) bring to you (familiar) (traer)
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Indirect Object Pronouns: Part II
Letsbeginwithareviewofthepreviouslesson.
Theindirectobject(IO)tellsuswherethedirectobject(DO)isgoing.
HegivesthebooktoMara.
DO=Book

ToMara.

IO=Mara

HegivesMarathebook.
DO=Book

ToMara.

IO=Mara
TheindirectobjectanswersthequestionTowhom?orForwhom?theactionofthe
verbisperformed.
HegivesMarathebook.
ToMara.

IO=Mara

Hebuysmeowers.
Forme.

IO=me
Sentencesthathaveanindirectobjectusuallyhaveadirectobject.Remember,theIOtells
uswheretheDOisgoing.Noticehowthesentencesbelowjustwouldntworkwithouta
directobject.
HegivesMara...
thebook,thepen,thediamond,etc.

Hebuysme...
owers,candy,anironingboard,etc.
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Sometimesthedirectobjectisnotstated;ratheritisimplied,orunderstood.
Mymotherwritesmeeveryweek.
DO=letter(understood)
IO=me
(Mymotherwritesmealettereveryweek.)

Shetoldhim.
DO=it(understood)
IO=him
(Shetoldittohim.)
2. TheIOanswersthequestiontowhom?orforwhomtheactionoftheverbis
performed.
pronouns:
me(me)
te(you-familiar)

nos(us)
Inanegativestatementwithoneverb,theindirectobjectpronouncomesbetweenthe
negativewordandtheconjugatedverb.
lnomecompranada.
Hedoesntbuymeanything.
Hedoesntbuyanythingforme.

Ellanotetraeeldesayuno.
Shedoesntbringyoubreakfast.
Shedoesntbringbreakfastforyou.

Nolemandoallacuenta.
Idontsendhimthebill.
Idontsendthebilltohim.

Ellosnonoscompranningnregalo.
Theydontbuyusanygifts.
Theydontbuyanygiftsforus.
Comparetheafrmativestatementswiththeirnegativecounterparts.
lmecompraalgo.
lnomecompranada.

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Ellatetraeeldesayuno.
Ellanotetraeeldesayuno.

Lemandoallacuenta.
Nolemandoallacuenta.

Ellosnoscompranregalos.
Ellosnonoscompranningnregalo.
Remember,donttranslateword-for-word.Instead,thinkintermsofphrases,orconcepts.
Ellosnonoscompranningnregalocontains3concepts:
1. ellosnoscompran(theybuyus)
2. regalo(gift)
3. no,ningn(makethesentencenegative)
Thekeytolearningtousetheindirectobjectpronounsisthesameasthekeyfordirect
objectpronouns.Youmustlearntothinkinphrases,notwords.Thephrasesconsistofa
pronounandaconjugatedverb.Inthefollowingexamples,notethattheIOremainsthe
same,whilethesubjectofthephrasechanges.
nomecompra......... hedoesntbuy(for)me
nomecompras........ youdontbuy(for)me
Remember,theIOpronounsleandlespresentaspecialproblembecausetheyare
ambiguous.Thatis,theycanstandfordifferentthings.
le
to(for)him
to(for)her
to(for)you-formal

les
to(for)them
to(for)you-all-formal
Thefollowingsentences,whilegrammaticallycorrect,areambiguous:
Ellanoleescribeunacarta.
Ellanolesescribeunacarta.
Outofcontext,thereisnowaywecanknowthemeaning.
Ellanoleescribeunacarta.
Shedoesntwritehimaletter.
Shedoesntwriteheraletter.
Shedoesntwriteyou(formal)aletter.

Ellanolesescribeunacarta.
Shedoesntwritethemaletter.
Shedoesntwriteyou-all(formal)aletter.
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Sinceleandlescanmeanmorethanonething,aprepositionalphraseisoftenaddedto
removetheambiguity.
EllanoleescribeaJuanunacarta.
Ellanoleescribeasuhermanaunacarta.
Ellanoleescribeaustedunacarta.

Ellanolesescribeasuspadresunacarta.
Ellanolesescribeaustedesunacarta.
Sometimesaprepositionalphraseisaddednotforclarity,butratherforemphasis.
Juannomedaameldinero.
Johndoesntgivemethemoney.
(emphasizingthatthemoneyisnotgiventomebutrathertosomeoneelse)

Juannotedaatieldinero.
Johndoesntgiveyouthemoney.(emphasisonyou)
Thereisnoambiguityinthefollowingsentence.Itcanonlymeanonething.
Juannomedaeldinero.
Theadditionofaprepositionalphrasemerelyaddsemphasis.
Juannomedaameldinero.
Remember:
TheIOtellsuswheretheDOisgoing.
TheIOanswersthequestion"towhom"or"forwhom."
InorderforasentencetohaveaIO,itmustalsohaveaDO.
SometimestheDOisnotstated,butratherisimplied,orunderstood.
TheIOpronounsare:me,te,le,nos,os,les.
Inanegativesentence,placethepronounbetweenthenegativewordandtheconjugated
verb.
Thinkinphrases,donottranslateword-for-word.
Leandlesareambiguous.
Prepositionalphrasesareoftenusedforclarityandforemphasis.
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Indirect Object Pronouns: Part II
A. Determine the direct object (DO) and the 11. Ustedes dan los abrigos a nosotros.
indirect object (IO). Write only the noun,
Ustedes _____ los abrigos.
not the article.
12. Juan compra flores para ella.
John didnt write Mary a letter.
Juan _____ flores.
1. DO = _____
13. El mesero da el men a ellos.
2. IO = _____
El mesero _____ el men.
Dont bring me any coffee.
14. Ellos dan una propina a m.
3. DO = _____
Ellos _____ una propina.
4. IO = _____
C. Translate the phrases. Do not abbreviate
Dont tell me the truth. usted or ustedes.
5. DO = _____
Model:
6. IO = _____ he doesnt give her (dar)
l no le da
B. Change the following sentences so
that they are negative, and replace the
15. we dont give them (dar)
IO noun with the correct IO pronoun.
______________________
Model:
Compro el libro para Juan. 16. they (masculine) dont give us (dar)
No le compro el libro. ______________________
17. they (feminine) dont give her (dar)

7. Escribo una carta a mi novia.
______________________
_____ una carta.
18. you-all (formal) dont give me (dar)
8. El mesero da la cuenta a Juan.

______________________
El mesero _____ la cuenta.
19. Sara doesnt buy me (comprar)
9. Guadalupe manda una carta a nosotros.
______________________
Guadalupe _____ una carta.
20. Susana doesnt write to them (escribir)
10. Traigo el libro a Susana.
______________________
_____ el libro.
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Indirect Object Pronouns: Part III
Remember,theindirectobjectanswersthequestionTowhom?orForwhom?the
actionoftheverbisperformed.
HegivesMarathebook.
ToMara.

IO=Mara

Hebuysmeowers.
Forme.

IO=me
2. TheIOanswersthequestiontowhom?orforwhomtheactionoftheverbisperformed.
pronouns:
me(me)
te(you-familiar)

nos(us)
Inanafrmativestatementwithoneverb,theindirectobjectpronouncomesimmediately
beforetheconjugatedverb.
Johnbuysmeagift.
Johnbuysagiftforme.

Johnbuysusagift.
Johnbuysagiftforus.
Whenasentencehastwoverbs,therstverbisconjugatedandthesecondverbremains
intheinnitiveform.
poder................................................................. tobeable
pagar................................................................. topay
Puedopagardiezpesos...................................... Iamabletopay10pesos.
preferir............................................................... toprefer
hablar................................................................ tospeak
Elenapreerehablarespaol.............................. ElenapreferstospeakSpanish.
StudySpanish.com
Insentenceswithtwoverbs,therearetwooptionsregardingtheplacementofthe
indirectobjectpronoun.
1. Placeitimmediatelybeforetheconjugatedverb
2. Attachitdirectlytotheinnitive
Hereareexamplesoftheindirectobjectpronounplacedbeforetheconjugatedverb:
Menecesitasdarunregalo................................ Youneedtogivemeagift.
Tenecesitocomprarunsombrero....................... Ineedtobuyyouahat.
Juannosdebeprestareldinero.......................... Juanmustlendusthemoney.
MaralequierealquilaraJuanelapartamento... MarawantstorenttheapartmenttoJuan.
Hereareexamplesoftheindirectobjectpronounattacheddirectlytotheinnitive:
Necesitasdarmeunregalo................................. Youneedtogivemeagift.
Necesitocomprarteunsombrero........................ Ineedtobuyyouahat.
Juandebeprestarnoseldinero........................... Juanmustlendusthemoney.
MaraquierealquilarleaJuanelapartamento.... MarawantstorenttheapartmenttoJuan.
Herearethetwomethodssidebyside.Neithermethodisbetterthantheother.
Menecesitasdarunregalo.
Necesitasdarmeunregalo.
Youneedtogivemeagift.

Tenecesitocomprarunsombrero.
Necesitocomprarteunsombrero.
Ineedtobuyyouahat.

Juannosdebeprestareldinero.
Juandebeprestarnoseldinero.
Juanmustlendusthemoney.

MaralequierealquilaraJuanelapartamento.
MaraquierealquilarleaJuanelapartamento.
MarawantstorenttheapartmenttoJuan.
Whenreadingorhearingsentenceslikethese,youmustlearntorecognizewholegroups
ofwords,ratherthaninspectingeachwordindependently.
Menecesitasdarunregalo.
Menecesitasdar=Youneedtogiveme

Necesitasdarmeunregalo.
Necesitasdarme=Youneedtogiveme

Tenecesitocomprarunsombrero.
Tenecesitocomprar=Ineedtobuyyou

Necesitocomprarteunsombrero.
Necesitocomprarte=Ineedtobuyyou
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Yoursuccessinbeingabletorecognizethesegroupsislargelydependentuponhaving
learnedpreviousmaterialnamelyverbconjugation.
Youneedtobeabletoquicklyrecognizeaconjugatedverbandaninnitive.Youneedto
automaticallyrecognizenecesitocomprarasIneedtobuy.
Ifyoucandothat,itisjustonesmallsteptorecognizetenecesitocomprarasIneedtobuyfor
you.Fromthere,thenalstepiseasy:Tenecesitocomprarunregalo.
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Quiz #1
Indirect Object Pronouns: Part III
A. Fill in the blank in order to form B. Fill in the blank in order to form
translations that are true and correct. sentences that are true and correct.
Model: Model:
She wants to give him the money. Debemos comprar la casa para ellos.
Ella le quiere dar el dinero. Debemos comprarles la casa.
Ella quiere darle el dinero. Les debemos comprar la casa.
He wants to give me the money. Debemos alquilar el apartamento a ellos.
1. l me quiere _____ el dinero. 11. Debemos _____ el apartamento.
2. l quiere _____ el dinero. 12. _____ debemos alquilar el apartamento.
They want to give her something. Juan tiene que prestar el dinero a m.
3. Ellos le _____ dar algo. 13. Juan tiene que _____ el dinero.
4. Ellos quieren _____ algo. 14. Juan _____ tiene que prestar el dinero.
You need to buy us the house. C. Translate the following negative

5. Nos necesitas _____ la casa. sentences.
6. Necesitas _____ la casa. Model:

I dont have to sell her the car.
We want to sell them the car.
No tengo que venderle el coche.
7. _____ queremos vender el auto. No le tengo que vender el coche.
8. Queremos _____ el auto.
I dont have to tell her anything.
Andrea wants to sell me the book. 15. No tengo que _____ nada.
9. Andrea _____ quiere vender el libro. 16. No _____ tengo que decir nada.

10. Andrea quiere _____ el libro.
She can never buy me the car.
17. Ella nunca puede _____ el auto.
18. Ella nunca _____ puede comprar el auto.
They dont want to sell you the house.

(use the t form)
19. Ellos no quieren _____ la casa.
20. Ellos no _____ quieren vender la casa.
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Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
Used Together
Herearethedirectobjectpronounsandtheindirectobjectpronounssidebyside:
DOPRONOUNS IOPRONOUNS ENGLISHEQUIVALENT
me me me
te te you(familiar)
lo,la le him,her,it,you(formal)
nos nos us
os os you-all(familiar)
los,las les them,you-all(formal)
Whenyouhavebothadirectobjectpronounandanindirectobjectpronouninthesame
sentence,theindirectobjectpronouncomesrst.
Ellosmelosdan.
Theygivethemtome.
IOpronoun:me
DOpronoun:los

Ellatelavende.
Shesellsittoyou.
IOpronoun:te
DOpronoun:la
Wheneverbothpronounsbeginwiththeletterlchangetherstpronountose.
lelo=selo
lela=sela
lelos=selos
lelas=selas
leslo=selo
lesla=sela
leslos=selos
leslas=selas
Thereasonforchanginglelotoseloismerelytoavoidthetongue-twistingeffect
oftwoshortconsecutivewordsthatbeginwiththeletterl.Todemonstratethis,rst
quicklysayleslasandthenquicklysayselas.Seehowmucheasieritistosayselas?
Innegativesentences,thenegativewordcomesdirectlybeforetherstpronoun.
Noselotengo................................................... Idonthaveitforyou.
Nuncaseloscompro.......................................... Ineverbuythemforher.
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Becausethepronounsecanhavesomanymeanings,itisoftenhelpfultoclarifyitby
usingaprepositionalphrase.
lselodice........................................................ Ambiguous.Hetellsitto(whom?).
lselodiceaJuan............................................. Hetellsittohim.(toJuan)
lselodiceaMara........................................... Hetellsittoher.(toMara)
lselodiceaella............................................... Hetellsittoher.
Insentenceswithtwoverbs,therearetwooptionsregardingtheplacementofthe
pronouns.Placethemimmediatelybeforetheconjugatedverborattachthemdirectlyto
theinnitive.
Sheshouldexplainittome.
Ellamelodebeexplicar.
Elladebeexplicrmelo.

Iwanttotellittoyou.
Teloquierodecir.
Quierodecrtelo.

Youneedtosendittothem.
Selanecesitasenviaraellos.
Necesitasenvirselaaellos.
Notethatwhenattachingthepronounstotheinnitive,awrittenaccentisalsoaddedtothenalsyllableof
theinnitive.Thispreservesthesoundoftheinnitive.
Whenthepronounsareattachedtotheinnitive,makethesentencenegativebyplacing
thenegativeworddirectlybeforetheconjugatedverb.
Elladebeexplicrmelo.
Ellanodebeexplicrmelo.

Quierodecrtelo.
Noquierodecrtelo.

Necesitasenvirselaaellos.
Nonecesitasenvirselaaellos.
Whenthepronounscomebeforetheconjugatedverb,makethesentencenegativeby
placingthenegativeworddirectlybeforethepronouns.
Ellamelodebeexplicar.
Ellanomelodebeexplicar.

Teloquierodecir.
Noteloquierodecir.

Selanecesitasenviaraellos.
Noselanecesitasenviaraellos.
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
Used Together
A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate 9. We sing it (f) to you.
pronoun or verb form.
Nosotros _____ cantamos.
Unless otherwise noted with (f), it and
10. We tell it to them.
them are masculine, and you refers to
the familiar form (t). Nosotros _____ decimos.
11. I tell it to them.
1. He gives it to me.
l _____ lo da. Yo _____ digo.
2. They give it to me. 12. She buys them for you.

Ellos me lo _____ . Ella _____ compra.
3. We give them (f) to you. 13. She cooks it (f) for him.
Nosotros te las _____ . Ella _____ cocina.
4. I tell it to you. 14. We cook it (f) for him.

Yo te lo _____ . Nosotros _____ cocinamos.
5. They give it to you. C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate

Ellas te _____ dan. pronouns.
6. They write it (f) to you. Unless otherwise noted with (f), it and
them are masculine, and you refers to
Ellos te la _____ . the familiar form (t). Dont forget to change
the first pronoun to se when necessary.
7. He buys them for you.
l te los _____ . I should bring it to them.

15. Debo trar _____.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate
pronouns. 16. _____ debo traer.
Unless otherwise noted with (f), it and them They should buy them (f) for you.
are masculine, and you refers to the familiar 17. Ellos deben comprr _____ .
form (t). Dont forget to change the first
18. Ellos _____ deben comprar.
pronoun to se when necessary.
We have to sell it to her.
8. He sings it (f) to her.
19. Tenemos que vendr _____ .
l _____ canta.
20. _____ tenemos que vender.
StudySpanish.com
Verbs like Gustar
ThisisagoodtimetodiscusstheverbgustarbecauseusingitrequiresuseoftheIO
pronouns.
Megustaelcuarto............................................. Iliketheroom.
Nosgustanloslibros.......................................... Welikethebooks.
InEnglish,thefollowingsentencesarecorrect:
Iliketheroom
Welikethebooks.
Examinethesamesentencesmoreclosely.
Iliketheroom.
I=subjectofsentence
like=verb
theroom=directobject

Welikethebooks.
We=subjectofsentence
like=verb
thebooks=directobject
InEnglish,itiscorrecttoconstructasentencethathasthesubjectlikingadirectobject.
InSpanish,thisneveroccurs.InSpanish,adifferentconstructionisused.
English..................... Iliketheroom.
Spanish.................... Theroomispleasingtome.

English..................... Welikethebooks.
Spanish.................... Thebooksarepleasingtous.
Therstthingyouneedtonoticeisthatbothversionsreallymeanthesamething.They
aremerelydifferentexpressionsofthesameidea.
Idea......................... Myfeelingswithregardtothebookarepositive.

EnglishWay............. Ilikethebook.
SpanishWay............ Thebookispleasingtome.
ThesecondthingtonoticeisthatinEnglish,thesubjectofthesentenceistheperson(I,
we)whileinSpanishthesubjectofthesentenceistheobject(room,books).
Theroomispleasingtome.
Subject:Theroom

Iliketheroom.
Subject:I
StudySpanish.com
FinallynoticethatwhiletheEnglishsentencehasadirectobject,theSpanishsentencehas
anindirectobject.
Theroomispleasingtome.
me=IndirectObject

Iliketheroom.
room=DirectObject
Letsstudythefollowingexample:
Megustanloslibros.

LiteralTranslation..... Tomearepleasingthebooks.
ActualTranslation.... Ilikethebooks.
Noticethatgustarisconjugatedasgustannotgusto.Acommonmistakeistosay
Megustoloslibros.Thisisincorrectbecausethesubjectofthesentenceisloslibros
eventhoughitcomesattheend.Remember,theverbisconjugatedtoagreewiththe
Megustanloslibros.(Ilikethebooks.)
Noticethattheconjugationofgustarchangestogustawhenthesubjectofthe
sentenceissingular.
Megustaellibro.(Ilikethebook.)
Sincethesubjectofthesentencemustbeeithersingular(book)orplural(books),theonly
formsofgustaryouwillusearegustaandgustan.ThisistrueregardlessofwhatIO
pronounappearsinthesentence.
Megustaellibro................................................ Ilikethebook.
Tegustaellibro.................................................. Youlikethebook.
Nosgustaellibro............................................... Welikethebook.
Megustanloslibros........................................... Ilikethebooks.
Tegustanloslibros............................................. Youlikethebooks.
Nosgustanloslibros.......................................... Welikethebooks.
Remember,gustarbecomeseithergustaorgustan,dependinguponwhetherthesubject
ofthesentenceissingularorplural.IthasnothingtodowithwhichIOpronounisused.
Subjectissingularusegusta
Megustaellibro.
Tegustaellibro.

Subjectispluralusegustan
Megustanloslibros.
Tegustanloslibros.
Remember,theIOpronounisnotthesubjectofthesentence!
Nosgustamos...incorrect!
Tegustas...incorrect!
StudySpanish.com
Herearesomeexamplesofthecorrectuseofgustar.Noticethattheonlyformsofgustar
thatappeararegustaandgustan,eventhougheachoftheIOpronounsisused.
SINGULARSUBJECT PLURALSUBJECT
Megustalacasa................................................ Megustanlascasas.
Tegustaelcuarto............................................... Tegustanloscuartos.
Legustalasilla................................................... Legustanlassillas.
Nosgustaelhotel.............................................. Nosgustanloshoteles.
Osgustalacomida............................................. Osgustanlascomidas.
Lesgustaelreloj................................................ Lesgustanlosrelojes.
Lookmorecloselyatoneexample:
Legustalasilla.
Itisimpossibletotellwhetherthismeans:
1.Helikesthechair.
2.Shelikesthechair.
3.You(usted)likethechair.
Forpurposesofclarication,thesentencewilloftenbeginwithaprepositionalphrase
thatclariesjustwhotheIOpronounrefersto.
Allegustalasilla............................................. Helikesthechair.
AJuanlegustalasilla........................................ Johnlikesthechair.
Aellalegustalasilla.......................................... Shelikesthechair.
AMaralegustalasilla...................................... Marylikesthechair.
Austedlegustalasilla....................................... You(formal)likethechair.
Asyoucansee,byaddingaprepositionalphrase,weremovetheambiguityoftheleform.
Youcanalsouseaprepositionalphrasetoaddemphasis,evenifthereisnoambiguity.
1.AJuanlegustaelcaf................................... Johnlikescoffee.
2.Ammegustaelt........................................ Iliketea.
Intherstexample,aJuanclariestheambiguouspronounle.Inthesecondexample,there
isnoambiguity.MegustaeltcanonlymeanIliketea.Inthiscase,amaddsemphasis,
drawingattentiontothefactthatteaiswhatIlike(ascontrastedwithwhatJuanlikes).
Anotherwaytolookatit:
Johnlikescoffee.Me,Iliketea........................... AJuanlegustaelcaf.Ammegustaelt.
Nowthatyouknowhowtocorrectlyusetheverbgustar,hereisalistofverbsthat
operateinthesamemanner:
aburrir...................... tobore
fascinar.................... Tobefascinatingto
bastar...................... tobesufcient
importar................... tobeimportantto
caerbien(mal)......... to(not)suit
interesar................... tobeinterestingto
darasco................... tobeloathsome
molestar................... tobeabother
StudySpanish.com
disgustar.................. tohatesomething
parecer.................... toappeartobe
doler(o:ue).............. tobepainful
picar........................ toitch
encantar.................. tolovesomething
quedar..................... tobeleftover,remain
faltar........................ tobelackingsomething
volver(o:ue)loco...... tobecrazyabout
Thepracticeexercisesfocuson5usefulverbs:
gustar
faltar
molestar
parecer
disgustar
Notethatalloftheotherverbslistedabovebehaveinthesamefashionasthevepracticeverbs.
Letsaddaashcardforthespecialverbgustar:
VerbFlashcards
19. AJuanlegustaellibro.
AJuanlegustanloslibros.

Tolikesomething
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Verbs Like Gustar
A. Select the correct form of gustar. C. Select the correct form of disgustar.
1. Me _____ la comida. I like the food. 9. Me _____ la msica moderna. I hate modern
gusta music.
gustan disgusta
disgustan
2. Me _____ los libros. I like the books.
gusta 10. Les _____ los deportes. They hate sports.
gustan disgusta
disgustan
3. Te _____ las pinturas. You like the paintings.
gusta 11. Les _____ la televisin. They hate television.
gustan disgusta
disgustan
4. Le _____ la carne. She likes meat.
gusta 12. Te _____ este libro. You hate this book.
gustan disgusta
disgustas
B. Select the correct form of faltar.
D. Select the correct form of parecer.
5. Me _____ el dinero para comprar
el anillo. Im lacking the money to buy 13. La pelcula me _____ buena. The movie
the ring. seems good to me.
falta parece
faltan parecen
6. Nos _____ el dinero para comprar 14. Los autos les _____ baratos. The cars seem
los boletos. Were lacking the money to

inexpensive to them.
buy the tickets.
parece
falta
parecen
faltamos
15. La casa nos _____ cara. The house seems
7. Le _____ cuatro sillas. Shes lacking expensive to us.
four chairs.
parece
falta
parecemos
faltan
16. La ropa te _____ fea. The clothing seems
8. Le _____ el botn. Hes missing a button. ugly to you.
falta parece
faltan pareces
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E. Select the correct form of molestar. 19. Los anuncios le _____ poco. The
commercials bother him little.
17. El ruido les _____ mucho. The noise bothers
molesta
them a lot.
molestan
molesta
molestan 20. Los borrachos me _____ en la calle. The
drunks bother me in the street.
18. A veces la humedad le _____ . Sometimes,
molesta
the humidity bothers her.
molestan
molesta
molestan
StudySpanish.com
Present Progressive
The present progressive is formed by combining the verb to be with the present
participle. (The present participle is merely the -ing form of a verb.)
I am studying.
I am studying with Mara.
In English, present progressive can be used to describe what is happening now, or what
will happen in the future.
I am studying now.
I am studying with Mara tonight.
In Spanish, the present progressive is only used to describe an action that is in the process
of taking place. It is not used for future actions.
I am studying now.
(use present progressive)
I am studying with Mara tonight.

(do not use present progressive)
To form the present progressive in Spanish, combine a form of estar with the present
participle.
Estoy hablando .................................................. I am speaking.
Juan est comiendo ........................................... John is eating.
Mara est escribiendo una carta ........................ Mary is writing a letter.
In order to form the present progressive, you must know how to conjugate the verb estar,
and how to form the present participle. You already know how to conjugate the verb
estar:
estar
estoy
ests
est
estamos
estis
estn
To form the present participle of regular -ar verbs, add -ando to the stem of the verb.
hablar: hablando
(hablar - ar + ando)
trabajar: trabajando
(trabajar - ar + ando)
estudiar: estudiando
(estudiar - ar + ando)
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To form the present participle of regular -er and -ir verbs, add -iendo to the stem of the
verb.
comer: comiendo
(comer - er + iendo)
hacer: haciendo
(hacer - er + iendo)
vivir: viviendo
(vivir - ir + iendo)
escribir: escribiendo
(escribir - ir + iendo)
To form the present participle of -ir stem changing verbs, change e:i and o:u in the stem,
and then add -iendo to the stem of the verb.
servir: sirviendo
pedir: pidiendo
decir: diciendo
dormir: durmiendo
morir: muriendo
Although it is not an -ir stem changing verb, poder also changes o:u in the stem:
poder: pudiendo
Sometimes when forming the present participle it is necessary to change the spelling of
a word so that it agrees with the way it is pronounced. We call this an orthographic
change. Here are some common examples:
caer ......................... cayendo
creer ........................ creyendo
huir .......................... huyendo
ir .............................. yendo
influir ....................... influyendo
or ............................ oyendo
traer......................... trayendo
leer .......................... leyendo
seguir....................... siguiendo
The following examples illustrate the rules for forming the present participle.
hablar ...................... hablando (-ar)
comer ...................... comiendo (-er)
vivir .......................... viviendo (-ir)
decir ........................ diciendo (e:i)
dormir...................... durmiendo (o:u)
leer .......................... leyendo (orthographic)
seguir....................... siguiendo (orthographic)
StudySpanish.com
To form the present progressive, simply conjugate the verb estar to agree with the subject
of the sentence, and follow it with the present participle.
Juan est comiendo pan.
John is eating bread.
Mara y Carmen estn hablando con nosotros.

Mary and Carmen are speaking with us.
Remember, only use the present progressive for actions that are in progress. Compare
the uses of the present indicative with the uses of the present progressive.
Estudio espaol. (Present Indicative)
I study Spanish.
I am studying Spanish (these days).
I do study Spanish.
Estoy estudiando espaol. (Present Progressive)

I am studying (right now, at this moment) Spanish.
It is important to remember that you would never use the present progressive to say something
like We are going to Spain this summer. Use present progressive only for actions that are in
progress.
Lets add two more verb flashcards: one for present progressive and one for practice in
forming the present participle:
Verb Flashcards
20. Present Progressive
estar + present participle
I am speaking (right now, at this moment)
Never use present progressive for something that will occur in the future.
21. Present Participle (-ando, -iendo, yendo)
hablar - hablando (-ar)

comer - comiendo (-er)
vivir - viviendo (-ir)
decir - diciendo (e:i)
dormir - durmiendo (o:u)
leer - leyendo (orthographic)
seguir: siguiendo (orthographic)
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Present Progressive
A. Select the correct form of estar. B. Write the present participle for each
1. Juan _____ hablando espaol. regular -ar, -er and -ir verb.
John is speaking Spanish. 5. hablar

estoy _____
ests
est 6. comer
estamos _____
estis
7. vivir
estn
_____
2. Yo _____ escribiendo una carta.
I am writing a letter. C. Write the present participle for the
following -ir stem-changing verbs.
estoy
ests 8. conseguir
est _____
estamos
estis 9. pedir
estn _____
3. Los nios _____ jugando. 10. repetir

The children are playing.
_____
estoy
ests 11. seguir
est
_____
estamos
estis

12. sentir
estn
_____
4. Juan y yo _____ viniendo.
13. servir
John and I are coming.
estoy _____
ests
est 14. venir
estamos _____
estis
estn
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D. Write the present participle for the
following orthographic changing verbs.
15. caer 18. or
_____ _____
16. creer 19. construir
_____ _____
17. leer 20. huir
_____ _____
StudySpanish.com
Verbs with Irregular First Persons
Thefollowingverbshaveirregularformsfortherstpersonsingularofthepresenttense:
caber(tot)....................................................... yoquepo
caer(tofall)........................................................ yocaigo
conducir(todrive).............................................. yoconduzco
conocer(toknow,tobeacquaintedwith).......... yoconozco
escoger(tochoose)............................................ yoescojo
dirigir(todirect)................................................. yodirijo
hacer(todo,tomake)........................................ yohago
poner(toput,toplace)...................................... yopongo
saber(toknowsomething-afact)..................... yos
salir(toleave)..................................................... yosalgo
seguir(tofollow)................................................ yosigo
traer(tobring)................................................... yotraigo
valer(tobeworth)............................................. yovalgo
ver(tosee)......................................................... yoveo
Inadditiontomemorizingtheabovelistedverbs,youshouldfamiliarizeyourselfwiththe
followingthreerules:
1. Forverbsthatendin-cerand-cir,changethectozcfortheyoform:
conocer(toknow)......................................... yoconozco
conducir(todrive)......................................... yoconduzco
crecer(togrow)............................................ yocrezco
traducir(totranslate)..................................... yotraduzco
establecer(toestablish)................................. yoestablezco
producir(toproduce).................................... yoproduzco
2. Forverbsthatendin-gerand-gir,changethegtojfortheyoform:
escoger(tochoose)....................................... yoescojo
dirigir(todirect)............................................ yodirijo
emerger(toemerge)..................................... yoemerjo
ngir(topretend).......................................... yonjo
3. Forverbsthatendin-guir,changethegutogfortheyoform:
seguir(tofollow)........................................... yosigo
conseguir(toget).......................................... yoconsigo
distinguir(todistinguish)............................... yodistingo
Itisextremelyimportantthatyoulearntheseverbs,becausematerialcoveredlater
assumesthatyouhavemasteredthis.Attimes,learningtheirregularverbsmayseem
daunting,butitsnotasbadasitseems.Yourbesttoolisyourverbashcards,which
shouldbeseparatefromanyotherashcardsyoumightbeusing.Addthefollowing14
verbashcardstoyourcollection:
StudySpanish.com
VerbFlashcards
22. caber(tot)................................................ yoquepo
23. caer(tofall)................................................. yocaigo
24. conducir(todrive)....................................... yoconduzco
25. conocer(toknow,tobeacquaintedwith)... yoconozco
26. escoger(tochoose)..................................... yoescojo
27. dirigir(todirect).......................................... yodirijo
28. hacer(todo,tomake)................................. yohago
29. poner(toput,toplace)............................... yopongo
30. saber(toknowsomethingafact).............. yos
31. salir(toleave).............................................. yosalgo
32. seguir(tofollow)......................................... yosigo
33. traer(tobring)............................................. yotraigo
34. valer(tobeworth)....................................... yovalgo
35. ver(tosee).................................................. yoveo
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Verbs with Irregular First Persons
A. For each infinitive, write the first person
singular (yo) form for the present tense.
1. caber yo _____
yo _____ 12. valer
2. caer yo _____
yo _____ 13. ver
3. conducir yo _____
yo _____ 14. crecer
4. conocer yo _____
yo _____ 15. traducir
5. escoger yo _____
yo _____ 16. establecer
6. dirigir yo _____
yo _____ 17. fingir
7. hacer yo _____
yo _____ 18. distinguir
8. poner yo _____
yo _____ 19. descoger
9. salir yo _____

yo _____
B. For the verb saber, choose the correct
10. seguir first person singular (yo) form for the
present tense.
yo _____
20. saber
11. traer
se
s
StudySpanish.com
Saber vs Conocer / Pedir vs Preguntar
InSpanish,therearetwoverbsthatexpresstheideatoknow.Thesetwoverbsare
saberandconocer.Theverbyouchoosedependsuponthecontextinwhichitisused.
Theseverbsarenotinterchangeable.
Toexpressknowledgeorignoranceofafactorinformationaboutsomething,usesaber.
JuansabedondeestMara............................... JuanknowswhereMariais.
Yonostunmerodetelfono......................... Idontknowyourtelephonenumber.
Tosaythatoneisorisnotacquaintedwithaperson,aplace,oranobject,useconocer.
YonoconozcoaMara...................................... Idontknow(amnotacquaintedwith)Maria.
AlbertoyAlfredoconocenMadrid..................... AlbertoandAlfredoknow
(areacquaintedwith)Madrid.
Toexpressknowledgeorignoranceofasubjectorlearningdiscipline,usesaberor
conocer,dependinguponthecontext.
Juannosabenadadeingls............................... JuandoesntknowanyEnglish.
lsabematemticas........................................... Heknowsmathematics.
Juanconocelaliteraturaespaola...................... JuanisfamiliarwithSpanishliterature.
Toexpressknowledgeorignoranceofaskill,orhowtodosomething,usesaber+
innitive.
Marasabeconducir........................................... Mariaknowshowtodrive.
Nosnadarmuybien........................................ Idontknowhowtoswimverywell.
Tosaythatyouknowsomethingbyheart,usesaber.
Marasabelosverbosirregulares........................ Mariaknowstheirregularverbs(byheart).
Ellanosabelaletradeesacancin..................... Shedoesntknowthewordstothatsong.
Thesituationwithregardstothecorrectuseofsaberandconocercanbesummarizedas
follows:
saber:toknowafact,toknowsomethingthoroughly,toknowhowtodosomething

conocer:tobeacquaintedwithaperson,place,orthing
ThesamesortofsituationexistswithrespecttothetwoSpanishverbspedirand
preguntar.Theybothmeantoaskbuttheyarenotinterchangeable.Fortunately,the
rulesforusingthemareabitmorestraightforward:
pedir:toaskfor,orrequestanobject,serviceorfavor
Pidomscarne........ Iaskformoremeat.
Pedimosahora......... Weordernow(askforservice).
preguntar:toaskaquestion,orrequestinformation
Preguntoquhoraes......................................... Iaskwhattimeitis.
Preguntamosaquhorasirvenlacena.............. Weaskwhattimetheyservedinner.
StudySpanish.com
Yourverbashcardsshouldbeyourconstantcompanions.Youshouldalwayshavethem
withyou,andyoushouldpullthemoutseveraltimeseachday,evenifyouonlylookat
themforacoupleofminutes.Now,letsaddthesetwoverbstoourgrowingstack:
VerbFlashcards
36. SabervsConocer
saber:toknow(facts,information,howtodosomething,somethingbyheart)
conocer:toknow(tobefamiliarwithpeople,places,things)
37. PedirvsPreguntar
pedir:toask(foranobjectoraservice)
preguntar:toask(aquestion,requestinformation)
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Saber vs Conocer ; Pedir vs Preguntar
A. Write the correct verb form, based upon
the context of the sentence.
1. Yo _____ a Juan. Somos muy amigos. 11. Ud. y Humberto no _____ bien Acapulco.
I know Juan. Were good friends. Es su primera vez en Mxico.
2. Busco el libro. _____ usted dnde est? You and Humberto arent familiar with
Acapulco. Its your first time to Mexico.
Im looking for the book. Do you know
where it is? 12. Ella es una amiga suya. Ud. _____ que es
3. Tengo que llamar a Mara. _____ (t) su una seorita inteligente.
nmero de telfono? She is your friend. You know shes an
I have to call Maria. Do you know her intelligent young lady.
phone number?
13. Son bilinges. _____ hablar espaol e ingls.
4. Pablo es nio. No _____ conducir. They are bilingual. They know how to
Pablo is a child. He doesnt know how to speak Spanish and English.
drive.
14. Vivo en una choza. No _____ la msica
5. Quiere hablar bien el espaol? Es necesario moderna.
_____ los verbos irregulares. I live in a shack. Im not familiar with
Do you want to speak Spanish well? modern music.
You must know (by heart) the irregular
verbs. (hint: use the infinitive) 15. Vamos a _____ el dinero.
We are going to ask for the money.
6. Pregunta a Juan. l _____ los resultados.
Ask Juan. He knows the results. 16. Juan _____ ms comida.
Juan asks for more food.
7. La chica es muy inteligente. Ya _____ el
lgebra. 17. Voy a _____ a qu hora cierran las puertas.
The girl is very intelligent. She already Im going to ask what time they close the

knows algebra. doors.
8. Tengo que ir. _____ (t) la hora? 18. Los nios siempre _____ regalos.
I have to leave. Do you know what time it is? The children always ask for presents.
9. El hombre es genio. _____ que dos ms 19. Mara _____ cundo empieza la fiesta.
dos son cuatro.
Maria asks when the party begins.
The man is a genius. He knows that two
and two are four. 20. El chico le _____ a la chica cul es tu
nmero de telfono?
10. _____ los cuadros de Picasso. Nos gustan.
The boy asks the girl for her telephone
We are familiar with Picassos paintings. number.
We like them.
StudySpanish.com
First,letsreviewthecardinalnumbers130:
1. uno 16. diecisis
2. dos 17. diecisiete
3. tres 18. dieciocho
4. cuatro 19. diecinueve
5. cinco 20. veinte
6. seis 21. veintiuno
7. siete 22. veintids
8. ocho 23. veintitrs
9. nueve 24. veinticuatro
25. veinticinco
10. diez
11. once 26. veintisis
12. doce 27.veintisiete
13. trece 28. veintiocho
14. catorce 29. veintinueve
15. quince 30. treinta
Thenextstepistolearntocountby10sallthewayto100:
10. diez 60. sesenta
20. veinte 70. setenta
30. treinta 80. ochenta
40. cuarenta 90. noventa
50. cincuenta 100. cien
Now,seehoweasyitistollinthegaps:
31. treintayuno 38.treintayocho
32.treintaydos 39.treintaynueve
33.treintaytres 40.cuarenta
34.treintaycuatro 41.cuarentayuno
35.treintaycinco 42.cuarentaydos
36.treintayseis etc.
37.treintaysiete
Thispatterncontinuesallthewayto100:
53.cincuentaytres 78.setentayocho
54.cincuentaycuatro 88.ochentayocho
65.sesentaycinco 99.noventaynueve
66.sesentayseis etc.
From101199,useciento:
cientouno
cientodos
cientotres
cientosesentayuno
cientosesentaydos
etc.
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Noticethatyisusedonlyinnumbers31-99(and131-199,231-299,331-399,etc.)andit
isnotusedtoseparatehundredsfromtens.
Correct:cientoochentaynueve
Incorrect:cientoyochentaynueve
Togetto1000,alloftherulesyouhavelearnedsofarcontinuetoapply.Allyouneedto
donowislearntocountby100sallthewayto1000,andthatisquiteeasy:
100. cien
200. doscientos
300. trescientos
400. cuatrocientos
500. quinientos
600. seiscientos
700. setecientos
800. ochocientos
900. novecientos
1000. mil
Herearesomemoreexamples:
142. cientocuarentaydos
375. trescientossetentaycinco
612. seiscientosdoce
907. novecientossiete
999. novecientosnoventaynueve
Rememberfromanearlierlesson,thereisamasculineandafeminineformforthe
numberone:
Thisisalsotrueforthenumbers200,300,400,etc.
doscientoslibros
doscientasplumas

cuatrocientosseores
cuatrocientasseoras
Whenthereisexactly100ofsomething,andthenumberisusedwiththenoun,usethe
shortenedformcien.
ciendlares
ciengatas
cienperros
cienpesetas
Finally,inSpanishaperiodisusedtoindicatethousands,andacommaisusedasadecimal
point.
English..................... 1,543.67
Spanish.................... 1.543,67
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Quiz #1
A. What number comes next?
1. 10,20,30, ? 8. two hundred birds
cincuenta dos cientos pjaros
cuarenta doscientos pjaros
cien
9. two hundred pages
noventa
doscientos pginas
2. 20,30,40, ? doscientas pginas
ochenta
10. six hundred pages
sesenta
seiscientos pginas
noventa
seiscientas pginas
cincuenta
C. Write the following numbers.
3. 30,40,50, ?
11. (892)
sesenta
setenta 12. (174)
cuarenta
noventa 13. (676)
4. 40,50,60, ? 14. (767)

cien 15. (329)
setenta
cuarenta 16. (102)
ochenta 17. (607)
B. Choose the correct translation.
18. (576)

5. forty-six hands
19. (541)
cuarentaseis manos
cuarenta y seis manos 20. (504)
6. one hundred birds
cien pjaros
cientos pjaros
7. one hundred pages

cien pginas
cientas pginas
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Telling Time
The verb ser is used to express the time of day. Use es when referring to one oclock and
use son when referring to all other hours.
Es la una ............................................................ Its one oclock.
Son las dos......................................................... Its two oclock.
The feminine article (la, las) is used before the hour because it refers to la hora.
Es la una ............................................................ Its one oclock.
Son las dos......................................................... Its two oclock.
Minutes can be added to the hour using the word y (and).

Es la una y cinco................................................. Its five minutes past one.
Son las tres y doce ............................................. Its twelve minutes past three.
Minutes can be subtracted from the hour using the word menos (less).
Es la una menos cinco ........................................ Its five minutes till one.
Son las tres menos doce ..................................... Its twelve minutes till three.
You can also use the words media (half) and cuarto (quarter).
Es la una y media ............................................... Its half past one.
Son las dos y cuarto ........................................... Its quarter past two.
Son las tres menos cuarto. ................................. Its quarter till three.
To say something occurs at a specific time, use the formula a + la(s) + time.
La fiesta empieza a las nueve ............................. The party begins at nine oclock.
El banco abre a las ocho y media ........................ The bank opens at half past eight.
To differentiate between a.m. and p.m. use the expressions de la maana, de la tarde and
de la noche.
Son las dos de la tarde ....................................... Its two in the afternoon.
Son las dos de la maana ................................... Its two in the morning.
Son las diez de la noche ..................................... Its ten in the evening.
When no specific time is mentioned, use the expressions por la maana, por la tarde, por
la noche.
Siempre leo el peridico por las maanas ........... I always read the newspaper in the morning.
Here are a number of useful time expressions:

por la maana.................................................... in the morning (no specific time)
de la maana ..................................................... in the morning (specific time)
por la tarde ........................................................ in the afternoon (no specific time)
de la tarde ......................................................... in the afternoon (specific time)
por la noche....................................................... in the evening or night (no specific time)
de la noche ........................................................ in the evening or night (specific time)
la maana .......................................................... morning
el maana .......................................................... morrow, future
maana por la maana ...................................... tomorrow morning
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pasado maana ................................................. the day after tomorrow
ayer ................................................................... yesterday
anoche............................................................... last night
la noche anterior, anteanoche ............................ the night before last
el lunes que viene .............................................. next Monday
la semana que viene........................................... next week
el ao que viene................................................. next year
el lunes pasado .................................................. last Monday
la semana pasada............................................... last week
el ao pasado .................................................... last year
al medioda ........................................................ at noon
a la medianoche................................................. at midnight
alrededor de ...................................................... around
de da ................................................................ days
durante el da..................................................... during the day
a tiempo ............................................................ on time
en punto ............................................................ exactly, on-the-dot
tarde .................................................................. late
temprano ........................................................... early
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Quiz #1
Telling Time
A. Write the appropriate form of ser.
1. _____ la una. 12. Its four p.m.
Son las cuatro ___________ .
2. _____ las dos.
de la maana.
B. Translate the following sentences. de la tarde.
3. Its four twenty. de la noche.
________________ 13. Its eight in the evening.
4. Its seven after eight. Son las ocho ___________ .
________________ de la maana.
de la tarde.
5. Its a quarter till seven. de la noche.
________________
14. Its 2 a.m.
6. Its five till two. Son las dos ___________ .
________________ de la maana.
de la tarde.
7. Its twenty minutes till nine.
de la noche.
________________
15. Its 2 p.m.
8. Its a quarter past four.
Son las dos ___________ .
________________
de la maana.
9. Its half past ten. de la tarde.
________________ de la noche.
D. Choose the correct expression.

C. Choose the correct expression.
16. Juan runs in the mornings.
10. Its two oclock in the afternoon.
Juan corre ___________ .
Son las dos ___________ .
de la maana.
de la maana.
de las maanas.
de la tarde.
por las maanas.
de la noche.
17. I watch television in the evenings.
11. Its four a.m.
Veo la tele ___________ .
Son las cuatro ___________ .
de la noche.
de la maana.
de las noches.
de la tarde.
por las noches.
de la noche.
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18. The plane arrives at 8 a.m. 20. The party begins at nine p.m.
El avin llega a las ocho ___________ . La fiesta empieza a las nueve ___________ .
de la maana. de la noche.
en las maanas. por la noche.
por la maana. en la noche.
19. I always take a nap in the afternoon.

Siempre me echo una siesta ___________ .
de la tarde.
en la tarde.
por las tardes.
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Por y para
Por and para have a variety of meanings, and they are often confused because they
can each be translated as for.
Gracias por la informacin Thanks for the information.
Este regalo es para Juan This gift is for Juan.
To learn to use por and para correctly, you need to do two things:
1. Learn the rules for how por and para are used.
2. Memorize model sentences.
Por has many uses, and so it is the more problematic of the two.
Rule: to express gratitude or apology
Model: Gracias por la ayuda.
(Thanks for the help.)
Rule: for multiplication and division

Model: Dos por dos son cuatro.
(Two times two equals four.)
Rule: for velocity, frequency and proportion

Model: Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana.
(I go to the restaurant five times per week.)
Rule: meaning through, along, by or in the area of

Model: Andamos por el parque.
(We walk through the park.)
Rule: when talking about exchange, including sales

Model: l me dio diez dlares por el libro.
(He gave me ten dollars for the book.)
Rule: to mean on behalf of, or in favor of,

Model: No vot por nadie.
(I didnt vote for anyone.)
Rule: to express a length of time

Model: Yo estudi por dos horas.
(I studied for two hours.)
Rule: to express an undetermined, or general time, meaning during

Model: Se puede ver las estrellas por la noche.
(One can see the stars during the night.)
Rule: for means of communication or transportation

Model: Prefiero viajar por tren y hablar por telfono.
(I prefer to travel by train and speak by phone.)
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Rule: in cases of mistaken identity, or meaning to be seen as
Model: Me tienen por loco.
(They take me for crazy.)
Rule: to show the reason for an errand (with ir, venir, pasar, mandar, volver, and preguntar)
Model: Paso por ti a las ocho.
(Ill come by for you at eight oclock.)
Rule: when followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to be completed, use por + infinitive
Model: La cena est por cocinar.
(Dinner has yet to be cooked.)
Rule: to express cause or reason
Model: El hombre muri por falta de agua.
The man died for lack of water.
Rule: estar por means to be in the mood, or inclined to do something

Model: Estoy por tomar caf.
(Im in the mood for drinking coffee.)
Rule: in passive constructions

Model: El libro fue escrito por Octavio Paz.
(The book was written by Octavio Paz.)
Por also appears in many idiomatic expressions:

por adelantado .................................................. in advance
por lo visto ......................................................... apparently
por ahora ........................................................... for now
por medio de ..................................................... by means of
por all ............................................................... around there; that way
por lo menos...................................................... at least
por amor de Dios ............................................... for the love of God
por lo tanto........................................................ consequently
por aqu ............................................................. around here; this way ..
por mi parte ....................................................... as for me
por casualidad.................................................... by chance
por ningn lado ................................................. nowhere
por ciento .......................................................... percent
por otra parte .................................................... on the other hand
por cierto ........................................................... certainly
palabra por palabra ............................................ word for word
por completo ..................................................... completely
por primera vez .................................................. for the first time
por dentro ......................................................... inside
por separado...................................................... separately
por desgracia ..................................................... unfortunately
por supuesto ...................................................... of course
por ejemplo ....................................................... for example
por suerte .......................................................... fortunately
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por eso .............................................................. therefore
por todas partes ................................................. everywhere
por favor ............................................................ please
por todos lados .................................................. on all sides
por fin................................................................ finally
por ltimo .......................................................... finally
por lo general .................................................... generally
Para in contrast, has relatively fewer uses.

Rule: to indicate destination
Model: El hombre sali para Madrid.
(The man left for Madrid.)
Rule: to show the use or purpose of a thing

Model: El vaso es para agua.
(The glass is for water.)
Rule: to mean in order to or for the purpose of

Model: Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes.
To make a paella, first saut the meats.
Rule: to indicate a recipient

Model: Este regalo es para ti.
(This gift is for you.)
Rule: to express a deadline or specific time

Model: Necesito el vestido para el lunes.
(I need the dress by Monday.)
Rule: to express a contrast from what is expected

Model: Para un nio lee muy bien.
(For a child, he reads very well.)
Rule: estar para to express an action that will soon be completed

Model: El tren est para salir.
(The train is about to leave.)
It is quite important to learn to use these two prepositions correctly, because if you
inadvertently substitute one for the other, you might end up saying something altogether
different from what you had intended. Study the two examples:
Juan compr el regalo para Mara ...................... Juan bought the gift for Maria.
(he bought it to give to her)
Juan compr el regalo por Mara ........................ Juan bought the gift for Maria.
(he bought it because she could not)
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Por and para can also be used in questions. Por qu? means Why? (for what
reason) while Para qu? means Why? (for what purpose).
Por qu estudias espaol? ................................ For what reason do you study Spanish?
Possible answer:
Porque es un requisito ........................................ Because its required.
Para qu estudias espaol?............................... For what purpose do you study Spanish?

Possible answer:
Para ser profesor de espaol .............................. In order to become a Spanish teacher.
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Quiz #1
Por and Para
A. Choose the correct preposition.
1. _____ eso, volvi tarde. 8. Los toros corren _____ las calles.
(For that reason he returned late.) (The bulls run through the streets.)
por por
para para
2. El estudiante fue _____ el lpiz. 9. Lo har _____ el lunes.

(The student went for the pencil.) (He will do it by Monday.)
por por
para para
3. Una casa cuesta _____ lo menos treinta 10. Fidel habl _____ cuatro horas.
mil dlares.
(Fidel spoke for four hours.)
(A house costs at least thirty thousand por
dollars.)
para
por
para 11. Vamos a la playa _____ nadar.
(We go to the beach for the purpose of
4. Llegu tarde _____ el trfico.
swimming.)
(I arrived late because of the traffic.) por
por para
para
12. Te dar $50 _____ tus pantalones.
5. Me enviaste el dinero _____ correo?
(Ill give you $50 for your pants.)
(Did you send me the money by mail?) por
por para
para

13. Me pagan dos veces _____ mes.
6. Pagu veinte dlares _____ la camisa.
(They pay me twice a month.)
(I paid twenty dollars for the shirt.) por
por para
para
14. Salgo _____ Madrid.
7. La casa de piedra fue construida _____ los
(I leave for Madrid.)
incas.
por
(The stone house was built by the Incas.)
para
por
para
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15. Tienes algo _____ m? 18. Ese libro es _____ Manuel.
(Do you have something for me?) (That book is for Manuel.)
por por
para para
16. Andrs tom el avin _____ Barcelona. 19. Estudio _____ aprender.
(I study in order to learn.)
(Andrs took the plane for Barcelona.)
por
por
para
para
20. El autobs va a 100 kilmetros _____ hora.
17. Me ca _____ el hielo.
(The bus goes 100 kilometers per hour.)
(I fell because of the ice.)
por
por para
para
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Irregular Comparatives
Recallfromapreviouslessonsomeexamplesofcomparativesandsuperlatives:
Teresmsaltoqueyo..................................... YouaretallerthanI.
Juaneselchicomsinteligentedelaclase......... Johnisthesmartestboyintheclass.
Thefollowingadjectiveshaveirregularformsforthecomparativeandthesuperlative:
Adjective:bueno(good)
Comparative:mejor(better)
Superlative:el/lamejor(best)

Adjective:malo(bad)
Comparative:peor(worse)
Superlative:el/lapeor(theworst)
Notethatthewordsmsandmenosarenotusedwiththeirregularcomparatives.
Correct:Estelibroesbueno,peroeselibroesmejor.
Correct:Estapelculaesmala,peroesapelculaespeor.
Withtheirregularsuperlatives,thedenitearticleisused.
Estelibroesbueno............................................. Thisbookisgood.
Eselibroesmejor............................................... Thatbookisbetter.
Aquellibroeselmejor....................................... Thatbookoverthereisthebest.
Herearetwomoreadjectiveswithirregularcomparativesandsuperlatives:
Adjective:grande(big)
Comparative:mayor(older;greater)
Superlative:el/lamayor(theoldest;thegreatest)

Adjective:pequeo(small)
Comparative:menor(younger;less)
Superlative:el/lamenor(youngest;least)
Notethatwhenreferringtosize,grandeandpequeofollowthenormalrulesfor
comparativeandsuperlativeforms.Thatis,theydonotusetheirregularformsmenorand
mayor.
Estacasaesgrande............................................ Thishouseisbig.
Esacasaesmsgrande...................................... Thathouseisbigger.
Aquellacasaeslamsgrande............................ Thathouseoverthereisthebiggest.
Whenreferringtoage,usetheirregularformsmayorandmenor.
JuanesmenorqueMara................................... JuanisyoungerthanMaria.
Maraeslamayordelafamilia........................... Mariaistheoldestofthefamily.
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Whenreferringtotheconceptslessorgreater,usetheirregularformsmayorand
menor.
Elaguaesdemayorimportanciaquelacomida...... Waterismoreimportantthanfood.
Lacomidaesdemenorimportanciaqueelagua... Foodislessimportantthanwater.
Thewordsjovenandviejoareusedfornon-comparativedescriptionsofage.
Elnioesjoven.................................................. Theboyisyoung.
Elabueloesviejo................................................ Thegrandfatherisold.
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Quiz #1
Irregular Comparatives
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct
comparative forms.
1. Mara es _____ que Juan. 11. Aquella casa es la ms _____ de todas.
Mara is older than Juan. That house over there is the biggest one
of all.
2. Ella es la _____ de la familia.
12. Aquel auto es ms _____ que ste.
She is the youngest of the family.
That car over there is bigger than this one.
3. Esta pelcula es _____ que la otra.
13. Aquel auto es _____ que ste.
This movie is worse than the other.
That car over there is better than this one.
4. Esa pelcula es la _____ de todas.
14. Estos perros son _____ .
That movie is the worst one of all.
These dogs are big.
5. Ese auto es el _____
15. Esos perros son ms _____.
That car is the best.
Those dogs are bigger.
6. La nia es _____.
16. Aqullos son los ms _____ de todos.
The little girl is young.
Those over there are the biggest of all.
7. La abuela es _____.
17. El nio es _____ que la nia.
The grandmother is old.
The boy is older than the girl.
8. Esta pluma es _____ .
18. La nia es _____ que el nio.
This pen is good.
The girl is younger than the boy.
9. Ese libro es _____.
19. El hombre es _____ que la mujer.
That book is bad.
The man is older than the woman.
10. Aquella casa es la _____ .
20. La mujer es _____ que el hombre.
That house over there is the best.
The woman is younger than the man.
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Demonstratives
Inthislesson,wewilldiscussdemonstrativesoftwotypes:demonstrativeadjectivesand
demonstrativepronouns.Therststepinclearlyunderstandingthesetwotopicsisto
reviewthedifferencesbetweenadjectivesandpronouns.
adjective:describesanoun
pronoun:takestheplaceofanoun
Inthefollowingsentences,thewordsinboldallfunctionasadjectives,sincetheyall
describethenounbook.
Givemetheredbook.
Givemethebigbook.
Givemethatbook.
Givemethisbook.
NoticethatadjectivesanswerthequestionWhich?inrelationtothenounsthattheymodify.
(Whichbook?Theredbook.Thebigbook.Thatbook.Thisbook.)
Inthefollowingsentences,thewordsinboldallfunctionaspronouns,sincetheyalltake
theplaceofanoun.
Mariaisnext;givehertheball.
Juanishere;sayhellotohim.
Thatpencilisyours;thisismine.
Thisbookismine;thatisyours.
Noticethatpronounsreplaceanoun.(herreplacesMaria-himreplacesJuan-this
replacespencil-thatreplacesbook)
Asyouhavejustseen,thewordsthisandthatcanfunctionasbothadjectivesand
pronouns.
Thisbookismine.(adjective)
Thisismine.(pronoun)

Thatbookisyours.(adjective)
Thatisyours.(pronoun)
InSpanish,theonlydifferencebetweendemonstrativepronounsanddemonstrative
adjectivesisthatdemonstrativepronounshaveawrittenaccent.
Juanreadsthisbook.(adjective)........................ Juanleeestelibro.
Juanreadsthis.(pronoun)................................. Juanleeste.
ThatstatueisGreek.......................................... Esaestatuaesgriega.
ThatisAmerican............................................... saesamericana.
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SpanishhasthreewordswhereEnglishonlyhastwo.InEnglish,wesaythisorthat
dependinguponwhethertheobjectisclosetousornot.InSpanish,wealsosaythis
andthat,butthereisanother,separatewordusedtomeanthatoneoverthere.This
formisusedwhentheobjectismorethanjustashortdistanceaway,forexample,onthe
othersideoftheroom.Herearethethreeformsforthisthatandthatoneover
there.
este......................... this
ese.......................... that
aquel...................... thatoneoverthere
Remember,thedemonstrativepronounsarethesameasthedemonstrativeadjectives,
exceptthatthepronounshaveawrittenaccent.
this
este(adjective)
ste(pronoun)

that
ese(adjective)
se(pronoun)

thatoneoverthere
aquel(adjective)
aqul(pronoun)
AlsorememberthatinSpanish,adjectiveshavefourforms:masculinesingular,masculine
plural,femininesingular,feminineplural.Forexampletheadjectiveshorthasfour
formsinSpanish:bajo,bajos,baja,bajas.
elchicobajo loschicosbajos
lachicabaja laschicasbajas
Thedemonstrativeadjectivesalsohavefourforms:
estelibro(thisbook)
estoslibros(thesebooks)
estapluma(thispen)
estasplumas(thesepens)

eselibro(thatbook)
esoslibros(thosebooks)
esapluma(thatpen)
esasplumas(thosepens)

aquellibro(thatbookoverthere)
aquelloslibros(thosebooksoverthere)
aquellapluma(thatpenoverthere)
aquellasplumas(thosepensoverthere)
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Herearethecorrespondingdemonstrativepronouns:
ste(thisone-masculine)
stos(theseones-masculine)
sta(thisone-feminine)
stas(theseones-feminine)

se(thatone-masculine)
sos(thoseones-masculine)
sa(thatone-feminine)
sas(thoseones-feminine)

aqul(thatoneoverthere-masc.)
aqullos(thoseonesoverthere-masc.)
aqulla(thatoneoverthere-fem.)
aqullas(thoseonesoverthere-fem.)
Eachdemonstrativepronounalsohasaneuterform.Theydonotchangefornumberor
gender,theydonothaveawrittenaccent,andtheyareusedtorefertoabstractideas,or
toanunknownobject.
esto(thismatter,thisthing)
eso(thatmatter,thatthing)
aquello(thatmatter/thingoverthere)
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Quiz #1
Demonstratives
A. Choose the correct demonstrative adjective B. Choose the correct demonstrative adjective
that corresponds to this or these. that corresponds to that or those.
1. this pen 5. those women
_____ pluma _____ mujeres
este ese
estos esos
esta esa
estas esas
2. this book 6. that car
_____ libro _____ auto
este ese
estos esos
esta esa
estas esas
3. these girls 7. those buildings
_____ muchachas _____ edificios
este ese
estos esos
esta esa
estas esas
4. these apartments 8. that bed
_____ apartamentos _____ cama
este ese
estos esos
esta esa
estas esas
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C. Choose the correct demonstrative D. Choose the correct demonstrative adjective
adjective that corresponds to that _____ or demonstrative pronoun.
over there or those _____ over there.
13. That book is mine, but that one over there
9. those houses over there is hers.
_____ casas Ese libro es mo, pero _____ es suyo.
aquel este
aquellos aquel
aquella 14. These magazines are mine, but those over
aquellas there are his.
Estas revistas son mas, pero _____ son suyas.
10. that lady over there
aquellos
_____ seora
aquellas
aquel
15. This car is mine, but that one is his.
aquellos
Este coche es mo, pero _____ es suyo.
aquella
este
aquellas
ese
11. that tree over there
16. This table is mine, but that one is hers.
_____ rbol Esta mesa es ma, pero _____ es suya.
aquel aquel
aquellos esa
aquella
17. This magazine is mine, but that one is hers.
aquellas
_____ revista es ma, pero sa es suya.
12. those buildings over there
Esta
_____ edificios Esa
aquel
18. This book is mine, but that one is his.
aquellos
aquella _____ libro es mo, pero se es suyo.
aquellas Este
Ese
19. This is absurd!
_____ es absurdo!
Este
Ese
Esto
20. That bothers me.
_____ me molesta.
Ese
Ese
Eso
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Time Expressions with Hacer
Theverbhacercanbeusedinanumberofwaystoindicatethelengthoftimeanaction
hasbeentakingplace.Therstwayusestheformula:
Hace+time+que+presenttenseformoftheverb
Haceunaoqueestudioespaol....................... IhavebeenstudyingSpanishforoneyear.
Hacedosaosqueellasestudianingls............. TheyhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortwoyears.
Tomakethistypeofexpressionnegative,justaddthewordnobeforetheverb,asin
thefollowingformula:
Hace+time+que+no+presenttenseformoftheverb
Haceunaoquenoestudioespaol.................. IhaventstudiedSpanishforayear.
Hacedosaosqueellasnoestudianingls........ TheyhaventstudiedEnglishfortwoyears.
Anotherwaytousetheverbhacertoexpresshowlongsomethinghasbeentaking
placeistousethefollowingformula:
Presenttenseformoftheverb+desdehace+time
Estudioespaoldesdehaceunao.................... IhavebeenstudyingSpanishforoneyear.
Ellasestudianinglsdesdehacedosaos........... TheyhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortwoyears.
Tomakethistypeofexpressionnegative,againsimplyaddthewordnobeforethe
verb,asinthefollowingformula:
No+presenttenseformoftheverb+desdehace+time
Noestudioespaoldesdehaceunao.............. IhaventstudiedSpanishforayear.
Ellasnoestudianinglsdesdehacedosaos...... TheyhaventstudiedEnglishfortwoyears.
So,whenitcomestousingtheverbhacertoexpressthelengthoftimeanactionhas
beentakingplace,therearetwowaystosaythesamething:
Estudioespaoldesdehaceunao.
Haceunaoqueestudioespaol.
IhavebeenstudyingSpanishforoneyear.
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Quiz #1
Time Expressions with Hacer
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. I have been studying in this place for one 8. Weve been waiting for good news for
month. several days.
_____ un mes que estudio en este lugar. Esperamos buenas noticias _____ varios das.
Hace hace
Desde hace desde hace
2. I have been studying in this place for one 9. The lady hasnt come to the market for
month. two days.
Estudio en este lugar _____ un mes. _____ dos das que la seora no viene al
hace mercado.
desde hace Hace
Desde hace
3. We havent visited Spain for three years.
10. The lady hasnt come to the market for
_____ tres aos que no visitamos Espaa.
two days.
Hace
La seora no viene al mercado _____ dos das.
Desde hace
hace
4. We havent visited Spain for three years. desde hace
No visitamos Espaa _____ tres aos.
B. Write the missing word.
hace
desde hace 11. I have been eating in this restaurant for a year.
_____ un ao que como en este restaurante.
5. I havent eaten a tortilla in a long time.
_____ mucho tiempo que no como una 12. You have been studying Spanish for one year.
tortilla. Hace un ao _____ estudias espaol.
Hace
13. She hasnt worked for six months.
Desde hace
Hace seis meses que ella _____ trabaja.
6. I havent eaten a tortilla in a long time.
14. We havent eaten for two days.
No como una tortilla _____ mucho tiempo.
Hace dos das que no _____ .
hace
desde hace 15. Hes been reading the book for two hours.
7. Weve been waiting for good news for l lee el libro _____ hace dos horas.
several days.
16. I havent gone to the movies for two months.
_____ varios das que esperamos
No voy al cine desde _____ dos meses.
buenas noticias.
Hace
Desde hace
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17. Guadalupe has been working at the hotel 19. Ive been in this class for two weeks.
for five years.
_____ dos semanas que estoy en esta clase.
Hace cinco aos _____ Guadalupe trabaja
en el hotel. 20. Shes been waiting for you for an hour.
Ella te espera desde _____ una hora.
18. Juan has been teaching at the University
for four years.
Juan ensea en la universidad _____ hace
cuatro aos.
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Possessive Pronouns
Webeginthislessonwithareviewofthedifferencebetweenanadjectiveandapronoun.
adjective:describesanoun
pronoun:takestheplaceofanoun
Lookatthefollowingsentencepairs.Onehasanadjective,whiletheotherhasapronoun.
Mybookislarge.(adjective,describesbook)
Yoursissmall.(pronoun,takestheplaceofnoun)

Yourcarisgreen.(adjective,describescar)
Mineisred.(pronoun,takestheplaceofnoun)
Now,letslookateachsentencealittlemoreclosely.
Mybookislarge.
Myisanadjectivebecauseitmodies,ordescribesthenounbook.Furthermore,itisa
possessiveadjectivebecauseittellswhoowns,orpossesses,thebook.

Yoursissmall.
Yoursisapronoun,becauseitreplacesortakestheplaceofanoun.Inthiscase,theprevious
sentencetellsusthatyoursisreplacingthenounbook.Furthermore,itisapossessive
pronounbecauseittellswhoowns,orpossesses,thenounitisreplacing.

Yourcarisgreen.
Yourisanadjectivebecauseitmodiesthenouncar.Furthermore,itisapossessive
adjectivebecauseittellswhoowns,orpossesses,thecar.

Mineisred.
Mineisapronoun,becauseitreplacesortakestheplaceofanoun.Inthiscase,theprevious
sentencetellsusthatmineisreplacingthenouncar.Furthermore,itisapossessive
pronounbecauseittellswhoowns,orpossesses,thenounitisreplacing.
Sofar,wehavebeentalkingaboutthedifferencebetweenthepossessiveadjectiveand
thepossessivepronoun.Youwillrecallthatinapreviouslesson,youalreadylearned
aboutthepossessiveadjectives.
mi(s)
my
milibro
misplumas

tu(s)
your(fam.sing.)
tulibro
tusplumas

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su(s)
his,her,your(formal),their
sulibro
susplumas

nuestro(-a,-os,-as)
our
nuestrolibro
nuestrasplumas

vuestro(-a,-os,-as)
your(fam.pl.)
vuestrolibro
vuestrasplumas
Thepossessivepronounsaresimilartothepossessiveadjectives,buttheyarenormally
usedwiththedenitearticle.
mine
elmo/lama
losmos/lasmas

yours(familiar)
eltuyo/latuya
lostuyos/lastuyas

yours(formal),his,hers
elsuyo/lasuya
lossuyos/lassuyas

ours
elnuestro/lanuestra
losnuestros/lasnuestras

yours(familiar)
elvuestro/lavuestra
losvuestros/lasvuestras

yours(formal),theirs
elsuyo/lasuya
lossuyos/lassuyas
Nowletstranslateourmodelsentences:
Milibroesgrande.............................................. Mybookislarge.
Eltuyoespequeo............................................. Yoursissmall.
Tucarroesverde................................................ Yourcarisgreen.
Elmoesrojo..................................................... Mineisred.
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Theprevioustranslationsassumethatyouaretalkingtoafriend,orsomeoneyouknow
well,andareusingtheinformaltformofspeech.Butremember,Spanishalsohasa
moreformalformofspeech.Noticehowthesamesentenceschangeifweassumethat
youaretalkingtosomeoneinapositionofauthority,usingthemoreformalustedform
ofspeech.
Milibroesgrande.(nochange).......................... Mybookislarge.
Elsuyoespequeo.(formal).............................. Yours(formal)issmall.
Sucarroesverde.(formal).................................. Your(formal)carisgreen.
Elmoesrojo.(nochange)................................. Mineisred.
Thedenitearticleisusuallyomittedwhenthepossessivepronouncomesaftertheverb
ser:
Elcarrograndeesmo........................................ Thebigcarismine.
Elcarropequeoessuyo.................................... Thesmallcarishers.
Noticethefollowingambiguity:
Elcarrograndeessuyo...................................... Thebigcarishis.
Elcarrograndeessuyo...................................... Thebigcarishers.
Elsuyo,lasuya,lossuyos,lassuyascanbeclariedasfollows:
Elcarrograndeessuyo...................................... Thebigcarishis.(unclaried)
Elcarrograndeesdel...................................... Thebigcarishis.(claried)
Lacasapequeaessuya.................................... Thesmallhouseishers.(unclaried)
Lacasapequeaesdeella................................. Thesmallhouseishers.(claried)
Loscarrosgrandessonsuyos.............................. Thebigcarsaretheirs.(unclaried)
Loscarrosgrandessondeellas........................... Thebigcarsaretheirs.(claried)
Lascasaspequeassonsuyas............................. Thesmallhousesaretheirs.(unclaried)
Lascasaspequeassondeellos......................... Thesmallhousesaretheirs.(claried)
NOTE:de+elarecontractedtoformdel,however,de+larenotcontracted.
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Quiz #1
Possessive Pronouns
A. Choose the correct translation.
8. theirs (los libros)
1. mine (el cuaderno)
el suyo
el mo
la suya
la ma
los suyos
los mos
las suyas
las mas
9. mine (la corbata)
2. yours - informal (las clases)
el tuyo el mo
la tuya la ma
los tuyos los mos
las tuyas las mas
3. yours - formal (el telfono) B. Select the correct possessive pronouns.

el suyo 10. Dnde trabaja su esposo?
la suya
Where does your husband work?
los suyos
_____ trabaja en el aeropuerto.
las suyas
Mine works at the airport.
4. his (el hijo) El mo
el suyo El tuyo
la suya El suyo
los suyos
11. Dnde est su tienda?
las suyas
Where is her store?
5. hers (los hijos)
el suyo
_____ est en el centro.
la suya
Hers is downtown.
los suyos
La ma
las suyas
La tuya
6. ours (la hija)
La suya
el nuestro
la nuestra 12. Cmo estn los padres de Ernesto?
los nuestros How are Ernests parents?
las nuestras
7. yours - informal (el carro) _____ estn bien.
el tuyo His are fine.
la tuya Los mos
los tuyos Los tuyos
las tuyas Los suyos
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13. Cuntos aos tiene la hermana de Raquel? 18. Martas pen (la pluma)
How old is Raquels sister? la ma
_____ tiene cinco aos. las mas
Hers is five years old. la tuya
La ma las tuyas
La tuya la suya
La suya las suyas
la nuestra
14. Dnde estn nuestros vecinos?
Where are our neighbors? las nuestras
la vuestra
_____ estn en sus casas.
las vuestras
Ours are in their houses.
19. her pen (la pluma)
Los mos
la ma
Los tuyos
las mas
Los nuestros
la tuya
15. Cundo abren los nios sus regalos?
las tuyas
When do the kids open their gifts?
la suya
Ellos abren _____ maana. las suyas
They open theirs tomorrow. la nuestra
los mos las nuestras
los tuyos la vuestra
los suyos las vuestras
16. Necesitan ustedes nuestros libros? 20. their pens (las plumas)
Do you-all need our books?
los mos
S, necesitamos _____ . las mas
Yes, we need yours (formal). los tuyos
los mos las tuyas
los tuyos los suyos
los suyos las suyas
los nuestros
C. Select the correct possessive pronouns.
las nuestras
17. her book (el libro)
los vuestros
el mo
la ma las vuestras
el tuyoa
la tuya
el suyo
la suya
el nuestro
la nuestra
el vuestro
la vuestra
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Reexive Verbs: Part I
Averbisreexivewhenthesubjectandtheobjectarethesame.
Iwashmyself.
subject:I
verb:wash
object:myself
Sincethesubjectandobjectarethesame,theverbisreexive.
Iwashthecar.
subject:I
verb:wash
object:car
Sincethesubjectandobjectaredifferent,theverbisnotreexive.
Heresanotherexampleofhowaverbcanbeeitherreexiveornon-reexive.
Iscratchmyself.
subject:I
verb:scratch
object:myself
Iscratchthedog.
subject:I
verb:scratch
object:dog
Whenaverbisreexive,theinnitiveendsinse.
lavar......................... towash(non-reexive)
lavarse..................... towashoneself(reexive)
rascar....................... toscratch(non-reexive)
rascarse.................... toscratchoneself(reexive)
ThereisonereexiveverbyouhavebeenusingsinceyoubeganstudyingSpanish.
llamarse-tocalloneself
Cmosellamausted?...................................... Whatdoyoucallyourself?
MellamoJuan................................................... IcallmyselfJuan.
NOTE:AmorenaturaltranslationwouldbeWhatisyourname?andMynameisJuan.
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Whenyoulearnedtoconjugateregularverbs,youneededtolearnasetofpronouns
calledsubjectpronouns.
lavar
yolavo
tlavas
l,ella,ustedlava
nosotros/aslavamos
vosotros/aslavis
ellos,ellas,ustedeslavan
Tolearntoconjugatereexiveverbs,youneedtolearnadifferentsetofpronounscalled
reexivepronouns.Thesepronounsarepositionedbeforetheverb,whiletheending
seisdroppedandtheverbisconjugatednormally.
lavarse
yomelavo......................................................... Iwash(myself)
ttelavas.......................................................... youwash(yourself)(informal)
lselava............................................................ hewashes(himself)
ellaselava......................................................... shewashes(herself)
ustedselava...................................................... youwash(yourself)(formal)
nosotrosnoslavamos........................................ wewash(ourselves)
nosotrasnoslavamos........................................ wewash(ourselves)(feminine)
vosotrososlavis............................................... you-allwash(yourselves)(informal)
vosotrasoslavis............................................... you-allwash(yourselves)(informal,feminine)
ustedesselavan................................................. you-allwash(yourselves)(formal)
ellosselavan..................................................... theywash(themselves)
ellasselavan...................................................... theywash(themselves)(feminine)
Thereexivepronounsarenotsubjectpronouns;rathertheyareobjectpronouns.
me........................... (myself)
te............................. (yourself)
se............................. (himself,herself,yourself)
nos.......................... (ourselves)
os............................ (yourselves)
se............................. (themselves,yourselves)
Thepurposeofthereexiveobjectpronounsistoshowthattheactionoftheverb
remainswiththesubject.
Juanselavalacara............................................. Juanwasheshisface.(reexive)
Juanlavasucarro.(non-reexive)....................... Juanwasheshiscar.
NOTE:Whenreferringtobodyparts,usethedenitearticle,thuslacaranotsucara.
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Notethatmany,manyverbscanbemadereexive.Allitmeanswhenaverbisreexiveis
thattheactionremainswiththesubject.
washthedog(non-reexive)
washyourface(reexive)

raisethebook(non-reexive)
raiseyourarm(reexive)

putthebabytobed(non-reexive)
gotobed(reexive)

wakeupyourson(non-reexive)
wakeupyourself(reexive)

...andsoon
Nowaddaashcardforreexiveverbs:
VerbFlashcards
38. lavarsetowashoneself

yomelavo
ttelavas
lselava
ellaselava
ustedselava
nosotrosnoslavamos
nosotrasnoslavamos
vosotrososlavis
vosotrasoslavis
ustedesselavan
ellosselavan
ellasselavan
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Quiz #1
Reflexive Verbs: Part I
A. Choose the correct translation. B. Choose the appropriate reflexive pronoun.
1. I wash the car. 7. You take a shower.
Lavo el auto. T _____ duchas.
Me lavo el auto. me
2. I take a bath. te
se
Me bao.
nos
Yo bao.
os
3. Juan goes to bed at ten in the evening.
8. Maria washes her hair.
Juan se acuesta a las diez de la noche.
Mara _____ lava el pelo.
Juan acuesta a las diez de la noche.
me
4. Maria puts the baby to bed at seven in the te
evening. se
Mara se acuesta al beb a las siete de la nos
noche. os
Mara acuesta al beb a las siete de la noche.
9. You-all wake up.
5. I wake up at six in the morning.
Ustedes _____ despiertan.
Me despierto a las seis de la maana. me
Despierto a las seis de la maana. te
6. She wakes her child at nine in the morning. se
Ella se despierta a su nio a las nueve de la nos
maana. os
Ella despierta a su nio a las nueve de la 10. We brush our teeth.
maana.
Nosotros _____ cepillamos los dientes.
me
te
se
nos
os
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11. She gets dressed. C. Write the correct form of the verb.
Ella _____ viste. 14. Maria washes her hair. (lavarse)
me Mara se _____ el pelo.
te
15. We take a shower. (ducharse)
se
nos Nos _____.
os 16. They brush their teeth. (cepillarse)
12. They sit down. Ellos se _____ los dientes.
Ellos _____ sientan. 17. I shave my legs. (afeitarse)
me Me _____ las piernas.
te
18. The boys fall asleep. (dormirse o:ue)
se
nos Los nios se _____ .
os 19. The young ladies get dressed. (vestirse e:i)
13. Im worried about you. Las seoritas se _____
_____ preocupo por ti. 20. We sit down. (sentarse e:ie)
Me Nos _____ .
Te
Se
Nos
Os
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Reexive Verbs: Part II
Inthepreviouslesson,youlearnedthataverbisreexivewhenthesubjectandtheobject
arethesame.
Iwashmyself.
subject:I
verb:wash
object:myself
Iwashthecar.
subject:I
verb:wash
object:car
Youalsolearnedthatwhenaverbisreexive,theinnitiveendsinse.
lavar......................... towash(non-reexive)
lavarse..................... towashoneself(reexive)
rascar....................... toscratch(non-reexive)
rascarse.................... toscratchoneself(reexive)
Youshouldhavememorizedasetofpronounscalledreexivepronouns.
me(myself)
te(yourself)
se(himself,herself,yourself)
nos(ourselves)
os(yourselves)
se(themselves,yourselves)
Youlearnedtoconjugatereexiveverbslikethis:
lavarse
yomelavo......................................................... Iwash(myself)
ttelavas.......................................................... youwash(yourself)(informal)
l/ellaselava...................................................... he/shewashes(him/herself)
ustedselava...................................................... youwash(yourself)(formal)
nosotros/asnoslavamos..................................... wewash(ourselves)
vosotros/asoslavis........................................... you-allwash(yourselves)(informal)
ustedesselavan................................................. you-allwash(yourselves)(formal)
ellos/asselavan.................................................. theywash(themselves)
InthelessontitledDirectObjectPronounsPartIIIyoulearnedthatwhentherearetwo
verbs,youhavetwooptionsonwheretoplacethepronoun:beforetheconjugatedverb
orattachedtotheendoftheinnitive.
Iwanttoseeit.(querer,ver)
Loquierover.
Quieroverlo.

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Lodebemoscomprar.
Debemoscomprarlo.
Weshouldbuyit.

Maranosdebevisitar.
Maradebevisitarnos.
Maryshouldvisitus.

Juanlonecesitalavar.
Juannecesitalavarlo.
Johnneedstowashit.
Thesameistrueregardingreexivepronouns.Whenthesentencehastwoverbs,the
pronouncanbeplaceddirectlybeforetheconjugatedverborattachedtotheendofthe
innitive.
Iwanttoseemyself.
Mequierover.
Quieroverme.

Johnneedstowashhishair.
Juansenecesitalavarelpelo.
Juannecesitalavarseelpelo.

Mariacanwashherfacenow.
AhoraMarasepuedelavarlacara.
AhoraMarapuedelavarselacara.

Ihavejustgonetobed.
Acabodeacostarme.
Meacabodeacostar.

Weprefertowashwithscentedsoap.
Preferimoslavarnosconjabnperfumado.
Nospreferimoslavarconjabnperfumado.
Wheneveraverbdirectlyfollowsapreposition,itremainsintheinnitiveform.For
reexiveverbs,theending-sechangestoagreewiththesubject.Observethedifferences
inthefollowingsentences,allofwhichareaboutcountingburrosbeforefallingasleep.
Antesdedormirme,yocuentoburros.
Antesdedormirte,tcuentasburros.
Antesdedormirse,lachicacuentaburros.
Antesdedormirnos,nosotroscontamosburros.
Antesdedormiros,vosotroscontisburros.
Antesdedormirse,loschicoscuentanburros.
InEnglish,manyverbscanbeusedtransitively(withadirectobject)orintransitively
(withoutadirectobject).
Thesundriedtheclothes.(transitive)
Theclothesdriedinthesun.(intransitive)
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InSpanish,theseintransitiveconstructionsfrequentlyemploythereexiveform.
Thesundriedtheclothes.(transitive)................. Elsolseclaropa.
Theclothesdriedinthesun.(intransitive)........... Laropasesecalsol.
Sometimes,thereexiveconstructionisusedmerelytoemphasizewhoisperformingthe
actionofthesentence.
Thecake?Mariaateit....................................... Latorta?Maraselacomi.
Forsomeverbs,themeaningchangeswhentheyareusedreexively.
aburrir-tobore
aburrirse-tobebored

acordar-toagree
acordarsede-toremember

acostar-toputtobed
acostarse-togotobed

casar-toperformamarriageceremony
casarsecon-tobecomemarriedtosomeone

despedir-tore
despedirsede-tosaygoodbye

dormir-tosleep
dormirse-tofallasleep

ir-togo
irse-togoaway,toleave

morir-todie(abruptly,asofanaccident,war,etc.)
morirse-todie(asfromnaturalcauses;alsotodieguratively)

negar-todeny
negarsea-torefuse

parecer-toseem
parecersea-toresemble

poner-toput
ponerse-toputon

probar-totry,totaste
probarse-totryon

quitar-totakeaway
quitarse-totakeoff
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Afewverbsarealwaysusedreexively.
arrepentirse(e:ie)..... torepent
atreversea............... todare
darsecuentade....... torealize
jactarsede............... toboast
quejarsede.............. tocomplainabout
suicidarse................. tocommitsuicide
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Quiz #1
Reflexive Verbs: Part II
A. Write the word or words necessary to
form an equivalent sentence.
1. Juan necesita lavarse el pelo. (necesitar, 12. Mara se prefiere pesar cada maana.
lavarse) (preferir, pesarse)
Juan _____ necesita lavar el pelo. Mara prefiere _____ cada maana.
2. Nos preferimos lavar con jabn perfumado. 13. Juan se necesita afeitar. (necesitar, afeitarse)
(preferir, lavarse)
Juan _____ afeitarse.
Preferimos _____ con jabn perfumado.
14. Juan necesita baarse. (necesitar, baarse)
3. T puedes dormirte. (poder, dormirse)
Juan se _____ baar.
Te _____ dormir.
B. Change the verb ending to agree with
4. Juan se necesita baar. (necesitar, baarse) the subject of the sentence.
Juan _____ baarse. 15. Juan reads a book before going to bed.
(acostarse)
5. Nos necesitamos duchar esta noche.
(necesitar, ducharse) Juan lee un libro antes de _____ .
Nosotros _____ ducharnos esta noche. 16. We read the newspaper after getting up.
(levantarse)
6. Necesitamos ducharnos esta noche.
(necesitar, ducharse) Leemos el peridico despus de _____.
_____ necesitamos duchar esta noche. 17. Instead of going to bed, Im going to study
Spanish. (acostarse)
7. Juan se necesita lavar el pelo. (necesitar,
lavarse) En vez de _____, voy a estudiar espaol.
Juan l _____ avarse el pelo. 18. After taking off her boots, Maria enters
the apartment. (quitarse)
8. Te puedes dormir. (poder, dormirse)
Despus de _____ las botas, Mara entra
T puedes _____.
el apartamento.
9. Preferimos lavarnos con jabn perfumado.
19. The family eats dinner after sitting down.
(preferir, lavarse)
(sentarse)
_____ preferimos lavar con jabn perfumado.
La familia cena despus de _____ .
10. Ahora Mara se puede lavar la cara. (poder,
20. After getting dressed, the girls look at
lavarse)
themselves in the mirror. (vestirse)
Ahora Mara puede _____ la cara.
Despus de _____ , las chicas se miran en
11. Me necesito acostar. (necesitar, acostar) el espejo.
_____ acostarme.
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The Denite Article: Part II
Bynow,youarequitefamiliarwiththedenitearticles:
el
la
los
las
Youareprobablycomfortablewiththenormalusesofthedenitearticle.
Elchicoesalto.
Lachicaesguapa.
Loshombrescomenmucho.
Lasmujerescharlan.
Inthislesson,youwilllearnsomeadditionalrulestohelpyouusethedenitearticle
correctly.Forexample,femininesingularnounsthatbeginwithanemphasizedaorha
usethemasculineformofthearticle.
elagua
elhacha
elhambre
elguila
Thisruleonlyappliestothesingularformofthenoun.Thepluralformusesthefeminine
article.
elagua
lasaguas

elhacha
lashachas

elhambre
lashambres

elguila
lasguilas
NOTE:Thereasonthesingularformusesthemasculinearticleisthatwhentherstsyllableisanemphasized
aorha,thearticlelatendstoruntogetherwiththerstsyllableofthewordwhentheyarespoken.This
doesnthappenwiththearticlelas.
Thedenitearticleisusedwithsomecountriesandcities,andisnotusedwithothers.
Herearesomeexampleswhereitisused:
laArgentina elBrasil elCanad
elEcuador laFlorida laHabana
laIndia elJapn elParaguay
elPer elSalvador elUruguay
Thereisnoconvenientruletotellyouwhentousethedenitearticle.Yousimplyhaveto
memorizetheonesthatdo.
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Thedenitearticleisalwaysusedwithcompoundgeographicnames.
laAmricaCentral
laAmricadelSur
losEstadosUnidos
laGranBretaa
Thedenitearticleisusedwhentalkingaboutaperson,butitisnotusedwhentalking
directlytoaperson.
ElseorGmezesprofesor............................... SeorGmez,esustedprofesor?
Laseoritaestmuybonita............................... Seorita!Ustedestmuybonitaestanoche.
Thedenitearticleisusedwhenreexiveverbsarefollowedbybodyparts,clothingor
otherverypersonalpossessions.
Maraselavalacara.
lseponeeltraje.
Thedenitearticleisoftenusedinplaceofthepossessiveadjectivewhentalkingabout
partsofthebody,orpossessionsthatmightbeconsideredpersonal.Forexample,in
Englishitwouldbequitecommontosay:
Josephwasheshisclothes.
ToconveythesamemeaninginSpanish,itwouldbecorrecttosay:
Joselavalaropa.(notsuropa)
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Quiz #1
Definite Article: Part II
A. Choose the correct definite article. B. Choose the correct expression.
1. agua 6. Argentina
el la Argentina
la
7. Florida
los
la Florida
las
8. Per
2. aguas
el Per
el
la 9. Gran Bretaa
los la Gran Bretaa
las
10. Estados Unidos
3. hacha los Estados Unidos
el
C. Choose the correct sentence.
la
los 11. Mr. Rodrguez is happy.
las El seor Rodrguez est contento.
Seor Rodrguez est contento.
4. hachas
el 12. Is Miss Clemente pretty?
la Est bonita la seorita Clemente?
los Est bonita seorita Clemente?
las 13. Miss Jones, do you speak Spanish?
5. hambre La seorita Jones, habla usted el espaol?
el Seorita Jones, habla usted el espaol?
la 14. Mr. Rey, are you hungry?
los
El seor Rey, tiene Ud. hambre?
las
Seor Rey, tiene Ud. hambre?
15. The doctor studied at the university.

El doctor estudi en la universidad.
Doctor estudi en la universidad.
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D. Choose the correct sentence.
16. I wash my face. 19. She puts on the dress.
Me lavo mi cara. Ella se pone el vestido.
Me lavo la cara. Ella se pone su vestido.
17. I wash my hair. 20. She puts on her shoes.
Me lavo mi pelo. Ella se pone los zapatos.
Me lavo el pelo. Ella se pone sus zapatos.
18. Juan washes his hands.
Juan se lava sus manos.
Juan se lava las manos.
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Preterite vs Imperfect: Part I
Spanishhastwopasttenses:preteriteandimperfect.Mostverbscanbeputintoeither
tense,dependinguponthemeaning.Inthislesson,youwilllearntoconjugateregular-ar
verbsinthepreteriteandtheimperfect.Youwillalsolearnthebasicdifferencebetween
thepreteriteandtheimperfect,sothatyoucanbeginusingthemcorrectly.
Toconjugateregular-arverbsinthepreterite,simplydroptheending(-ar)andaddone
ofthefollowing:

aste

amos
asteis
aron
Toconjugateregular-arverbsintheimperfect,simplydroptheending(-ar)andaddone
ofthefollowing:
aba
abas
aba
bamos
abais
aban
Comparetheverbhablarconjugatedinthepreteriteandtheimperfect.
PRETERITE IMPERFECT
habl hablaba
hablaste hablabas
habl hablaba
hablamos hablbamos
hablasteis hablabais
hablaron hablaban
Generallyspeaking,thepreteriteisusedforactionsinthepastthatareseenas
completed.Useofthepreteritetenseimpliesthatthepastactionhadadenite
beginninganddeniteend.
Juanhabldelaunahastalasdos.
Juanspokefromoneuntiltwooclock.
(clearlystatedbeginningandend)
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Itisimportanttorealizethatthebeginningandtheendmaynotalwaysbeclearlystated.
Juanhabldoshoras.
Juanspokefortwohours.
(impliedbeginningandend)

Juanhablconlaestudiante.
Juanspokewiththestudent.
(impliedbeginningandend)
Generallyspeaking,theimperfectisusedforactionsinthepastthatarenotseenas
completed.Useoftheimperfecttenseimpliesthatthepastactiondidnothaveadenite
beginningoradeniteend.
Laschicashablabaneningls.
ThegirlsusedtospeakinEnglish.
(nodenitebeginningorend)
Youhavenowlearnedthebasicdifferencebetweenthepreteriteandtheimperfect:
Thepreteritetellsusspecicallywhenanactiontookplace.
Theimperfecttellsusingeneralwhenanactiontookplace.
NOTE:Althoughthisdifferencemayappearsimple,thisisactuallyacomplextopic,andyouwilllearnthener
pointsinlaterlessons.
Letsaddtwomoreashcards,oneforregular-arpreterite,andoneforregular-ar
imperfect:
VerbFlashcards
39. Preterite:regular-arverbs

-
-aste
-
-amos
-asteis
-aron
habl,hablaste,habl,hablamos,hablasteis,hablaron
40. Imperfect:regular-arverbs

-aba
-abas
-aba
-bamos
-abais
-aban
hablaba,hablabas,hablaba,hablbamos,hablabais,hablaban
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Quiz #1
Preterite vs Imperfect: Part I
A. Conjugate the verbs as directed.
1. hablar (preterite) 5. trabajar (imperfect)
yo _____ t _____
habl trabajaba
hablaste trabajabas
habl trabajaba
hablamos trabajbamos
hablasteis trabajabais
hablaron trabajaban
2. necesitar (imperfect) 6. comprar (imperfect)

los chicos _____ ustedes _____
necesitaba compraba
necesitabas comprabas
necesitaba compraba
necesitbamos comprbamos
necesitabais comprabais
necesitaban compraban
3. estudiar (preterite) 7. necesitar (preterite)

ellos _____ usted _____
estudi necesit
estudiaste necesitaste
estudi necesit
estudiamos necesitamos
estudiasteis necesitasteis
estudiaron necesitaron
4. cantar (preterite) 8. estudiar (imperfect)

La Srta. Juarez _____ t _____
cant estudiaba
cantaste estudiabas
cant estudiaba
cantamos estudibamos
cantasteis estudiabais
cantaron estudiaban
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9. bailar (preterite) 12. The girls spoke to the professor.
ella _____ Las chicas _____ con el profesor.
bail habl
bailaste hablaste
bail habl
bailamos hablamos
bailasteis hablasteis
bailaron habl
hablaste
10. bailar (imperfect)
habl
nosotros _____
hablamos
bailaba
hablasteis
bailabas
hablaron
bailaba
hablaba
bailbamos
hablabas
bailabais
hablaba
bailaban
hablbamos
B. Choose the correct form of the verb. hablabais
You must decide whether to use preterite hablaban
or imperfect, and you must conjugate
13. I needed more books.
the verb correctly.
Yo _____ ms libros.
11. The children were talking.
necesitaba
Los nios _____ .
necesitabas
habl
necesitaba
hablaste
necesitbamos
habl
necesitabais
hablamos
necesitaban
hablasteis
necesit
hablaron
necesitaste
hablaba
necesit
hablabas
necesitamos
hablaba
necesitasteis
hablbamos
necesitaron
hablabais
14. We washed the dishes.
hablaban
_____ los platos.
Lavaba
Lavabas
Lavaba
Lavbamos
Lavabais
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Lavaban Estudiaba
Lav Estudibamos
Lavaste Estudiabais
Lav Estudiaban
Lavamos Estudi
Lavasteis Estudiaste
Lavaron Estudi
Estudiamos
15. We were washing the dishes.
Estudiasteis
_____ los platos.
Estudiaron
Lavaba
Lavabas 18. Mara worked in a restaurant.
(for a period of time)
Lavaba
Lavbamos Mara _____ en un restaurante.
Lavabais trabajaba
Lavaban trabajabas
Lav trabajaba
Lavaste trabajbamos
Lav trabajabais
Lavamos trabajaban
Lavasteis trabaj
Lavaron trabajaste
trabaj
16. You (informal) used to study with Juan.
trabajamos
_____ con Juan. trabajasteis
Estudiaba trabajaron
Estudiabas
19. Juan worked in the hospital for six months.
Estudiaba
Estudibamos Juan _____ en el hospital seis meses.
Estudiabais trabajaba
Estudiaban trabajabas
Estudi trabajaba
Estudiaste trabajbamos
Estudi trabajabais
Estudiamos trabajaban
Estudiasteis trabaj
Estudiaron trabajaste
trabaj
17. I studied with Juan for three hours.
trabajamos
_____ con Juan por tres horas.
trabajasteis
Estudiaba
trabajaron
Estudiabas
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20. She used to call me every night.
Ella me _____ cada noche.
llamaba
llamabas
llamaba
llambamos
llamabais
llamaban
llam
llamaste
llam
llamamos
llamasteis
llamaron
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Preterite: Part I
Inthelastlesson,youlearnedthatthepreteriteisusedforpastactionsthatareseenas
completed.Youalsolearnedhowtoconjugateregular-arverbs.Inthislesson,youwill
learnhowtoconjugate-erand-irverbs,andbecomemorefamiliarwiththeusesofthe
preterite.
Toconjugateregular-arverbsinthepreterite,simplydroptheending(-ar)andaddone
ofthefollowing:

aste

amos
asteis
aron
Toconjugateregular-erand-irverbsinthepreterite,simplydroptheending(-eror-ir)
andaddoneofthefollowing:

iste
i
imos
isteis
ieron
Hereareallthreeregularpreteriteverbformstogether:
HABLAR COMER VIVIR
habl com viv

hablaste comiste viviste
habl comi vivi
hablamos comimos vivimos
hablasteis comisteis vivisteis
hablaron comieron vivieron
NOTE:thenosotrosformsfor-arand-irverbsarethesameinbothpreteriteandpresenttenses:hablamos,
vivimos.
Thepreteriteisusedforactionsthatcanbeviewedassingleevents.
Ellacaminporelparque.
Shewalkedthroughthepark.

Ellosllegaronalasocho.
Theyarrivedateightoclock.
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Thepreteriteisusedforactionsthatwererepeatedaspecicnumberoftimes,or
occurredduringaspecicperiodoftime.
Ayerescribtrescartas.
YesterdayIwrotethreeletters.

Vivimosallporcuatroaos.
Welivedthereforfouryears.
Thepreteriteisusedforactionsthatwerepartofachainofevents.
Ellaselevant,sevisti,ysalidelacasa.
Shegotup,dressed,andleftthehouse.
Thepreteriteisusedtostatethebeginningortheendofanaction.
Empezanevaralasochodelamaana.
Itbegantosnowateightinthemorning.
Theaboveexamplesallfallwithinourgeneralruleforusingthepreterite:
Thepreteriteisusedforpastactionsthatareseenascompleted.
Letsaddtwomoreashcardsforregular-erand-irverbsinthepreteritetense:
VerbFlashcards
41. Preterite:regular-er
-
-iste
-i
-imos
-isteis
ieron
com,comiste,comi,comimos,comisteis,comieron
42. Preterite:regular-irverbs
-
-iste
-i
-imos
-isteis
ieron
viv,viviste,vivi,vivimos,vivisteis,vivieron
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Quiz #1
Preterite: Part I
A. Choose the correct preterite tense c
onjugation for model verbs (hablar,
comer, vivir).
1. hablar 5. vivir
l _____ l, ella y yo _____
habl viv
hablaste viviste
habl vivi
hablamos vivimos
hablasteis vivisteis
hablaron vivieron
2. hablar B. Choose the correct preterite tense
ellos _____ conjugation for model verbs (hablar,
comer, vivir).
habl
hablaste 6. t
habl com
hablamos comiste
hablasteis coms
hablaron 7. los hombres
3. comer comen
yo _____ comieron
com coman
comiste 8. usted
comi
viv
comimos
vivi
comisteis
vive
comieron
9. yo
4. comer
habl
Juan _____
habl
com
hablaba
comiste
comi 10. ustedes
comimos viven
comisteis vivan
comieron vivieron
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C. Choose the correct tense (present,
preterite, imperfect).
11. I wash the dishes. 16. He was eating shellfish.
Yo _____ los platos. l _____ mariscos.
lavo come
lav com
lav comi
lavaba coma
12. I washed the dishes. 17. They used to live in Spain.
Yo _____ los platos. Ellos _____ en Espaa.
lavo viven
lav vivieron
lav vivan
lavaba vivimos
13. I was washing the dishes. 18. They lived in Spain for three years.
Yo _____ los platos. Ellos _____ en Espaa por tres aos.
lavo viven
lav vivieron
lav vivan
lavaba vivimos
14. He eats shellfish. 19. Nowadays, they live in Spain.
l _____ mariscos. Actualmente, ellos _____ en Espaa.
come viven
com vivieron
comi vivan
coma vivimos
15. He ate shellfish. 20. Juan cleaned the car.
l _____ mariscos. Juan _____ el auto.
come limpia
com limpi
comi limpi
coma limpiaba
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Imperfect: Part I
Inapreviouslesson,youlearnedthattheimperfectisusedforpastactionsthatarenot
seenascompleted.Useoftheimperfecttenseimpliesthatthepastactiondidnothavea
denitebeginningoradeniteend.Youalsolearnedhowtoconjugateregular-arverbs.
Inthislesson,youwilllearnhowtoconjugate-erand-irverbs,andbecomemorefamiliar
withtheusesoftheimperfect.
Toconjugateregular-arverbsintheimperfect,simplydroptheending(-ar)andaddoneofthe
following:
aba
abas
aba
bamos
abais
aban
Toconjugateregular-erand-irverbsintheimperfect,simplydroptheending(-eror-ir)
andaddoneofthefollowing:
a
as
a
amos
ais
an
Hereareallthreeregularimperfectverbformstogether:
HABLAR COMER VIVIR
hablaba coma viva

hablabas comas vivas
hablaba coma viva
hablbamos comamos vivamos
hablabais comais vivais
hablaban coman vivan
Theimperfectisusedforactionsthatwererepeatedhabitually.
Almorzbamosjuntostodoslosdas.
Wewouldlunchtogethereveryday.

Lasseorassiemprecharlabanporlasmaanas.
Theladieswouldalwayschatinthemornings.
Theimperfectisusedforactionsthatsetthestageforanotheraction.
Yoleacuandoentrmipap.
Iwasreadingwhenmypapaentered.(notethatenteredispreterite)
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Theimperfectisusedfortellingtimeandstatingonesage.
Eranlassietedelanoche.
Itwassevenoclockatnight.

Laniatenacincoaos.
Thelittlegirlwasveyearsold.
Theaboveexamplesallfallwithinourgeneralruleforusingtheimperfect:
Theimperfectisusedforpastactionsthatarenotseenascompleted.
Letsaddtwomoreashcardsforregular-erand-irverbsintheimperfecttense:
VerbFlashcards
43. Imperfect:regular-er
-a
-as
-a
-amos
-ais
-an
coma,comas,coma,comamos,comais,coman,
44. Imperfect:regular-ir
-a
-as
-a
-amos
-ais
-an
viva,vivas,viva,vivamos,vivais,vivan,
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Quiz #1
Imperfect: Part I
A. Choose the correct imperfect tense
conjugation for model verbs (hablar,
comer, vivir).
1. hablar 5. las mujeres
l _____ comen
hablaba comieron
hablabas coman
hablaba 6. t
hablbamos habl
hablabais hablabas
hablaban hablaste
2. comer
7. yo
la muchacha y yo _____
com
coma
comi
comas
coma
coma
comamos 8. usted
comais viva
coman vivi
3. vivir vive
t _____
9. vosotros
viva
vivais
vivas
vivisteis
viva
vives
vivamos
vivais 10. nosotros
vivan vivamos
vivimos
B. Choose the correct imperfect tense
conjugation for model verbs (hablar, viviste
comer, vivir). 11. ustedes
4. las seoritas viven
hablan vivan
hablaron vivieron
hablaban
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preterite, imperfect).
12. I wash the car. 17. He was eating shellfish.
Yo _____ el coche. l _____ mariscos.
lavo come
lav com
lav comi
lavaba coma
13. I washed the table. 18. They used to live in England.
Yo _____ la mesa. Ellos _____ en Inglaterra.
limpio viven
limpi vivieron
limpi vivan
limpiaba vivimos
14. I was washing the dishes. 19. They lived in Peru for three years.
Yo _____ los platos. Ellos _____ en el Per por tres aos.
lavo viven
lav vivieron
lav vivan
lavaba vivimos
15. He eats meat. 20. Nowadays, they live in Spain.
l _____ carne. Actualmente, ellos _____ en Espaa.
come viven
com vivieron
comi vivan
coma vivimos
16. He ate the food.
l _____ la comida.
come
com
comi
coma
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Preterite: Part II
Inthislessonyouwilllearntoconjugatefourimportantverbsinthepreteritetense:ser,ir,
darandhacer.
Thesefourverbsareirregular;youmustmemorizethem:
SER IR DAR HACER
fui fui di hice

fuiste fuiste diste hiciste
fue fue dio hizo
fuimos fuimos dimos hicimos
fuisteis fuisteis disteis hicisteis
fueron fueron dieron hicieron
NOTE:Thisisnotatypo;serandirdohaveidenticalconjugationsinthepreterite!
Toreviewsomeoftherulesforusingthepreterite:
Thepreteriteisusedforactionsthatcanbeviewedassingleevents.
Thepreteriteisusedforactionsthatwererepeatedaspecicnumberoftimes.
Thepreteriteisusedforactionsthatoccurredduringaspecicperiodoftime.
Thepreteriteisusedforactionsthatwerepartofachainofevents.
Thepreteriteisusedtostatethebeginningortheendofanaction.
Letsaddtwomoreashcardsforirregularverbsinthepreteritetense:
VerbFlashcards
45. Preterite:ser,ir
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
46. Preterite:dar,hacer
di hice
diste hiciste
dio hizo
dimos hicimos
disteis hicisteis
dieron hicieron
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Quiz #1
Preterite: Part II
A. Choose the correct preterite tense
conjugation for the irregular verbs ser,
ir, hacer and dar.
1. ser 5. ir
yo _____ ellos _____
fui fui
fuiste fuiste
fue fue
fuimos fuimos
fuisteis fuisteis
fueron fueron
2. ir 6. hacer
t _____ ellas _____
fui hice
fuiste hiciste
fue hizo
fuimos hicimos
fuisteis hicisteis
fueron hicieron
3. dar B. Choose the correct preterite tense
l _____ conjugation for irregular verbs ser, ir,
dar and hacer.
di
diste 7. l
dio hizo
dimos haces
disteis haca
dieron 8. Juan y yo
4. ser somos
ustedes_____ fuimos
fui ramos
fuiste 9. los hombres
fue
van
fuimos
fueron
fuisteis
iban
fueron
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10. t 16. He goes to the store.
das l _____ a la tienda.
dabas va
diste fue
iba
11. Mara
es 17. He went to the store on Monday.
fue l _____ a la tienda el lunes.
era va
fue
12. yo
iba
fui
voy 18. He went to the store every day.
iba l _____ a la tienda cada da.
va
preterite, imperfect). fue
iba
13. I am a carpenter.
Yo _____ carpintero. 19. Last week they gave me money.
soy La semana pasada ellos me _____ dinero.
fui dan
era dieron
daban
14. I was a carpenter for three years.
Yo _____ carpintero por tres aos. 20. They used to give me money.
soy Ellos me _____ dinero.
fui dan
era dieron
daban
15. I was once a carpenter.
Una vez yo _____ carpintero.
soy
fui
era
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Imperfect: Part II
Remember,theimperfectisusedforpastactionsthatarenotseenascompleted.Useof
theimperfecttenseimpliesthatthepastactiondidnothaveadenitebeginningora
deniteend.Theimperfecttellswhen--ingeneral,anactionoccurred.
Goodnews!Thereareonlythreeirregularverbsintheimperfect.Youmustsimply
memorizethem.
SER IR VER
era iba vea

eras ibas veas
era iba vea
ramos bamos veamos
erais ibais veais
eran iban vean
Toreviewsomeoftherulesforusingtheimperfect:
Theimperfectisusedforactionsthatwererepeatedhabitually.
Theimperfectisusedforactionsthatsetthestageforanotheraction.
Theimperfectisusedfortellingtimeandstatingonesage.
Letsaddanotherashcardforthethreeirregularverbsintheimperfecttense:
VerbFlashcards
47. Imperfect:ser,ir,ver
era iba vea
eras ibas veas
era iba vea

ramos bamos veamos
erais ibais veais

eran iban vean
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Quiz #1
Imperfect: Part II
A. Choose the correct imperfect tense B. Choose between present and imperfect.
conjugation for the three irregular verbs
4. Its five oclock.
(ser, ir, ver).
Son las cinco.
1. ser
Eran las cinco.
el perro _____
5. It was seven oclock.
era
Son las siete.
eras
Eran las siete.
era
ramos 6. It was twelve oclock.
erais Son las doce.
eran Eran las doce.
2. ir C. Choose the correct imperfect tense
t _____ conjugation for irregular verbs (ser, ir,
iba ver).
ibas 7. l
iba fue
bamos es
ibais era
iban
8. t
3. ver eran
Juan y Mara _____ eras
vea fuiste
veas
9. las seoritas
vea
fueron
veamos
iban
veais
van
vean
10. Juan y yo
vamos
bamos
iban
11. las mujeres

ven
vean
vieron
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12. t 17. Carmen went to the beach every afternoon.
viste Carmen _____ a la playa cada tarde.
ves va
veas fui
iba
D. Choose the correct tense (present,
preterite, imperfect). 18. We see the boat.
13. I was a carpenter for three years. Nosotros _____ el barco.
Yo _____ carpintero por tres aos. vemos
soy vimos
fui veamos
era 19. We saw the boat yesterday.
14. I was once a carpenter. Nosotros _____ el barco ayer.
Una vez yo _____ carpintero. vemos
soy vimos
fui veamos
era 20. We would see the boat every morning.
15. Carmen goes to the beach. Nosotros _____ el barco cada maana.
Carmen _____ a la playa. vemos
va vimos
fui veamos
iba
16. Carmen went to the beach last summer.

Carmen _____ a la playa el verano pasado.
va
fue
iba
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Preterite vs Imperfect: Part II
Remember,Spanishhastwopasttenses:preteriteandimperfect.Mostverbscanbeput
intoeithertense,dependinguponthemeaning.Thepreteritetellsusspecicallywhen
anactiontookplace.Theimperfecttellsusingeneralwhenanactiontookplace.
Somewordsandphrasesindicatespecictimeframes,andthereforesignaltheuseofthe
preterite.
ayer................................................................... yesterday
anteayer............................................................. thedaybeforeyesterday
anoche............................................................... lastnight
desdeelprimermomento.................................. fromtherstmoment
durantedossiglos.............................................. fortwocenturies
elotroda.......................................................... theotherday
enesemomento................................................ atthatmoment
entonces............................................................ then
estamaana...................................................... thismorning
estatarde........................................................... thisafternoon
lasemanapasada............................................... lastweek
elmespasado.................................................... lastmonth
elaopasado.................................................... lastyear
hacedosdas,aos............................................ twodays,yearsago
ayerporlamaana............................................ yesterdaymorning
ayerporlatarde................................................. yesterdayafternoon
Otherwordsandphrasesindicaterepetitive,vagueornon-specictimeframes,and
thereforesignaltheuseoftheimperfect.
amenudo.......................................................... often
aveces............................................................... sometimes
cadada............................................................. everyday
cadasemana...................................................... everyweek
cadames........................................................... everymonth
cadaao............................................................ everyyear
confrecuencia................................................... frequently
devezencuando............................................... fromtimetotime
enaquellapoca................................................ atthattime
frecuentemente................................................. frequently
generalmente..................................................... usually
muchasveces..................................................... manytimes
mucho............................................................... alot
nunca................................................................ never
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porunrato........................................................ forawhile
siempre.............................................................. always
tantasveces....................................................... somanytimes
todaslassemanas.............................................. everyweek
todoslosdas..................................................... everyday
todoeltiempo................................................... allthetime
variasveces........................................................ severaltimes
Someofthesearemoreobviousthanothers.Thesure-rewaytolearntheseisto
practice,practice,practice!
Speakingofpractice,oneofthemosteffectivemethodsofpracticingisyourverbashcards.Lets
addtwomoreashcardssothatyoucanbecomeveryfamiliarwiththemostcommonexpressions
thatcanprovideahintastowhethertousepreteriteorimperfect:
VerbFlashcards
49. Expressionsthatsignaluseofpreterite
ayer................................................................... yesterday
lasemanapasada............................................... lastweek
anoche............................................................... lastnight
elmespasado.................................................... lastmonth
elotroda.......................................................... theotherday
elaopasado.................................................... lastyear
entonces............................................................ then
hacedosdas,aos............................................ twodays,yearsago
estamaana...................................................... thismorning
ayerporlamaana............................................ yesterdaymorning
50. Expressionsthatsignaluseofimperfect
amenudo.......................................................... often
generalmente..................................................... usually
aveces............................................................... sometimes
muchasveces..................................................... manytimes
cadada............................................................. everyday
siempre.............................................................. always
cadaao............................................................ everyyear
todoeltiempo................................................... allthetime
devezencuando............................................... fromtimetotime
variasveces........................................................ severaltimes)
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Quiz #1
Preterite vs Imperfect: Part II
A. Using the phrase that is in bold as a hint,
choose between the preterite or the
imperfect.
1. l _____ por telfono ayer por la tarde. 10. No _____ la televisin en ese momento.
habl miraste
hablaba mirabas
2. El hombre _____ feliz por un rato. 11. Uds._____a Jos cada semana.
vieron
estuvo
vean
estaba
12. Mara _____ jugo de naranja esta maana.
3. Los muchachos _____ a las montaas cada
bebi
invierno.
beba
fueron 13. El gato siempre _____ a la misma hora.
iban
volvi
4. Nosotros _____ un viaje a Madrid el ao volva
pasado. 14. El hombre _____ por ocho horas.
hicimos trabaj
hacamos trabajaba
5. Yo _____ una ensalada anteayer. 15. Por qu el hombre nunca _____ dinero?
com tuvo
coma tena
16. Gabriel _____ a Carmen muy a menudo.
6. Las seoritas _____ hace tres horas.
visit
llegaron visitaba
llegaban
17. Nosotros _____ a la playa cada verano.
7. Los buenos alumnos generalmente _____ fuimos
antes de un examen. bamos
estudiaron 18. _____ caf ayer por la maana?
estudiaban
Tomaste
8. Ella frecuentemente me _____ antes de las Tomabas
ocho de la maana. 19. Nosotros _____ un coche el mes pasado.
llam compramos
llamaba comprbamos
9. _____ carne todas las semanas? 20. La chica _____ aqu todos los das.
Comiste vino
Comas vena
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Preterite: Part III
-arand-erverbsthatchangetheirsteminthepresenttensedonotchangeinthe
preterite.Theyareconjugatedjustlikeotherregularpreteriteverbs.
PRESENT PRETERITE
entender entender
entiendo entend
entiendes entendiste
entiende entendi
entendemos entendimos
entendis entendisteis
entienden entendieron

PRESENT PRETERITE
cerrar cerrar
cierro cerr
cierras cerraste
cierra cerr
cerramos cerramos
cerris cerrasteis
cierran cerraron
-irverbsthatchangetheirsteminthepresenttensedochangeinthepreterite,butina
differentway.Theychangee:iando:uinthethirdperson,singularandplural.
PRESENT PRETERITE
preferir preferir
preero prefer
preeres preferiste
preere preri
preferimos preferimos
prefers preferisteis
preeren prerieron
PRESENT PRETERITE
dormir dormir
duermo dorm
duermes dormiste
duerme durmi
dormimos dormimos
dorms dormisteis
duermen durmieron
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Letsaddtwomoreashcardsforstem-changingverbsinthepreterite.:
VerbFlashcards
50. -arand-erstem-changingverbsdonotchangeinthepreterite
cerrar entender

cerr entend
cerraste entendiste
cerr entendi

cerramos entendimos
cerrasteis entendisteis

cerraron entendieron
51. -irstem-changingverbsdochangeinthepreterite(e:iando:uthirdperson
singularandplural)
preferir dormir

prefer dorm
preferiste dormiste
preri durmi

preferimos dormimos
preferisteis dormisteis

prerieron durmieron
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Quiz #1
Preterite: Part III
A. Fill in the missing letters in order to B. Choose the correct preterite tense
form the correct preterite conjugation. conjugation.
1. l d _____ rmi (dormir) 16. Juan (dormir)
2. Uds. alm _____ rzaron (almorzar) durmi

dorma
3. ella m _____ nti (mentir) duerme
4. nosotros c _____ ntamos (contar) 17. Juan y Mara (pedir)
piden
5. yo p _____ d (pedir)
pidieron
6. ella enc _____ ntr (encontrar) pedan
7. ellas m _____ rieron (morir) 18. Carmen y yo (morir)

morimos
8. Ud. m _____ str (mostrar)
moramos
9. l adv _____ rti (advertir) mueren
10. ellos pr _____ baron (probar) 19. las seoritas (preferir)

preferan
11. ellas pref _____ rieron (preferir)
prefieren
12. t rec _____ rdaste (recordar) prefirieron
13. l m _____ di (medir) 20. el hombre (medir)

mide
14. yo r _____ gu (rogar)
meda
15. Uds. p _____ dieron (pedir) midi
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Imperfect: Part III
Onewaytodetermineifaverbisactuallytheimperfectistotrysubstitutingoneofthe
following:
was/were...ing
usedto...
would(meaningusedto)...
Thefollowingexamplesshowhowtousethissubstitutiontestfortheimperfect:
Iworkedintheagencyduringtheday.
Iwasworkingintheagencyduringtheday.

Ivisitedmygrandmothereveryday.
Iusedtovisitmygrandmothereveryday.

EveryafternoonItookanap.
EveryafternoonIwouldtakeanap.
Onedoesnotnormallythinkofageneralmentalstateorphysicalsensationsashavinga
denitebeginningorend,andsotheyareusuallyexpressedintheimperfect.
Ramntenamiedodehablarenpblico.
Ramnwasafraidtospeakinpublic.

YocreaqueJuanpodahacerlo.
IthoughtthatJuancoulddoit.

Megustabaelcoche.
Ilikedthecar.(Thecarwaspleasingtome.)
Theimperfectisusedtodescribehowthingswereorwhatthingswerelike.Usethe
imperfectwhendescribingthecharacteristicsofpeople,thingsorconditions.
Eraunmuchachomuyinteligente.
Hewasaveryintelligentboy.

Eraunaseoritamuyguapa.
Shewasabeautifulyounglady.

Lasventanasestabanabiertas.
Thewindowswereopen.

Lacasaerablanca.
Thehousewaswhite.
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Quiz #1
Imperfect: Part III
A. Try substituting was/were ...ing used B. Choose the correct tense for the
to ... or would ... (meaning used to following general mental states and
...) for the verb in order to determine physical sensations.
whether the tense should be imperfect
8. I waited in the rain for the taxi.
or preterite.
esper
1. Every day I visited my aunt. (used to visit)
esperaba
visit
visitaba 9. She loved the boy.
am
2. He wore a white shirt to the party.
amaba
llev
llevaba 10. Their feet hurt.
dolieron
3. He wore a white shirt every day.
(used to wear) dolan
llev 11. They were very tired.

llevaba estuvieron
4. Carmen prepared dinner when the estaban
doorbell rang. (was preparing) 12. The ladies liked her church dress.
prepar gust
preparaba gustaba
5. Juan ran ten miles. 13. I knew that.
corri supe
corra saba
6. Juan ran most mornings. (used to run) 14. They wanted more food.
corri quisieron
corra queran
7. Pablo read the paper last night. 15. You-all couldnt change the tire.
ley no pudisteis
lea no podais
16. He thought about the day they met.

pens
pensaba
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C. The following sentences all describe how
things were, or what things were like.
Which is appropriate, imperfect or
preterite?
17. The house was white. 19. The bag was heavy.
fue estuvo
era estaba
18. The sky was cloudy. 20. The store was full of candy.
estuvo estuvo
estaba estaba
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Preterite: Part IV
Inordertopreservethesoundoftheinnitive,anumberofverbschange
orthographically(spelling)inthepreteritetense.Thefollowingchangesoccurintheyo
formonly:
Verbsthatendin-garchangegtogu
Verbsthatendin-carchangectoqu
Verbsthatendin-zarchangeztoc
Herearethreeexamples:
yojugu(jugar)
yobusqu(buscar)
yoalmorc(almorzar)
Somecommonorthographicchangingverbsforthepreteritetenseinthesecategories
are:
-GAR -CAR -ZAR
cegar aparcar almorzar

colgar buscar autorizar
jugar claricar cazar
llegar clasicar comenzar
pagar destacar cruzar
plegar empacar empezar
regar justicar forzar
rogar practicar organizar
tragar sacar simbolizar
vagar tocar tropezarse
Forverbsthatendin-aer,-eer,-or,and-oer,thel/ella/ustedformsusetheendingy
(ratherthani)andthethirdpersonpluralusestheendingyeron(ratherthanieron).
Theremainingformsgainawrittenaccentovertheletteri.
creer
cre
creste
crey
cremos
cresteis
creyeron
Otherverbslikecreerinclude:
caer
leer
or
poseer
proveer
roer
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Exceptionstothisruleinclude:
traer
atraer
distraer
Verbsthatendin-uirchangeinthesameway,butthewrittenaccentovertheletteri
onlyoccursintheyoform.
huir
hu
huiste
huy
huimos
huisteis
huyeron
Otherverbslikehuirinclude:
construir
contribuir
destruir
uir
incluir
inuir
Thepreteritehasquiteafewirregularverbs,soashcardscanreallyhelpyoutomaster
them:
VerbFlashcards
52. preterite:creer,caer,leer,or
cre
creste
crey
cremos
cresteis
creyeron
53. preterite:huir,construir,contribuir,incluir
hu
huiste
huy
huimos
huisteis
huyeron
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Quiz #1
Preterite: Part IV
A. Fill in the missing letters in order to form B. Choose the correct preterite tense
the correct preterite conjugation. conjugation.
jugar 13. Juan (or)
1. yo ju _____ oye
llegar oa
2. yo lle _____ oy
pagar 14. Juan y Mara (leer)
3. yo pa _____ leen
aparcar leyeron
4. yo apar _____ lean
buscar 15. Carmen y yo (poseer)
5. yo bus _____ posemos
practicar poseamos
6. yo practi _____ poseemos
tocar 16. t (roer)
7. yo to _____
roste
almorzar roes
8. yo almor _____ roas
cazar 17. las seoritas (huir)
9. yo ca _____
huan
comenzar huyen
10. yo comen _____ huyeron
cruzar 18. el hombre (influir)
11. yo cru _____
influye
empezar influa
12. yo empe _____ influy
19. ustedes (destruir)
destruyen
destruyeron
destruan
20. t y yo (influir)
influamos
influimos
influyeron
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Preterite: Part V
Thefollowingverbsareirregularinthepreteriteandmustbememorized:
DECIR TRAER VER
dije traje vi
dijiste trajiste viste
dijo trajo vio
dijimos trajimos vimos
dijisteis trajisteis visteis
dijeron trajeron vieron
Alsoliketraer:
atraer
detraer
distraer
extraer
maltraer
retraer
sustraer
Verbsthatendin-ucirareirregularandconjugatedasfollows:
producir
produje
produjiste
produjo
produjimos
produjisteis
produjeron
Otherverbsinthiscategoryinclude:
aducir
conducir
coproducir
deducir
inducir
introducir
reducir
traducir
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Thatsright!Moreashcardsfortheirregularpreterites:
VerbFlashcards
54. preterite:decir,traer
dije traje
dijiste trajiste
dijo trajo
dijimos trajimos
dijisteis trajisteis
dijeron trajeron
55. preterite:ver
vi
viste
vio
vimos
visteis
vieron
55. preterite:-ucir(producir,conducir,traducir)
produje
produjiste
produjo
produjimos
produjisteis
produjeron
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Quiz #1
Preterite: Part V
A. Fill in the missing letters in order to
form the correct preterite conjugation.
1. yo di _____ (decir) decimos
2. t di _____ (decir) 15. t (traer)
3. l tra _____ (traer) trajiste
4. nosotros tra _____ (traer) traes
traas
5. vosotros v _____ (ver)
16. las seoritas (ver)
6. ellos v _____ (ver)
vean
7. yo produ _____ (producir) ven
8. ellos produ _____ (producir) vieron
9. t condu _____ (conducir) 17. el hombre (distraer)
10. vosotros condu _____ (conducir) distrajo

distraa
B. Choose the correct preterite tense distraes
conjugation.
18. vosotros (decir)
11. yo (decir)
decs
dije
dijisteis
deca
decais
digo
19. ustedes (ver)
12. Juan y Mara (ver)
ven
ven
vieron
vieron
vean
vean
20. las seoritas (decir)
13. el chofer (conducir)
dijeron
conduca
decan
conduce
dicen
condujo
14. Carmen y yo (decir)

dijimos
decamos
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Preterite: Part VI
Anumberofverbsthatareirregularinthepreteritefollowaparticularpattern.While
theirstemschange,theyalltakethefollowingendings:
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
Herearetheverbs,alongwiththeircorrespondingstemchanges:
INFINITIVE STEMCHANGE
andar anduv-
estar estuv-
tener tuv-
caber cup-
haber hub-
poder pud-
poner pus-
saber sup-
hacer hic-
querer quis-
venir vin-
Herearetwoexamplesofhowthispatternisapplied:
ESTAR(ESTUV-) SABER(SUP-)
estuve supe
estuviste supiste
estuvo supo
estuvimos supimos
estuvisteis supisteis
estuvieron supieron
NOTE:Theoneexceptionisthethirdpersonsingularofhacer.Asyoulearnedinapreviouslesson,thec
changestoztoformhizo.
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Anothercardforthispatternofirregularpreterites:
VerbFlashcards
57. irregularpreteritepattern:andar,estar,tener,caber,haber,poder,poner,saber,hacer,
querer,venir
INFINITIVE STEMCHANGE ENDINGS
andar anduv- -e
estar estuv- -iste
tener tuv- -o
caber cup- -imos
haber hub- -isteis
poder pud- -ieron
poner pus-
saber sup-
hacer hic-
querer quis-
venir vin-

Exception:hacer(el/ella/ustedhizo)
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Quiz #1
Preterite: Part VI
A. Fill in the missing endings in order to 14. Carmen y yo (caber)
form the correct preterite conjugation.
cabemos
1. t estuv _____ (estar) cabamos
2. l tuv _____ (tener) cupimos
15. t (haber)
3. nosotros cup _____ (caber)
hubiste
4. vosotros hub _____ (haber) has
habas
5. ellos pud _____ (poder)
16. las seoritas (poder)
B. Fill in the missing stem in order to form
the correct preterite conjugation. podan
pueden
6. el chico _____ o (poner)
pudieron
7. las chicas _____ ieron (saber)
17. el hombre (poner)
8. yo _____ e (hacer) pone
pona
9. nosotros _____ imos (querer)
puso
10. t _____ iste (venir) 18. vosotros (saber)
C. Choose the correct preterite tense sabis

conjugation. supisteis
11. Juan (andar) sabais
anduvo 19. ustedes (hacer)

andaba hacen
anda hicieron
12. yo (estar) hacan
estoy
20. t y yo (querer)
estaba
queramos
estuve
queremos
13. Juan y Mara (tener) quisimos
tienen
tuvieron
tenan
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Preterite vs Imperfect: Part III
Youhavealreadylearnedthatthepreteriteandtheimperfectareusedindifferent
situations.Thepreteriteisusedforactionsthatareviewedascompleted,whilethe
imperfectisusedforactionsthatdidnothaveadenitebeginningoradeniteend.
Estudidoshoras.
Istudiedtwohours.
(completedaction)

Yoestudiabaantesdelosexmenes.
Iusedtostudybeforethetests.
Someverbsactuallychangemeaning,dependinguponwhethertheyareusedinthe
preteriteortheimperfect.Thisisnotsurprising,sincethedifferenceinmeaningcanbe
tracedbacktothedifferentwayinwhichthesetwopasttensesareused.
conocer
ConocaJuanhacecincoaos.
ImetJuanveyearsago.
(completedaction)
Enaquellapocaconocamosmuybienlaciudad.
Atthattimeweknewthecityverywell.
querer
Maraquisocomprarlacasa.
Mariatriedtobuythehouse.
(completedaction)

Juanqueracomprarlacasa.
Juanwantedtobuythehouse.
noquerer
Maranoquisocomprarlacasa.
Mariarefusedtobuythehouse.
(completedaction)
Juannoqueracomprarlacasa.
Juandidnotwanttobuythehouse.
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saber
Maralosupoayer.
Mariafoundoutyesterday.
(completedaction)

JuansabaqueMaravena.
JuanknewthatMariawascoming.
poder
Marapudolevantarlamesa.
Mariasucceededinliftingthetable.
(completedaction)

Juanpodaparticiparenlamanifestacin.
Juanwasabletoparticipateinthedemonstration.
tener
Maratuvounacartadesumam.
Mariareceivedaletterfromhermom.
(completedaction)

Juantenauncochenuevo.
Juanusedtohaveanewcar.
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Quiz #1
Preterite vs Imperfect: Part III
A. Choose between the preterite or the
imperfect.
1. We wanted to buy the car. 8. Carmen used to have a house in Acapulco.
_____ comprar el auto. Carmen _____ una casa en Acapulco.
Quisimos tuvo
Queramos tena
2. The man refused to speak. 9. Arturo tried to leave.
El hombre _____ hablar. Arturo _____ salir.
no quiso quiso
no quera quera
3. They found out the news yesterday. 10. Maria tried to eat.
_____ las noticias ayer. Mara _____ comer.
Supieron quiso
Saban quera
4. The boy knew she was coming. 11. The girls were able to go to the party.
El chico _____ que ella vena. Las chicas _____ ir a la fiesta.
supo pudieron
saba podan
5. We succeeded in lifting the piano. 12. The brothers received a message from
their father.
_____ levantar el piano.
Pudimos Los hermanos _____ un mensaje de su
padre.
Podamos
tuvieron
6. I met Juan five years ago. tenan
Hace cinco aos que _____ a Juan.
13. The drunk refused to leave.
conoc
El borracho _____ salir.
conoca
no quiso
7. I received a letter from my sister. no quera
_____ una carta de mi hermana.
14. I knew him well.
Tuve
Le _____ bien.
Tena
Conoc
Conoca
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15. Jorge met a charming young lady. 18. I wasnt able to remember his name.
Jorge _____ a una simptica seorita. No _____ recordar su nombre.
conoci pude
conoca poda
16. At that time we knew the city very well. 19. Last night Juan found out the truth.
En aquella poca _____ muy bien la ciudad. Anoche Juan _____ la verdad.
conocimos supo
conocamos saba
17. Alberto succeeded in reading the whole 20. The young ladies did not want to leave.
book.
Las seoritas _____ salir.
Alberto _____ leer el libro entero. no quisieron
pudo no queran
poda
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Preterite and Imperfect: Review
Hereareallthreeregularpreteriteverbformstogether:
HABLAR COMER VIVIR
habl com viv

hablaste comiste viviste
habl comi vivi
hablamos comimos vivimos
hablasteis comisteis vivisteis
hablaron comieron vivieron
NOTE:Thenosotrosformsfor-arand-irverbsarethesameinbothpreteriteandpresenttenses:hablamos,
vivimos.
Hereareallthreeregularimperfectverbformstogether:
HABLAR COMER VIVIR
hablaba coma viva

hablabas comas vivas
hablaba coma viva
hablbamos comamos vivamos
hablabais comais vivais
hablaban coman vivan
Generallyspeaking,thepreteriteisusedforactionsinthepastthatareseenas
completed,whiletheimperfecttenseisusedforpastactionsthatdidnothaveadenite
beginningoradeniteend.
Juanhabldoshoras.
Juanspoketwohours.
(actioncompleted)

Laschicashablabaneningls.
ThegirlsusedtospeakinEnglish.
Anotherwaytoviewthisisthatthepreteritetellsusspecicallywhenanactiontookplace,while
theimperfecttellsusingeneralwhenanactiontookplace.
Thepreteriteisusedinthefollowingsituations:
Foractionsthatcanbeviewedassingleevents
Foractionsthatwererepeatedaspecicnumberoftimes
Foractionsthatoccurredduringaspecicperiodoftime
Foractionsthatwerepartofachainofevents
Tostatethebeginningortheendofanaction
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Theimperfectisusedinthefollowingsituations:
Foractionsthatwererepeatedhabitually
Foractionsthatsetthestageforanotherpastaction
Fortellingtime
Forstatingonesage
Formentalstates(usually)
Forphysicalsensations(usually)
Todescribethecharacteristicsofpeople,thingsorconditions
Ser,ir,darandhacerareirregularinthepreterite:
SER IR
fui fui
fuiste fuiste
fue fue
fuimos fuimos
fuisteis fuisteis
fueron fueron

DAR HACER
di hice
diste hiciste
dio hizo
dimos hicimos
disteis hicisteis
dieron hicieron
NOTE:Thisisnotatypo;serandirdohaveidenticalconjugationsinthepreterite!
Thereareonlythreeirregularverbsintheimperfect:
SER IR VER
era iba vea

eras ibas veas
era iba vea
ramos bamos veamos
erais ibais veais
eran iban vean
Somewordsandphrasesindicatespecictimeframes,andthereforesignaltheuseofthe
preterite.
ayer(yesterday)
anteayer(thedaybeforeyesterday)
anoche(lastnight)
desdeelprimermomento(fromtherstmoment)
durantedossiglos(fortwocenturies)
elotroda(theotherday)
enesemomento(atthatmoment)
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entonces(then)
estamaana(thismorning)
estatarde(thisafternoon)
lasemanapasada(lastweek)
elmespasado(lastmonth)
elaopasado(lastyear)
hacedosdas,aos(twodays,yearsago)
ayerporlamaana(yesterdaymorning)
ayerporlatarde(yesterdayafternoon)
Otherwordsandphrasesindicaterepetitive,vagueornon-specictimeframes,and
thereforesignaltheuseoftheimperfect.
amenudo(often)
aveces(sometimes)
cadada(everyday)
cadasemana(everyweek)
cadames(everymonth)
cadaao(everyyear)
confrecuencia(frequently)
devezencuando(fromtimetotime)
enaquellapoca(atthattime)
frecuentemente(frequently)
generalmente(usually)
muchasveces(manytimes)
mucho(alot)
nunca(never)
porunrato(forawhile)
siempre(always)
tantasveces(somanytimes)
todaslassemanas(everyweek)
todoslosdas(everyday)
todoeltiempo(allthetime)
variasveces(severaltimes)
-arand-erverbsthatchangetheirsteminthepresenttensedonotchangeinthe
preterite.Theyareconjugatedjustlikeotherregularpreteriteverbs.
PRESENT PRETERITE
cerrar cerrar
cierro cerr
cierras cerraste
cierra cerr
cerramos cerramos
cerris cerrasteis
cierran cerraron
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-irverbsthatchangetheirsteminthepresenttensedochangeinthepreterite,butina
differentway.Theychangee:iando:uinthethirdperson,singularandplural.
PRESENT PRETERITE
preferir preferir
preero prefer
preeres preferiste
preere preri
preferimos preferimos
prefers preferisteis
preeren prerieron
PRESENT PRETERITE
dormir dormir
duermo dorm
duermes dormiste
duerme durmi
dormimos dormimos
dorms dormisteis
duermen durmieron
Thereareanumberoforthographicchangingverbsinthepreterite:
Verbsthatendin-garchangegtogu
Verbsthatendin-carchangectoqu
Verbsthatendin-zarchangeztoc
Verbsthatendin-aer,-eer,-or,-oer,anduirchangeitoyandierontoyeron
Herearethreemoreverbsthatareirregularinthepreterite:
DECIR TRAER VER
dije traje vi
dijiste trajiste viste
dijo trajo vio
dijimos trajimos vimos
dijisteis trajisteis visteis
dijeron trajeron vieron
Verbsthatendin-ucirareirregularandconjugatedasfollows:
producir
produje
produjiste
produjo
produjimos
produjisteis
produjeron
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Thereareanumberofverbsthatareirregularinthepreteritethatfollowaparticular
pattern.Thepatternisthatwhiletheirstemschange,theyalltakethefollowingendings:
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
Herearetheverbs,alongwiththeircorrespondingstemchanges:
INFINITIVE STEMCHANGE
andar anduv-
estar estuv-
tener tuv-
caber cup-
haber hub-
poder pud-
poner pus-
saber sup-
hacer hic-
querer quis-
venir vin-

Exception:hacer(el/ella/ustedhizo)
Someverbsactuallychangemeaning,dependinguponwhethertheyareusedinthe
preteriteortheimperfect.Thisisnotsurprising,sincethedifferenceinmeaningcanbe
tracedbacktothedifferentwayinwhichthesetwopasttensesareused.
conocer
ConocaJuanhacecincoaos.
ImetJuanveyearsago.
(completedaction)

Enaquellapocaconocamosmuybienlaciudad.
Atthattimeweknewthecityverywell.
querer
Maraquisocomprarlacasa.
Mariatriedtobuythehouse.
(completedaction)

Juanqueracomprarlacasa.
Juanwantedtobuythehouse.
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noquerer
Maranoquisocomprarlacasa.
Mariarefusedtobuythehouse.
(completedaction)

Juannoqueracomprarlacasa.
Juandidnotwanttobuythehouse.
saber
Maralosupoayer.
Mariafoundoutyesterday.
(completedaction)

JuansabaqueMaravena.
JuanknewthatMariawascoming.
poder
Marapudolevantarlamesa.
Mariasucceededinliftingthetable.
(completedaction)

Juanpodaparticiparenlamanifestacin.
Juanwasabletoparticipateinthedemonstration.
tener
Maratuvounacartadesumam.
Mariareceivedaletterfromhermom.
(completedaction)

Juantenauncochenuevo.
Juanusedtohaveanewcar.
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Quiz #1
Preterite vs Imperfect: Review
A. Choose the correct preterite tense D. Try substituting was/were ...ing, used to
conjugation. ..., would (meaning used to) ... for the verb
in order to determine whether the tense
1. Juan y yo (ser) should be imperfect or preterite.
somos 7. Every day I visited my aunt.
fuimos visit
ramos visitaba
2. t (dar) 8. Juan ran most mornings.
das corri
dabas corra
diste E. The following sentences all describe how
things were, or what things were like.
B. Choose the correct imperfect tense
Which is appropriate, imperfect or
conjugation. preterite?
3. las gatas (ser) 9. The house was white.
fueron fue
eran era
son 10. The store was full of candy.
4. las gatas (ir) estuvo
iban estaba
van F. Fill in the missing letters in order to form
fueron the correct preterite conjugation.
C. Choose the correct preterite tense pagar

conjugation. 11. yo pa _____
5. Juan (dormir) buscar
12. yo bus _____
durmi
dorma G. Choose the correct preterite tense
duerme conjugation.
6. Juan y Mara (pedir) 13. Juan y Mara (leer)
piden leen
pidieron leyeron
pedan lean
14. el hombre (influir)
influye
influa
influy
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H. Choose the correct form of the verb. 17. She used to call me every night.
You must decide whether to use
Ella me _____ cada noche.
preterite or imperfect, and you must
conjugate the verb correctly. llamaba
llamabas
15. The girls spoke to the professor. llamaba
Las chicas _____ con el profesor. llambamos
habl llamabais
hablaste llamaban
habl llam
hablamos llamaste
hablasteis llam
hablaron llamamos
hablaba llamasteis
hablabas llamaron
hablaba
18. We used to dance the tango every night.
hablbamos
_____ el tango cada noche.
hablabais
Bailaba
hablaban
Bailabas
16. I studied with Juan for three hours. Bailaba
_____ con Juan por tres horas. Bailbamos
Estudiaba Bailabais
Estudiabas Bailaban
Estudiaba Bail
Estudibamos Bailaste
Estudiabais Bail
Estudiaban Bailamos
Estudi Bailasteis
Estudiaste Bailaron
Estudi
I. Using the phrase that is underlined as a
Estudiamos hint, choose between the preterite or the
Estudiasteis imperfect.
Estudiaron 19. Los muchachos _____ a las montaas cada
invierno.
fueron
iban
20. Juan _____ algunos objetos ayer.

compr
compraba
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J. Fill in the missing stem in order to form 35. ustedes (ver)
the correct preterite conjugation.
ven
21. yo _____ e (andar) vieron
22. t _____ iste (estar) vean
23. Juan _____ o (tener) 36. t (traducir)
24. nosotros _____ imos (caber) traducas
25. vosotros _____ isteis (haber) traduces
26. las mujeres _____ ieron (poder) tradujiste
27. el chico _____ o (poner) L. Choose between the preterite or the
28. las chicas _____ ieron (saber) imperfect.
29. yo _____ e (hacer) 37. The man refused to speak.
30. nosotros _____ imos (querer) El hombre _____ hablar.

no quiso
31. t _____ iste (venir)
no quera
K. Choose the correct preterite tense 38. They found out the news yesterday.
conjugation.
_____ las noticias ayer.
32. Juan (traer)
Supieron
trae Saban
traa
39. We succeeded in lifting the piano.
trajo
_____ levantar el piano.
33. el chofer (conducir)
Pudimos
conduca Podamos
conduce
40. Arturo tried to leave.
condujo
Arturo _____ salir.
34. Carmen y yo (decir)
quiso
dijimos quera
decamos
decimos
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Hace ... to Mean ago
Inapreviouslesson,youlearnedtousetheverbhacerwiththepresenttenseformofa
verbtoindicatethelengthoftimeanactionhasbeentakingplace:
Hace+time+que+presenttenseformoftheverb
Whentheverbisinthepreteritetense,adifferentmeaningisconveyed:
Hace+time+que+preteritetenseformoftheverb
Haceunaoqueestudiespaol.
IstudiedSpanishoneyearago.
Thereisanotherwaytoconveythesameidea:
Preteritetenseformoftheverb+hace+time
Estudiespaolhaceunao.
Notethedifferencesandsimilarities:
Haceunaoqueestudiespaol.
Estudiespaolhaceunao.
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Quiz #1
Hace ... to mean ago
1. I ate one hour ago. 12. The class visited the museum three weeks
ago.
_____ una hora que yo com.
Hace tres semanas _____ la clase visit el
2. He ate two hours ago. museo.
l comi _____ dos horas.
13. My friend drank a soft drink an hour ago.
3. Juan ate two hours ago. Mi amigo bebi un refresco hace _____ hora.
Juan comi _____ dos horas.
14. The family watched a soccer game two
4. Mara ate one hour ago. days ago.
_____ una hora que Mara comi. La familia mir un partido de ftbol _____
dos das.
5. They read the entire novel two years ago.
15. I drank a beer several years ago.
Hace _____ aos que ellos leyeron la
novela entera. _____ varios aos que beb una cerveza.
6. My parents paid my tuition two weeks ago. 16. We watched the movie four days ago.
Mis padres pagaron la matrcula hace Hace _____ das que vimos la pelcula.
_____ semanas.
17. The class began twenty minutes ago.
7. I attended the lecture two weeks ago. La clase empez _____ veinte minutos.
Asist a la conferencia hace dos _____ .
18. I sang the song two years ago.
8. The girl did her homework 30 minutes ago. _____ dos aos que cant la cancin.
Hace treinta minutos _____ la chica hizo la
19. They published the book six years ago.
tarea.
Ellos publicaron el libro hace _____ aos.
9. The boy read a book six years ago.
20. She returned from Spain two days ago.
El chico ley un libro _____ seis aos.
Ella volvi de Espaa _____ dos das.
10. We bought the house twenty years ago.
Compramos la casa _____ veinte aos.
11. The children ate a lot of candy several

minutes ago.
_____ varios minutos que los nios
comieron muchos bombones.
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Formation of Adverbs
Adverbsarewordsthatdescribe,ormodify,verbs,adjectivesorotheradverbs.
Heranquickly.
(quicklydescribeshowheran)
Shespokemoreslowlythanhe.
(slowlydescribeshowshespoke)
(moremodiesslowly)
MostSpanishadverbsareformedbyadding-mentetothefemininesingularformofthe
adjective.Thisendingcorrespondsto-lyinEnglish.
ADJECTIVE FEM.FORM ADVERB
claro clara claramente

constante constante constantemente
difcil difcil difcilmente
NOTE:Whenanadjectivehasawrittenaccent,theadverbretainsit.
Anotherwaytoformanadverbistousetheprepositioncon+thesingularformofthe
noun.
cuidadoso(carefully)
cuidadosamenteorconcuidado
perfecto(perfectly)
perfectamenteorconperfeccin
carioso(affectionately)
cariosamenteorconcario
Someadverbsdonotfollowanypatternoforigination,andmustsimplybememorized.
Hereisalistofsomecommonones:
bastante nunca
quite never
demasiado peor
too worse
mal poco
badly little
mucho siempre
alot always
muy
very
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Whentwoadverbsmodifythesameverb,onlythesecondoneusesthe-menteending.
Notethattherstadverbisthesameasthefemininesingularformoftheadjective.
Juantrabajalentaycuidadosamente.
Juanworksslowlyandcarefully.
Elchicolehablclaraycortsmente.
Theboyspoketohimclearlyandcourteously.
Elautorescribirpidayfcilmente.
Theauthorwrotequicklyandeasily.
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Quiz #1
Formation of Adverbs
A. Form adverbs from the following
adjectives.
B. Write the correct adverb.
1. claro
11. La muchacha come _____ .
___________________
The girl eats little.
2. correcto
12. El hombre come _____ .
___________________
The man eats a lot.
3. horrible
13. Mara _____ viene los lunes.
___________________
Maria never comes on Mondays.
4. difcil 14. Yo _____ desayuno.
___________________ I always eat breakfast.
5. alegre 15. _____ bien, gracias.

___________________ Very well, thank you.
6. triste C. Write the alternate adverbial form.

___________________ 16. cariosamente
_____ cario
7. enojado
___________________ 17. cortsmente
_____ cortesa
8. lento
18. apasionadamente
___________________
_____ apasionamiento
9. rpido
19. gustosamente
___________________
con _____
10. raro
20. rpidamente
___________________
_____ rapidez
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Subjunctive: Part I
Alltoofrequently,thetopicofthesubjunctiveismadefarmoredifcultthanisnecessary.
Letstryaslightlydifferentapproach,withthegoalofmakingthistopiclesstroublesome.
Thesubjunctiveisnotatense;rather,itisamood.Tensereferstowhenanactiontakes
place(past,present,future),whilemoodmerelyreectshowthespeakerfeelsaboutthe
action.ThesubjunctivemoodisrarelyusedinEnglish,butitiswidelyusedinSpanish.
HerearesomeexamplesofthesubjunctivebeingusedinEnglish:
Thedoctorrecommendsthathetakethepillswithfood.
Subjunctiveconjugation:hetake
Thelawrequiresthatyoube18yearsoldtovote.
Subjunctiveconjugation:yoube
IfIwerearichman,Iwouldnthavetoworkhard.
Subjunctiveconjugation:Iwere
Sofar,youhavestudiedverbtensesintheindicativemood.Theindicativemoodisusedto
expressfactualinformation,certainty,andobjectivity.
UstedvaalPerendiciembre.
YouaregoingtoPeruinDecember.
TheabovesentencemerelyreportsthefactthatyouaregoingtoPeruinDecember,sothe
indicativemoodisused.
Letschangetheaboveexampleslightly:
NodudoqueustedvaalPerendiciembre.
IdontdoubtthatyouaregoingtoPeruinDecember.
Intheabovesentence,theclausenodudointroducesaqualityofcertainty,thespeakerhas
nodoubt,sotheindicativemoodisusedinthesecondclause(va)aswellastherst(nodudo).
Letsmakeanotherslightchangetoourexample:
DudoqueustedvayaalPerendiciembre.
IdoubtthatyouaregoingtoPeruinDecember.
Intheabovesentence,theclausedudointroducesaqualityofuncertainty,thespeakerdoes
havedoubt,soherethesubjunctivemoodisusedinthesecondclause(vaya).
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Thesubjunctivemoodisusedtoexpresseverythingexceptcertaintyandobjectivity:
thingslikedoubt,uncertainty,subjectivity,etc.
YodudoqueustedvayaalPerendiciembre.
IdoubtthatyouaregoingtoPeruinDecember.
Sincetheabovestatementdoesnotexpresscertainty,thesubjunctive(vaya)isrequiredinthe
secondclause.
Thedifferencebetweenindicativeandsubjunctiveisthedifferencebetweencertainty/
objectivity(indicative)andpossibility/subjectivity(subjunctive).
Indicative
Johngoestothestore.
(Thissentencemerelystatesthecertain,objectivefactthatJohngoestothestore.)
IknowthatJohngoestothestore.
(TheclauseIknowtellsusthatthespeakerfeelsthatitisacertain,objectivefactthatJohn
goestothestore.)
ThereisnodoubtthatJohngoestothestore.
(Theclausethereisnodoubttellsusthatthespeakerfeelsthatitisacertain,objectivefact
thatJohngoestothestore.)
Subjunctive
IwantJohntogotothestore.
(TheclauseIwanttellsusthatthespeakerfeelsthatthereisuncertaintyastowhetherJohn
goestothestore.)
IhopethatJohngoestothestore.
(TheclauseIhopetellsusthatthespeakerfeelsthatthereisuncertaintyastowhetherJohn
goestothestore.)
ItispossiblethatJohnwillgotothestore.
(Theclauseitispossibletellsusthatthespeakerfeelsthatthereisuncertaintyastowhether
Johngoestothestore.)
ItsgoodthatJohngoestothestore.
(Theclauseitsgoodalertsusthatthespeakerisabouttoexpressasubjectiveopinion.)
ItsimportantthatJohngoestothestore.
(Theclauseitsimportantalertsusthatthespeakerisabouttoexpressasubjectiveopinion.)
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Becausetheremustbesomeuncertaintyorsubjectivitytowarranttheuseofthe
subjunctive,youwillusuallyseeitinsentencesthatcontainamainclausewhich
introducesaqualityofuncertaintyorsubjectivity.
Ihopeshewillcome....................................... Ihope=mainclause
Iknowshewillcome...................................... Iknow=mainclause
Ifeelshewillcome......................................... Ifeel=mainclause.
Theaboveexamplesallhavemainclauses,butonlytherstandthethirdintroduceanelementof
uncertaintyorsubjectivity.
Inlearningtousethesubjunctive,itisquitehelpfulifonecanrstrecognizesuchclauses.
Thefollowingisalistofclausescommonlyassociatedwiththeuseofthesubjunctive:
amenosque............ unless esterribleque.......... itsterriblethat
antes(de)que.......... before hastaque................. until
contal(de)que........ providedthat insistirenque........... toinsistthat
cuando.................... when mandarque............. toorderthat
convieneque........... itisadvisablethat msvaleque............ itsbetterthat
despus(de)que...... after mientrasque............ while
dudarque................ todoubtthat negarque................ todenythat
encasodeque......... incase nocreerque............ nottobelievethat
encuanto................ assoonas noesciertoque....... itsnotcertainthat
esaconsejableque... itsadvisablethat noestarconvencido
esbuenoque........... itsgoodthat deque.................. tonotbeconvincedthat
esdifcilque............. itsunlikelythat noestarseguro
esdudosoque......... itisdoubtfulthat deque.................. tonotbesurethat
esfcilque............... itslikelythat noesverdadque..... itsnottruethat
esfantsticoque...... itsfantasticthat noimaginarseque... tonotimaginethat
esimportanteque.... itsimportantthat noparecerque......... tonotseemthat
esimposibleque...... itsimpossiblethat nopensarque.......... tonotthinkthat
esimprobableque... itsunlikelythat nosuponerque........ tonotsupposethat
esinciertoque......... itsuncertainthat ojalque.................. ifonlyhewould
esincrebleque........ itsincrediblethat paraque.................. inorderthat
es(una)lstimaque. itsapitythat pedirque................. toaskthat
esmaloque............. itsbadthat preferirque.............. topreferthat
esmejorque............ itsbetterthat prohibirque............. toprohibitthat
esmenesterque....... itsnecessarythat puedeserque.......... itmaybethat
esnecesarioque...... itsnecessarythat quererque............... towantthat
esperarque.............. towishthat recomendarque....... torecommendthat
esposibleque.......... itspossiblethat rogarque................. topleadthat
esprecisoque.......... itsnecessarythat sentirque................. toregretthat
espreferibleque...... itspreferablethat sinque..................... without
esprobableque....... itsprobablethat sugerirque............... tosuggestthat
esraroque............... itsrarethat tanprontocomo...... assoonas
esridculoque.......... itsridiculousthat temerque................ tofearthat
estarcontentoque... tobehappythat tenermiedodeque.. tobeafraidthat
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Quiz #1
Subjunctive: Part I
A. Identify and write (in Spanish) the main
clause for each sentence. Include the
word que.
1. Creo que ellos estn en la casa. 9. Es cierto que ella viene.
I believe that they are in the house. It is certain that she is coming.
_____________ _____________
2. Does the above clause signal the 10. Does the above clause signal the
subjunctive mood or the indicative mood? subjunctive mood or the indicative mood?
subjunctive subjunctive
indicative indicative
3. Quiero que el chico coma ms. 11. Es dudoso que t tengas gripe.
I want the boy to eat more. Its doubtful that you have the flu.
_____________ _____________
5. Es importante que los alumnos estudien 13. Es probable que ellos vuelvan pronto.
cada da. Its probable that they will return soon.
Its important that the students study _____________
every day.
14. Does the above clause signal the
_____________ subjunctive mood or the indicative mood?
6. Does the above clause signal the subjunctive

subjunctive mood or the indicative mood? indicative
subjunctive
15. Es necesario que tu esposo lo escriba.
indicative
Its necessary that your husband write it.
7. Es necesario que t lo comprendas. _____________
It is necessary that you understand it.
16. Does the above clause signal the
_____________ subjunctive mood or the indicative mood?
8. Does the above clause signal the subjunctive
subjunctive mood or the indicative mood? indicative
subjunctive
indicative
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17. Ella teme que los alumnos no estudien. 19. Ella prefiere que nosotros salgamos.
She fears that the students dont study. She prefers that we leave.
_____________ _____________
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Subjunctive: Part II
InPartI,youlearnedthatthesubjunctivemoodisusedwheneverthespeakerfeels
anyuncertaintyabouttheactionofthesentence,orwhenthespeakerisexpressinga
subjectiveopinion.
Inthislessonyouwillbegintolearnhowtoconjugateverbsinthepresentsubjunctive.
Formostverbs,thepresentsubjunctiveisformedbyfollowingthesethreesteps:
1. Startwiththeyoformofthepresentindicative.
2. Thendropthe-oending.
3. Finally,addthefollowingendings:
-arverbs:
-e,-es,-e,-emos,-is,-en
-erand-irverbs:
-a,-as,-a,-amos,-is,-an
Regular-arverbslikehablar(yohablo).
hablo-o=habl
habl+e=hable
habl+es=hables
habl+e=hable
habl+emos=hablemos
habl+is=hablis
habl+en=hablen
Regular-erverbslikecomer(yocomo).
como-o=com
com+a=coma
com+as=comas
com+a=coma
com+amos=comamos
com+is=comis
com+an=coman
Regular-irverbslikevivir(yovivo).
vivo-o=viv
viv+a=viva
viv+as=vivas
viv+a=viva
viv+amos=vivamos
viv+is=vivis
viv+an=vivan
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Theformulaalsoworksforverbsthathaveirregularyoformsinthepresentindicative.
Studytheseexamples:
conocer(yoconozco)
conozco-o=conozc
conozc+a=conozca
conozc+as=conozcas
conozc+a=conozca
conozc+amos=conozcamos
conozc+is=conozcis
conozc+an=conozcan
tener(yotengo)
tengo-o=teng
teng+a=tenga
teng+as=tengas
teng+a=tenga
teng+amos=tengamos
teng+is=tengis
teng+an=tengan
salir(yosalgo)
salgo-o=salg
salg+a=salga
salg+as=salgas
salg+a=salga
salg+amos=salgamos
salg+is=salgis
salg+an=salgan
For-arand-erstem-changingverbs,theformulaappliesexceptthatthereisnostem
changeinthenosotrosandvosotrosforms.Studytheseexamples:
pensar(yopienso)
pienso-o=piens
piens+e=piense
piens+es=pienses
piens+e=piense
pens+emos=pensemos
pens+is=pensis
piens+en=piensen

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perder(yopierdo)
pierdo-o=pierd
pierd+a=pierda
pierd+as=pierdas
pierd+a=pierda
perd+amos=perdamos
perd+is=perdis
pierd+an=pierdan
contar(yocuento)
cuento-o=cuent
cuent+e=cuente
cuent+es=cuentes
cuent+e=cuente
cont+emos=contemos
cont+is=contis
cuent+en=cuenten
volver(yovuelvo)
vuelvo-o=vuelv
vuelv+a=vuelva
vuelv+as=vuelvas
vuelv+a=vuelva
volv+amos=volvamos
volv+is=volvis
vuelv+an=vuelvan
For-irstem-changingverbs,theformulaappliesexceptthatthestemchangeinthe
nosotrosandvosotrosformsfollowsthesepatterns:o:ueverbschangeotou;e:ieverbs
changeetoi;e:iverbschangeetoi.Studytheseexamples:
dormir(yoduermo)
duermo-o=duerm
duerm+a=duerma
duerm+as=duermas
duerm+a=duerma
durm+amos=durmamos
durm+is=durmis
duerm+an=duerman
sentir(yosiento)
siento-o=sient
sient+a=sienta
sient+as=sientas
sient+a=sienta
sint+amos=sintamos
sint+is=sintis
sient+an=sientan
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pedir(yopido)
pido-o=pid
pid+a=pida
pid+as=pidas
pid+a=pida
pid+amos=pidamos
pid+is=pidis
pid+an=pidan
Therearejustafewmorerulesforconjugatingverbsinthepresentsubjunctive.Theywill
becoveredinthenexttwolessons.
Letsaddashcardsfortheconjugationscoveredinthislesson:
VerbFlashcards
59. PresentSubjunctive-hablar
hable
hables
hable
hablemos
hablis
hablen
60. PresentSubjunctive-comer
coma
comas
coma
comamos
comis
coman
61. PresentSubjunctive-vivir
viva
vivas
viva
vivamos
vivis
vivan
62. PresentSubjunctive-verbswithirregularrstpersonsinpresentindicative
conocer-conozca,conozcas,conozca,conozcamos,conozcis,conozcan
tener-tenga,tengas,tenga,tengamos,tengis,tengan
salir-salga,salgas,salga,salgamos,salgis,salgan
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63. PresentSubjunctive--arand-erstem-changingverbs
Conjugatejustlikeregularsubjunctives(usingyoformoftheindicative)exceptthestem
changedoesnotoccurinthenosotros/vosotrosforms:
pensar
piense
pienses
piense
pensemos
pensis
piensen
64. PresentSubjunctive--irstem-changingverbs
Conjugatejustlikeregularsubjunctives(usingyoformoftheindicative)exceptthestem
changeinthenosotrosandvosotrosformsfollowsthesepatterns:o:ueverbschangeoto
u;e:ieverbschangeetoi;e:iverbschangeetoi.:
dormir............. durmamos
sentir............... sintamos
pedir................ pidamos
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Quiz #1
Subjunctive: Part II
A. Choose the correct subjunctive
conjugation for the following regular
verbs.
1. yo (escuchar) 5. Juan (beber)
escuche beba
escuches bebas
escuche beba
escuchemos bebamos
escuchis bebis
escuchen beban
2. t (abrir) 6. las seoritas (mandar)
abra mande
abras mandes
abra mande
abramos mandemos
abris mandis
abran manden
3. nosotros (viajar) 7. Juan y yo (correr)
viaje corra
viajes corras
viaje corra
viajemos corramos
viajis corris
viajen corran

4. ustedes (comprar) 8. usted (vivir)
compre viva
compres vivas
compre viva
compremos vivamos
compris vivis
compren vivan
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B. Write the correct subjunctive D. Write the correct subjunctive
conjugation for the following verbs that conjugation for the following -ir stem-
have irregular yo forms in the present changing verbs.
indicative.
18. morir
9. caber
el perro _____
yo _____
19. dormir
10. conocer
t y yo _____
l _____
20. advertir
11. salir
las mujeres _____
los chicos _____
12. poner
nosotras _____
13. hacer
t _____
14. ver
t y yo _____
C. Write the correct subjunctive

conjugation for the following -ar and
-er stem-changing verbs.
15. mostrar
Pablo _____
16. volver
yo _____
17. encontrar

t y yo _____
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Subjunctive: Part III
uncertainabouttheactionofthesentence,orwhenthespeakerisexpressingasubjective
opinion.
InPartII,youlearnedthebasicrulesforconjugatingregularverbsandstem-changing
verbs.
Youlearnedthat-arverbstaketheendings:
And-erand-irverbstaketheendings:
Inthislessonyouwilllearnhowtoconjugateverbsinthepresentsubjunctivethatchange
orthographically.
Remembertheoldquestion:Whatcamerst,thechickenortheegg?Thatsahardoneto
answer.Theresanotherquestion,onethatpertainstolearningSpanish,thatsmucheasier
toanswer.
Spanishspellingisnearlyperfectphonetically.Thatis,ifyoucanpronounceit,youcan
spellit,andifyouseeitwritten,youcanpronounceit.Haveyoueveraskedyourself,
Whichcamerst,thepronunciationorthespelling?Thisisamucheasierquestionto
answerthanthechicken-eggquestion.
Theansweristhatthepronunciationcamerst.Later,analphabetwasdevelopedto
representthatpronunciationonpaper.Fortunately,whentherulesforthealphabetwere
developed,theywerekeptsimpleandstraightforward.Thatiswhy,inSpanish,youcan
spellanywordthatyoucanpronounce,andyoucanpronounceanywordthatyousee
written.
Withregardtoverbconjugations,thesestrictrulesforspellingoftenleadtosomething
calledorthographicchanges.Thesearechangesinspelling,changesthataremadefor
onepurpose--topreservethesoundoftheinnitive.Alloftheverbswediscussinthis
lessonhaveorthographicchanges.
Alloftheseorthographicchangesoccurforonereasonandonereasononly.Ifwewereto
simplyapplytheruleslearnedinthepreviouslesson,thenwewouldlosethesoundofthe
innitive.Theseorthographicchangesensurethatthespellingproperlyreectstheway
thesewordsareactuallypronounced.
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Remember,pronunciationcomesrst.Spellingmerelyreectsthewayawordis
pronounced.Herearetherulesfortheorthographicchangesinthepresentsubjunctive:
Forverbsthatendin-zar,thezchangestocwhenitcomesbeforethelettere.
empezar(e:ie)
empiece
empieces
empiece
empecemos
empecis
empiecen
Forverbsthatendin-geror-gir,thegchangestojwhenitcomesbeforethelettera.
escoger
escoja
escojas
escoja
escojamos
escojis
escojan
elegir(e:i)
elija
elijas
elija
elijamos
elijis
elijan
Forverbsthatendin-guir,theguchangestogwhenitcomesbeforethelettera.
seguir(e:i)
siga
sigas
siga
sigamos
sigis
sigan
Forverbsthatendin-car,thecchangestoquwhenitcomesbeforethelettere.
buscar
busque
busques
busque
busquemos
busquis
busquen
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Forverbsthatendin-gar,thegchangestoguwhenitcomesbeforethelettere.
pagar
pague
pagues
pague
paguemos
paguis
paguen
Forverbsthatendinuir,addtheletterybeforethelettera.
huir
huya
huyas
huya
huyamos
huyis
huyan
Thereisjustonemoreconsiderationforconjugatingverbsinthepresentsubjunctive.We
willcoverthatinthenextlesson.
Letsaddashcardsfortheverbsthatchangeorthographicallyinthepresentsubjunctive:
VerbFlashcards
65. -zar:zchangestocbeforee
(presentsubjunctive)
empezar(e:ie)
empiece
empieces
empiece
empecemos
empecis
empiecen
55. -geror-gir:gchangestojbeforea
escoger
escoja
escojas
escoja
escojamos
escojis
escojan
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56. -guir:guchangestogbeforea
seguir(e:i)
siga
sigas
siga
sigamos
sigis
sigan
57. -car:cchangestoqubeforee
-gargchangestogubeforee
buscar/pagar
busque/pague
busques/pagues
busque/pague
busquemos/paguemos
busquispaguis
busquen/paguen
58. uir:addybeforea
huir
huya
huyas
huya
huyamos
huyis
huyan
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Quiz #1
Subjunctive: Part III
A. Select the correct present tense
subjunctive conjugation for the
following orthographic-changing verbs.
1. yo (empezar) 8. conseguir (e:i)
empiezo ella _____
empeize
9. coger
empiece
yo _____
2. t (escoger)
10. reelegir (e:i)
escoges
l _____
escogas
escojas 11. influir
3. Juan y yo (elegir) las chicas _____
eligimos 12. contribuir

eligamos Juan, Mara, y yo _____
elijamos
13. indicar
4. ustedes (seguir) t _____
siguen
14. dedicar
siguan
t _____
sigan
15. significar
5. Carmen (buscar)
Pablo _____
busca
busce 16. colegir (e:i)
busque yo _____

6. las nias (huir) 17. excluir
huyen t y yo _____
huan
18. perseguir (e:i)
huyan
el gato _____
B. Write the correct present tense
subjunctive conjugation for the 19. vacar
following orthographic-changing verbs. t y yo _____
7. recomenzar (e:ie) 20. ubicar
yo _____ aquellos hombres _____
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Subjunctive: Part IV
opinion.
InPartII,youlearnedthebasicrulesforconjugatingregularverbsandstem-changing
verbs.
Youlearnedthat-arverbstaketheendings:
And-erand-irverbstaketheendings:
InPartIII,youlearnedhowtoconjugateverbsinthepresentsubjunctivethatchange
orthographically.
Inthislesson,youwilllearnaboutverbsthatareirregularinthepresenttense
subjunctive.Thegoodnewsisthatwewillonlyexaminesixirregularverbs.Thebadnews
isthat,likeallirregularverbs,youjusthavetomemorizethem.Butwait!Moregood
news!Thepracticeexercisesandtheverbashcardswillmakememorizingthemeasy.
Herearethesixverbsthatareirregularinthepresentsubjunctive:
dar-togive
d
des
d
demos
deis
den
estar-tobe
est
ests
est
estemos
estis
estn
haber-tohave(auxiliaryverb)
haya
hayas
haya
hayamos
hayis
hayan
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ir-togo
vaya
vayas
vaya
vayamos
vayis
vayan
saber-toknow
sepa
sepas
sepa
sepamos
sepis
sepan
ser-tobe
sea
seas
sea
seamos
seis
sean
Letsaddashcardsfortheirregularverbscoveredinthislesson:
VerbFlashcards
70. PresentSubjunctive-dar
d
des
d
demos
deis
den
71. PresentSubjunctive-estar
est
ests
est
estemos
estis
estn
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72. PresentSubjunctive-haber
haya
hayas
haya
hayamos
hayis
hayan
73. PresentSubjunctive-ir
vaya
vayas
vaya
vayamos
vayis
vayan
74. PresentSubjunctive-saber
sepa
sepas
sepa
sepamos
sepis
sepan
75. PresentSubjunctive-ser
sea
seas
sea
seamos
seis
sean
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Quiz #1
Subjunctive: Part IV
A. Select the correct present tense B. Write the correct present tense subjunctive
subjunctive conjugation for the conjugation for the following irregular.
following irregular verbs.
7. dar
1. yo (dar)
t _____
doy
8. estar
daba
di la mujer _____
d 9. haber
2. t (estar) el hombre _____
ests 10. ir
estabas yo _____
estuviste
11. ir
ests
los estudiantes _____
3. Juan y yo (haber)
12. saber
hemos
habamos nosotros _____
hubimos 13. ser
hayamos t _____
4. ustedes (ir) 14. dar
van vosotros _____
iban
fueron 15. ir
vayan Mnica _____

5. Carmen (saber) 16. estar
sabe yo _____
saba 17. saber
supo
t y yo_____
sepa
18. dar
6. las nias (ser)
los perros _____
son
eran 19. ir
fueron t y yo _____
sean 20. saber
aquellas mujeres _____
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Subjunctive: Part V
opinion.
InPartsII-IV,youlearnedalltherulesforconjugatingregularverbsinthepresent
subjunctive.
Inthislesson,youwillsimplypracticeoneofthemanywaysthesubjunctiveisused:to
expressdesire.
Hereisalistofcommonexpressionsthatintroduceanaspectofdesiretothesentence,
andthereforetriggertheuseofthesubjunctive.
esperarque.............. towishthat
insistirenque........... toinsistthat
mandarque............. toorderthat
preferirque.............. topreferthat
prohibirque............. toprohibitthat
quererque............... towantthat
esaconsejableque... itsadvisablethat
esnecesarioque...... itsnecessarythat
pedirque................. toaskthat
recomendarque....... torecommendthat
rogarque................. topleadthat
sugerirque............... tosuggestthat
Remember,therearealsoexpressionsthattriggertheuseoftheindicativemood,since
theyintroduceaqualityofcertaintyorobjectivity.Heresapartiallistofsuchexpressions
thatwewillmixintothepracticeexercisesforthislesson,justtokeepyouonyourtoes!
creerque................. tobelievethat
nodudarque........... tonotdoubtthat
estarseguroque...... tobesurethat
noesdudosoque.... itisnotdoubtfulthat
nohaydudaque...... thereisnodoubtthat
Letsaddaashcardforsomeofthephrasesusedtoindicatedesire:
VerbFlashcards
76. PresentSubjunctive-desire
esperarque esnecesarioque
insistirenque pedirque
mandarque recomendarque
preferirque rogarque
prohibirque sugerirque
quererque
esaconsejableque
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Quiz #1
Subjunctive: Part V
A. Write the correct present tense
subjunctive conjugation for the given
infinitive, unless the indicative mood
is required.
1. I want you-all to buy a house. (comprar) 10. Its necessary that she buy groceries.
Yo quiero que ustedes _____ una casa. (comprar)
Es necesario que ella _____ comestibles.
2. We wish that you would come to the
party. (venir) 11. He wants me to write a letter. (escribir)
Esperamos que t _____ a la fiesta. l quiere que yo _____ una carta.
3. The teacher insists that the students 12. The boys hope the girls come to the party.
practice every day. (practicar) (venir)
El maestro insiste en que los alumnos Los chicos esperan que las chicas _____ a
_____ cada da. la fiesta.
4. The father orders that the child not yell. 13. The man is certain that the woman cooks
(gritar) every day. (cocinar)
El padre manda que el nio no _____ . El hombre est seguro que la mujer _____
cada da.
5. The young ladies prefer that the boys
have new cars. (tener) 14. The professor orders the students not to
Las seoritas prefieren que los chicos speak in class. (hablar)
_____ autos nuevos. El profesor manda que los alumnos no
_____ en clase.
6. I recommend that you read the book.
(leer) 15. The dogs prefer that their humans serve
Yo recomiendo que t _____ el libro. large bones. (servir) (e:i)
Los perros prefieren que sus seres

7. I think that the boys steal. (robar) humanos _____ huesos grandes.
Creo que los chicos _____ .
16. We recommend that you exercise. (hacer)
8. The mother forbids that her daughter go Recomendamos que _____ usted ejercicios.
out with the boy. (salir)
La madre prohibe que su hija _____ con el 17. The man begged that the woman not sing.
chico. (cantar)
El hombre ruega que la mujer no _____ .
9. It is advisable that you sleep eight hours
every night. (dormir) 18. The boss forbids that his employees talk.
Es aconsejable que usted _____ ocho horas (hablar)
cada noche. El jefe prohibe que sus empleados _____ .
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19. It is advisable that you exercise every day. 20. Its necessary that we sell the farm. (vender)
(hacer)
Es necesario que nosotros _____ la granja.
Es aconsejable que usted _____ ejercicios
cada da.
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Subjunctive: Part VI
opinion.
InPartsII-IV,youlearnedalltherulesforconjugatingregularverbsinthepresent
subjunctive.
Inthislesson,youwillsimplypracticeanotherofthemanywaysthesubjunctiveisused:to
expressignoranceordoubt.
Hereisalistofcommonexpressionsthatintroduceanaspectofignoranceordoubttothe
sentence,andthereforetriggertheuseofthesubjunctive.
dudarque................ todoubtthat
esdudosoque......... itisdoubtfulthat
esimprobableque... itsunlikelythat
esinciertoque......... itsuncertainthat
esposibleque.......... itspossiblethat
nocreerque............ nottobelievethat
noesciertoque....... itsnotcertainthat
noestarconvencido
deque.................. tonotbeconvincedthat
noestarseguro
deque.................. tonotbesurethat
noparecerque......... tonotseemthat
nopensarque.......... tonotthinkthat
nosuponerque........ tonotsupposethat
puedeserque.......... itmaybethat
negarque................ todenythat
noesverdadque..... itsnottruethat
noesciertoque....... itsnotcertainthat
noimaginarseque... tonotimaginethat
temerque................ tosuspectthat
theyintroduceaqualityofcertainty.Heresapartiallistofsuchexpressionsthatwewill
mixintothepracticeexercisesforthislesson,justtokeepyouonyourtoes!
nodudoque............ tonotdoubtthat
estarsegurodeque. tobecertainthat
creerque................. tothinkthat
nonegarque........... tonotdenythat
esverdadque.......... itstruethat
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Letsaddaashcardforsomeexpressionsthatintroduceanaspectofignoranceordoubt:
VerbFlashcards
77. PresentSubjunctive-ignoranceordoubt
dudarque
esimprobableque
esinciertoque
esposibleque
nocreerque
puedeserque
esaconsejableque
temerque
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Quiz #1
Subjunctive: Part VI
A. Write the correct present tense subjunctive
conjugation for the given infinitive, unless
the indicative mood is required.
1. I doubt that you-all swim well. (nadar) 11. She denies that her brother is a troubled
Yo dudo que ustedes _____ bien. boy. (ser)
Ella niega que su hermano _____ un chico
2. Its doubtful that you speak Chinese. conflictivo.
(hablar)
Es improbable que t _____ chino. 12. Its not true that he manages the company.
(dirigir)
3. Its uncertain that they live in Spain. (vivir) No es verdad que l _____ la empresa.
Es incierto que ellos _____ en Espaa.
13. Its not certain that he has a girlfriend.
4. Its true that the boy doesnt study well. (tener)
(estudiar) No es cierto que l _____ novia.
Es cierto que el nio no _____ bien.
14. I fear that Luis wont pass the test. (pasar)
5. Pablo doesnt think that Anita is pretty. Temo que Luis no _____ el examen.
(ser)
Pablo no cree que Anita _____ guapa. 15. I think that Juan loves Mara. (amar)
Creo que Juan _____ a Mara.
6. Its not certain that we are married. (estar)
No es cierto que nosotros _____ casados. 16. Its improbable that well get lost. (perderse)
Es improbable que nosotros nos _____ .
7. The parents arent convinced that he is the
ideal husband for their daughter. (ser) 17. I dont think that he is a bad boy. (ser)
Los padres no estn convencidos de que No creo que l _____ un mal chico.
l _____ el esposo ideal para su hija.
18. The doctor doesnt think he is going to

8. It doesnt seem like it is going to rain. (ir) recover. (ir)
No parece que _____ a llover. El mdico no piensa que l _____ a
recuperarse.
9. The taxi driver doesnt suppose that there
is enough work for him. (haber) 19. Carmen and I dont doubt that the cats are
El taxista no supone que _____ suficiente sad. (estar)
trabajo para l. Carmen y yo no dudamos que los gatos
_____ tristes.
10. Its true that I am from Spain. (ser)
Es verdad que _____ yo de Espaa. 20. Its not true that lvaro works. (trabajar)
No es cierto que lvaro _____.
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Subjunctive: Part VII
In Part I, you learned that the subjunctive mood is used whenever the speaker feels
uncertain about the action of the sentence, or when the speaker is expressing a subjective
opinion.
In Parts II - IV, you learned all the rules for conjugating regular verbs in the present
subjunctive.
In this lesson, you will simply practice another of the many ways the subjunctive is used:
after certain impersonal expressions.
Here is a list of common impersonal expressions that introduce an aspect of uncertainty
or subjectivity, and therefore trigger the use of the subjunctive. You will notice that
there is some overlap with other lessons. That is, you may see some of these impersonal
expressions in other subjunctive lessons, as well.
conviene que ........... it is advisable that

es aconsejable que ... it is advisable that
es bueno que ........... its good that
es difcil que ............. its unlikely that
es dudoso que ......... its doubtful that
es fcil que............... its likely that
es fantstico que ...... its fantastic that
es importante que .... its important that
es imposible que ...... its impossible that
es improbable que ... its unlikely that
es incierto que ......... its uncertain that
es increble que ........ its incredible that
es (una) lstima que . its a shame that
es malo que ............. its bad that
es mejor que ............ its better that
es menester que....... its necessary that
es necesario que ...... its necessary that
es posible que .......... its possible that
es preciso que .......... its necessary that
es preferible que ...... its preferable that
es probable que ....... its likely that
es raro que ............... its rare that
es ridculo que.......... its ridiculous that
es terrible que .......... its terrible that
ms vale que ............ its better that
ojal que .................. if only he would
puede ser que .......... it could be that
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Remember, there are also impersonal expressions that trigger the use of the indicative
mood, since they introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity. Heres a partial list of such
expressions that we will mix into the practice exercises for this lesson, just to keep you on
your toes!
es evidente que ........ it is certain that

es obvio que ............ it is obvious that
es verdad que .......... its true that
no es dudoso que .... it is not doubtful that
no hay duda que ...... there is no doubt that
Lets add a flashcard for some impersonal expressions that trigger the use of the
subjunctive:
Verb Flashcards
78. Present Subjunctive - impersonal expressions
es bueno que
es importante que
es posible que
es raro que
es malo que
es ridculo que
es terrible que
puede ser que
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Quiz #1
Subjunctive: Part VII
A. For each infinitive, write the correct
present tense conjugation.
1. Its beneficial that you-all buy a cat. 10. Its possible that we will buy a house soon.
(comprar) (comprar)
Conviene que ustedes _____ un gato. Es posible que _____ una casa pronto.
2. Its good that she runs at least three times 11. Its preferible that they talk in private.
a week. (correr) (hablar)
Es bueno que ella _____ por lo menos tres Es preferible que _____ en privado.
veces a la semana.
12. Its ridiculous that he doesnt kiss his wife
3. Its doubtful that my niece doesnt want to in public. (besar)
comb her hair. (querer)
Es ridculo que l no _____ a su esposa en
Es dudoso que mi sobrina no _____ peinarse. pblico.
4. Its evident that they like each other. 13. Its terrible that the children dont love
(gustar) their parents. (amar)
Es evidente que ellos se _____. Es terrible que los nios no _____ a sus
padres.
5. Its important that the students read their
syllabi. (leer) 14. It could be that he likes eating too much.
Es importante que los estudiantes _____ (gustar)
sus slabos. Puede ser que le _____ comer demasiado.
6. Its improbable that they have an 15. Its important that parents talk to their
argument. (tener) children. (hablar)
Es improbable que ellas _____ una discusin. Es importante que los padres _____ con
sus hijos.
7. Its incredible that Antonio doesnt live

with his family. (vivir) 16. Its improbable that your cousins come this
Es increble que Antonio no _____ con su weekend. (venir)
familia. Es improbable que tus primos _____ este
fin de semana.
8. Its bad that it rains. (llover)
Es malo que _____ . 17. Theres no doubt that she likes dancing.
(gustar)
9. Its necessary that we all meet as soon as No hay duda que le _____ bailar.
possible. (reunirse)
Es necesario que nos _____ tan pronto 18. Its good that he eats lots of vegetables.
como sea posible. (comer)
Es bueno que l _____ muchos vegetales.
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19. Its bad that he doesnt communicate with 20. Its not true that Gerardo is irresponsible.
his family. (comunicarse) (ser)
Es malo que l no se _____ con su familia. No es cierto que Gerardo _____ un
irresponsable.
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Subjunctive: Part VIII
InPartI,youlearnedthatthesubjunctivemoodisusedwheneverthespeakerfeelsuncertain
abouttheactionofthesentence,orwhenthespeakerisexpressingasubjectiveopinion.
InPartsII-IV,youlearnedalltherulesforconjugatingregularverbsinthepresentsubjunctive.
Inthislesson,youwillsimplypracticeanotherofthemanywaysthesubjunctiveisused:
withactionsthatarenotyetcompleted.
Hereisalistofcommonexpressionsthatmayindicatethattheactionthatfollowshasnot
yetbeencompleted.
amenosque............ unless
antes(de)que.......... before
contal(de)que........ providedthat
cuando.................... when
despus(de)que...... after
encasodeque......... incase
encuanto................ assoonas
hastaque................. until
mientrasque............ while
paraque.................. sothat
sinque..................... without
tanprontocomo...... assoonas
Important!Theaboveexpressionsdonotalwaysinvokethesubjunctive.Theyonlydoso
whentheyindicatethattheexpressionthatfollowshasnotyetbeencompleted.
theyintroduceaqualityofcertaintyorobjectivity.Heresapartiallistofsuchexpressions
thatwewillmixintothepracticeexercisesforthislesson,justtokeepyouonyourtoes!
esciertoque............ itiscertainthat
esclaroque............. itisclearthat
esevidenteque........ itiscertainthat
esobvioque............ itisobviousthat
esverdadque.......... itistruethat
Letsaddaashcardforsomeexpressionsthatmayindicatethattheactionthatfollows
hasnotyetbeencompleted:
VerbFlashcards
79. PresentSubjunctive-incompletedactions
amenosque
antesdeque
contaldeque
despusdeque
hastaque
mientrasque
tanprontocomo
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Quiz #1
El subjuntivo: parte VIII
A. For each infinitive, write the correct
present tense subjunctive conjugation,
except in the case of those that require
the indicative mood.
1. I wont go unless you go. (ir) 10. Ill put the cake in the refrigerator so that
Yo no ir a menos que t _____ . it cools down. (enfriarse)
Pondr el pastel en el refrigerador para
2. She wont call before he arrives. (llegar)
que se _____.
Ella no llamar antes de que l _____ .
11. After he arrives, we will have a party.
3. Well organize the party provided that you (llegar)
come. (venir)
Despus de que _____ haremos una fiesta.
Nosotras organizaremos la fiesta con tal de
que t _____. 12. Shell put them to sleep without them
crying. (llorar)
4. Well open the champagne when the
Ella los dormir sin que ellos _____.
guests arrive. (llegar)
Nosotros abriremos el champn cuando 13. Ill tell them the news as soon as they get
los invitados _____. here. (llegar)
Les contar las noticias tan pronto como
5. The boy will open the presents after he
ellos _____ .
cuts the cake. (cortar)
El nio abrir los regalos despus de que 14. Its clear that she is in love. (estar)
_____ el pastel. Es claro que ella _____ enamorada.
6. Ill buy food in case we go camping. (ir) 15. Hell find out when he opens the envelope.
Comprar comida en caso de que nosotros (abrir)
_____ a acampar. Lo descubrir cuando l _____ el sobre.

7. Ill pick up the phone as soon as I turn off 16. Theyll get him a new bike provided that
the computer. (apagar) he gets good grades. (obtener)
Contestar el telfono en cuanto yo _____ la Le comprarn una bicicleta nueva con tal
computadora. de que l _____ buenas calificaciones.
8. Well wait until you come back. (regresar) 17. Its evident that she wants a higher salary.
Esperaremos hasta que t _____ . (querer)
Es evidente que ella _____ un salario ms
9. Ill mix the drinks while you prepare the
alto.
appetizers. (preparar)
Mezclar las bebidas mientras que t _____ 18. Ill lend him some money unless he already
los aperitivos. has it. (tener)
Le prestar algo de dinero a menos que ya
lo _____.
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19. Shell pay Manuel after he finishes the 20. Its true that Amelia speaks Portuguese.
project. (terminar) (hablar)
Ella pagar a Manuel despus de que l Es cierto que Amelia _____ portugus.
_____ el proyecto.
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Relative Pronouns: que
Thenextfewlessonswillcoverasubjectcalledrelativepronouns.Remember,pronouns
arewordsthatrefertoanoun.Relativepronounsarecalledrelativebecausetheyare
relatedtoanounthathaspreviouslybeenstated.
Onewaytoviewrelativepronounsistorecognizethattheycombinetwosentencesthat
shareacommonnoun.Inthefollowingexample,thecommonnounismilkorleche.
Dndeestlaleche?
Whereisthemilk?
Comprasteleche.
Youboughtmilk.
Dndeestlalechequecompraste?
Whereisthemilkthatyoubought?
Anotherwaytoviewrelativepronounsistorecognizethattheyareusedtointroducea
clausethatmodiesanoun.Inthefollowingexample,theclauseInishedlastnight
modiesthenounbook.
Terminellibroanoche.
Inishedthebooklastnight.
Ellibroesmuyextenso.
Thebookisverylong.
Ellibroqueterminanocheesmuyextenso.
ThebookthatInishedlastnightisverylong.
Themostcommonrelativepronoun,andtheoneusedintheprevioustwoexamplesis
que.Itcanbeusedtorefertobothpersonsandthings,ineitherthesubjectorthe
objectposition.QueistheSpanishequivalentoftheEnglishwords:who,whom,which,
andthat.
Elhombrequeespobre(person,subject)
Themanwhoispoor
Loslibrosquesonextensos(thing,subject)
Thebookswhicharelong
Laseoritaqueconoc(person,object)
TheyoungladywhomImet
Lacartaqueleiste(thing,object)
Theletterthatyouread
TherelativepronounisoftenomittedinEnglish,butitisneveromittedinSpanish.
Lacasaquecompramosesnueva.
Thehouse(that)weboughtisnew.
Elprogramaquemirabaeracmico.
Theshow(that)Iwaswatchingwascomical.
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Quiz #1
Relative Pronouns: que
A. Write the correct word or words
necessary to combine the two sentences
into a single sentence.
1. Visitamos la ciudad el ao pasado. La 9. Admiro el hombre. El hombre es profesor.
ciudad es bella.
El hombre _____ es profesor.
La ciudad _____ el ao pasado es bella. The man I admire is a professor.
The city we visited last year is beautiful.
10. Tengo el libro. Quieres el libro.
2. La nia canta. La nia es mi prima.
Yo tengo _____ que tu quieres.
La nia _____ es mi prima. I have the book that you want.
The girl who is singing is my cousin.
11. Ella tom el examen. El examen era difcil.
3. La seora es anciana. La seora compr
El examen _____ ella tom era difcil.
una casa.
The test that she took was difficult.
La seora que es _____ compr una casa.
The lady who is old bought a house. 12. Entramos al edificio. El edificio es un museo.
El edificio a _____ es un museo.
4. La seorita habla. La seorita es mexicana.
The building we went in is a museum.
La seorita _____ habla es mexicana
The young lady who is speaking is Mexican. 13. Mi amigo acaba de beber un refresco. Mi
amigo se llama Enrique.
5. Hice una paella. Era deliciosa.
Mi amigo, _____ Enrique, acaba de beber
La paella _____ era deliciosa. un refresco.
The paella that I made was delicious. My friend, whose name is Enrique, just
drank a softdrink.
6. Tienes un reloj. El reloj es mo.
El _____ tienes es mo. 14. Escribo con una pluma. La pluma es roja.
The watch that you have is mine. La pluma _____ escribo es roja.

The pen with which I am writing is red.
7. Ud. vio a una chica. La chica es mi hermana.
La chica _____ Ud. vio es mi hermana. 15. Leo el libro. El libro es voluminoso.
The girl you saw is my sister. El libro que leo _____ .
The book that Im reading is long.
8. Conoc a un autor anoche. El autor es muy
famoso. 16. Conduzco el carro. El carro es viejo.
El autor que conoc anoche es _____ . El carro _____ es viejo.
The author that I met last night is very The car that I drive is old.
famous.
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17. La clase acaba de empezar. La clase es de 19. El escritorio est en la casa. El escritorio es
espaol. de madera.
La clase _____ de empezar es una clase de El escritorio _____ est en la casa es de
espaol. madera.
The class which has just started is a The desk in the house is made of wood.
Spanish class.
20. La alfombra est en la entrada. La alfombra
18. Ella cantaba una cancin. La cancin es de est sucia.
Madonna.
La _____ est en la entrada est sucia.
La cancin que ella _____ es de Madonna. The rug that is in the entrance is dirty.
The song she was singing is by Madonna.
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Relative Pronouns: quien
Continuingwiththesubjectofrelativepronouns,rememberthatpronounsarewords
thatrefertoanoun.Relativepronounsarecalledrelativebecausetheyarerelatedto
anounthathaspreviouslybeenstated.
Therelativepronounquienisusedonlytorefertopeople,andhasapluralform
quienes.(Thereisnomasculine/femininedistinction.)
Mito,quienesprofesor,vieneavisitarmehoyda.
Myuncle,whoisaprofessor,iscomingtovisitmetoday.
Lachica,conquienfuialcine,esminovia.
Thegirl,withwhomIwenttothemovies,ismygirlfriend.
Quienestudiabastante,ganabuenasnotas.
Hewhostudieshardearnsgoodgrades.
Whentherelativepronounreferstoapersonandisinthedirectobjectposition,either
queoraquienmaybeused.Eachiscorrect.Noticethatthepersonalaisusedwith
quienbutisnotusedwithque.
LaseoritaqueconocanocheeslahermanadeRaquel.
LaseoritaaquienconocanocheeslahermanadeRaquel.
TheyoungladywhomImetlastnightisRaquelssister.
Whentherelativepronounoccursafteraprepositionandreferstoaperson,quien
mustbeused.Afterapreposition,queisonlyusedtorefertothings.
Loschicos,conquienesfuimosalaplaya,sonnuestrosamigos.
Theboys,withwhomwewenttothebeach,areourfriends.
Ellibroenquepiensoesextenso,noescorto.
ThebookImthinkingofislong,notshort.
InEnglish,althoughitistechnicallyincorrect,commonusageoftenndsasentence
endinginapreposition.NoticethatthisneveroccursinSpanish.
Ellaeslaseoritaenquienestoypensando.
SheistheyoungladyImthinkingabout./SheistheyoungladyaboutwhomImthinking.
Mipadreeslapersonaaquienenvolacarta.
MyfatheristhepersonImsendingtheletterto./MyfatheristhepersontowhomImsending
theletter.
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Quiz #1
Relative Pronouns: quien
A. The following sentences can be translated
using que quien quienes a quien
or a quienes. For each example, rewrite
the lower sentence using a different
relative pronoun than that which appears
in the upper sentence.
1. The girl who is singing is my cousin. 9. The woman whom we met last night is an
La nia que est cantando es mi prima. actress.
La nia _____ est cantando es mi prima. La mujer que conocimos anoche es actriz.
La mujer _____ quien conocimos anoche
2. The girls you saw are my sisters. es actriz.
Las chicas que usted vio son mis hermanas.
10. The author whom you saw yesterday is
Las chicas _____ usted vio son mis very famous.
hermanas.
El autor que viste ayer es muy famoso.
3. The man you met last night is an author. El autor _____ viste ayer es muy famoso.
El hombre que conociste anoche es autor.
B. Choose the correct relative pronoun,
El hombre _____ conociste anoche es autor.
que or quien.
4. The man whom I admire is a professor. 11. La seorita de _____ habla no est.
El hombre a quien admiro es profesor. que
El hombre _____ es profesor. quien
5. The doctor that you called came immediately. 12. El libro de _____ habla no est en su bolsa.
El mdico a quien llam vino en seguida. que
El mdico _____ llam vino en seguida. quien
6. The young lady for whom I am waiting just 13. El coche en _____ estoy pensando es

arrived. nuevo.
La seorita que espero acaba de llegar. que
La seorita _____ espero acaba de llegar. quien
7. The students we saw last night are foreigners. 14. La seorita en _____ estoy pensando es
Los alumnos a quienes vimos anoche son guapa.
extranjeros. que
Los alumnos _____ anoche son extranjeros. quien
8. The women that we heard were crazy. 15. El hombre con _____ sali es americano.
Las mujeres que omos estaban locas. que
Las mujeres _____ omos estaban locas. quien
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16. Ella es la mujer con _____ trabajo. 19. No s el titulo de la cancin en _____
piensas.
que
quien que
quien
17. La pluma de _____ hablas es negra.
20. No s el nombre del seor en _____ piensas.
que
quien que
quien
18. El libro de _____ hablas es rojo.
que
quien
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Relative Pronouns: el que, la que, los que,
las que, and lo que
Continuingwiththesubjectofrelativepronouns,rememberthatpronounsarewords
thatrefertoanoun.Relativepronounsarecalledrelativebecausetheyarerelatedto
anounthathaspreviouslybeenstated.
Therelativepronounelque(anditsrelatedforms)isusedtorefertobothpeopleand
things.Notethattherearefourformstoaccomodatesingularandplural,masculineand
feminine:elque,laque,losque,lasque.
Mita,laqueesprofesora,vieneavisitarmehoyda.
Myaunt,theonewhoisaprofessor,iscomingtovisitmetoday.
Lasmesas,lasquesondeplstico,sonbaratas.
Thetables,theonesthataremadeofplastic,arecheap.
Mito,elqueestaxista,llegarpronto.
Myuncle,theonewhoisataxidriver,willarrivesoon.
Mispantalones,losquesonviejos,sonmuycmodos.
Mypants,theonesthatareold,areverycomfortable.
Anothersetofrelativepronounscanbeusedinplaceofelque,laque,losque,andlas
que:
elcual
lacual
loscuales
lascuales
Thesearenotcommonlyusedineverydayconversation,andaregenerallyreservedforwritten
Spanishorformaloratory.
Whentherelativepronounreferstoanabstractidea,useloque.
Loquequieresnoexiste.
Thatwhichyouwantdoesnotexist.
Nocomprendoloqueocurre.
Idonotunderstandthatwhichishappening.
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Quiz #1
Relative Pronouns: el que
1. Mi ta, _____ es profesora, viene a 5. La mujer, _____ es de Espaa, tiene
visitarme hoy da. noventa aos.
My aunt, who is a profesor, is coming to The woman, who is from Spain, is ninety
visit me today. years old.
el que el que
la que la que
las que las que
los que los que
lo que lo que
2. Las mesas, _____ son de madera, son caras. 6. El reloj, _____ tienes, es mo.
The tables, which are made of wood, are The watch that you have is mine.
expensive. el que
el que la que
la que las que
las que los que
los que lo que
lo que
7. _____ quieres no existe.
3. Mi to, _____ es cocinero, llegar pronto.
That which you want does not exist.
My uncle, the one who is a cook, will el que
arrive soon.
la que
el que
las que
la que
los que
las que
lo que

los que
lo que 8. Busco _____ perd.
Im searching for that which I lost.
4. Mis libros, _____ son viejos, son preciosos.
el que
My books, which are old, are valuable.
la que
el que
las que
la que
los que
las que
lo que
los que
lo que
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9. _____ habl con Ricardo es abogado. 14. _____ es hermosa es su mujer.
The one who spoke with Richard is a lawyer. The beautiful one is his wife.
el que el que
la que la que
las que las que
los que los que
lo que lo que
10. _____ tiene ocho hijos, trabaja mucho. 15. _____ leo es voluminoso.
The man who has eight children works a lot. The one (book) that Im reading is long.
el que el que
la que la que
las que las que
los que los que
lo que lo que
11. _____ llegaron fueron mis tas. 16. _____ conduzco es viejo.
The ones who arrived are my aunts. The one (car) that I drive is old.
el que el que
la que la que
las que las que
los que los que
lo que lo que
12. _____ me invit al cine fue Juan. 17. _____ acaba de empezar es una clase de
espaol.
The one who invited me to the movies
was John. The one (class) which has just started is a
el que Spanish class.
la que el que
las que la que

los que las que
lo que los que
lo que
13. _____ acaba de beber un refresco es mi
amigo. 18. _____ cantaba es de Madonna.
The one who just drank a softdrink is my The one (song) that she was singing is by
friend. Madonna.
el que el que
la que la que
las que las que
los que los que
lo que lo que
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19. _____ est en la casa es de madera. 20. _____ est en la entrada est sucia.
The one (desk) that is in the house is The one (rug) that is in the entrance is dirty.
made of wood. el que
el que la que
la que las que
las que los que
los que lo que
lo que
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Relative Adjectives: cuyo, cuya,
cuyos, cuyas
Weincludetherelativeadjectivecuyo(anditsrelatedforms)inthisdiscussionbecause
itrelatestheownertothatwhichisowned,asdoestheEnglishwhose.Notethatthere
arefourformstoaccomodatesingularandplural,masculineandfeminine:cuyo,cuya,
cuyos,cuyas.
Lania,cuyopadreesprofesor,esmuysimptica.
Thegirl,whosefatherisaprofessor,isverynice.
Elhombre,cuyamadremuri,escribisubiografa.
Theman,whosemotherdied,wroteherbiography.
Elcoche,cuyosfarosnofuncionan,esunpeligro.
Thecar,whoselightsdonotwork,isadanger.
Pedro,cuyashermanassonguapas,esmiamigo.
Pedro,whosesistersarebeautiful,ismyfriend.
Notethattheadjectiveagreesinnumberandgenderwiththethingbeingowned,not
withtheowner:
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Quiz #1
Relative Adjectives: cuyo
1. Mi ta, _____ amiga es profesora, viene a 5. Las gemelas, _____ madre era de Espaa,
visitarme hoy da. tienen noventa aos.
My aunt, whose friend is a professor, is The twins, whose mother was from Spain,
coming to visit me today. are ninety years old.
cuyo cuyo
cuya cuya
cuyas cuyas
cuyos cuyos
2. Mi amiga, _____ hermano es guapo, viene 6. Mara, _____ reloj es caro, no est.
a las tres.
Mary, whose watch is expensive, isnt here.
My friend, whose brother is good-looking, cuyo
is coming at three.
cuya
cuyo
cuyas
cuya
cuyos
cuyas
cuyos 7. Arsenio, _____ sobrino es alpinista, es
profesor.
3. Juan, _____ padre es cocinero, llegar pronto.
Arsenio, whose nephew is a mountain
Juan, whose father is a cook, will arrive soon. climber, is a professor.
cuyo cuyo
cuya cuya
cuyas cuyas
cuyos cuyos
4. Sara, _____ padres son viejos, es muy 8. Los hermanos, _____ hermana es pianista,

buena amiga mia. estn en Espaa.
Sara, whose parents are old, is my good The brothers, whose sister is a pianist, are
friend. in Spain.
cuyo cuyo
cuya cuya
cuyas cuyas
cuyos cuyos
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9. La mujer, _____ auto es viejo, es abogada. 14. Es un msico _____ fama es mundial.
The woman, whose car is old, is a lawyer. He is a musician whose fame is worldwide.
cuyo cuyo
cuya cuya
cuyas cuyas
cuyos cuyos
10. Los chicos, _____ maestra es vieja, son 15. El jardn, _____ flores eran bellas, fue
perezosos. destruido por el granizo.
The boys, whose teacher is old, are lazy. The garden, whose flowers were beautiful,
cuyo was destroyed by the hail.
cuyo
cuya
cuyas cuya
cuyos cuyas
cuyos
11. Las chicas, _____ maestra es joven,
estudian mucho. 16. Es el hombre _____ perro siempre ladraba.
The girls, whose teacher is young, study a lot. He is the man whose dog was always
cuyo barking.
cuya cuyo
cuyas cuya
cuyos cuyas
cuyos
12. La chica, _____ familia es muy conocida,
me invit al cine. 17. Son ellos los nios _____ padre es el
dueo de la tienda?
The girl, whose family is well-known,
invited me to the movies. Are they the children whose father owns
cuyo the store?
cuya cuyo
cuyas cuya
cuyas

cuyos
cuyos
13. El seor, _____ zapatos estn sucios, no
tiene trabajo. 18. La actriz, _____ pelculas son muy buenas,
es muy famosa.
The man, whose shoes are dirty, doesnt
have a job. The actress, whose movies are very good,
cuyo is very famous.
cuya cuyo
cuyas cuya
cuyos cuyas
cuyos
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19. El cmico, _____ stiras son muy divertidas, 20. La vieja seora, _____ despensas estn
siempre me hace rer. vacias, le da un hueso a su perro.
The comic, whose skits are very funny, The old lady, whose cupboards are bare,
always makes me laugh. gives her dog a bone.
cuyo cuyo
cuya cuya
cuyas cuyas
cuyos cuyos _____
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Relative Pronouns and Adjectives: Review
Thepastfewlessonshavecoveredthesubjectofrelativepronouns.Themostcommon
relativepronounisque.Itcanbeusedtorefertobothpersonsandthings,ineitherthe
subjectortheobjectposition.QueistheSpanishequivalentoftheEnglishwordswho,
whom,which,andthat.
Elhombrequeespobre(person,subject)
Themanwhoispoor
Loslibrosquesonextensos(thing,subject)
Thebookswhicharelong
Laseoritaqueconoc(person,object)
TheyoungladywhomImet
Lacartaqueleiste(thing,object)
Theletterthatyouread
Therelativepronounquienisusedonlytorefertopeople,andhasapluralform
quienes.(Thereisnomasculine/femininedistinction.)
Mito,quienesprofesor,vieneavisitarmehoyda.
Myuncle,whoisaprofessor,iscomingtovisitmetoday.
Whentherelativepronounreferstoapersonandisinthedirectobjectposition,either
queoraquienmaybeused.Eachiscorrect.Noticethatthepersonalaisusedwith
quienbutinnotusewithque.
LaseoritaqueconocanocheeslahermanadeRaquel.
LaseoritaaquienconocanocheeslahermanadeRaquel.
TheyoungladywhomImetlastnightisRaquelssister.
Whentherelativepronounreferstoapersonandoccursafterapreposition,quien
mustbeused.Afterapreposition,queisusedtorefertothings.
Loschicos,conquienesfuimosalaplaya,sonnuestrosamigos.
Theboys,withwhomwewenttothebeach,areourfriends.
Ellibroenquepiensoesextenso,noescorto.
ThebookImthinkingofislong,notshort.
Therelativepronounelque(anditsrelatedforms)isusedtorefertobothpeopleand
things.Notethattherearefourformstoaccommodatesingularandplural,masculineand
feminine:elque,laque,losque,lasque.
Mita,laqueesprofesora,vieneavisitarmehoyda.
Myaunt,theonewhoisaprofessor,iscomingtovisitmetoday.
Lasmesas,lasquesondeplstico,sonbaratas.
Thetables,theonesthataremadeofplastic,arecheap.
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Mito,elqueestaxista,llegarpronto.
Myuncle,theonewhoisataxidriver,willarrivesoon.
Mispantalones,losquesonviejos,sonmuycmodos.
Mypants,theonesthatareold,areverycomfortable.
Anothersetofrelativepronounscanbeusedinplaceofelque,laque,losque,andlas
que:
elcual
lacual
loscuales
lascuales
Thesearenotcommonlyusedineverydayconversation,andaregenerallyreservedforwritten
Spanishorformaloratory.
Whentherelativepronounreferstoanabstractidea,useloque.
Loquequieresnoexiste.
Thatwhichyouwantdoesnotexist.
Nocomprendoloqueocurre.
Idonotunderstandthatwhichishappening.
Therelativeadjectivecuyo(anditsrelatedforms)relatestheownertothatwhichis
owned,asdoestheEnglishwhose.Notethattherearefourformstoaccommodate
singularandplural,masculineandfeminine:cuyo,cuya,cuyos,cuyas.
Thegirl,whosefatherisprofesor,isverynice.
Theman,whosemotherdied,wroteherbiography.
Thecar,whoselightsdonotwork,isadanger.
Pedro,whosesistersarebeautiful,ismyfriend.
Notethattheadjectiveagreesinnumberandgenderwiththethingbeingowned,not
withtheowner:
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TherelativepronounisoftenomittedinEnglish,butitisneveromittedinSpanish.
Lacasaquecompramosesnueva.
Thehouse(that)weboughtisnew.
Elprogramaquemirabaeracmico.
Theshow(that)Iwaswatchingwascomical.
InEnglish,althoughitistechnicallyincorrect,commonusageoftenndsasentence
endinginapreposition.NoticethatthisneveroccursinSpanish.
Ellaeslaseoritaenquienestoypensando.
SheistheyoungladyImthinkingabout./SheistheyoungladyaboutwhomImthinking.
Mipadreeslapersonaaquienenvolacarta.
MyfatheristhepersonImsendingtheletterto./MyfatheristhepersontowhomImsending
theletter.
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Quiz #1
Relative Pronouns: Review
A. Write the correct word or words
necessary to combine the two sentences
into a single sentence.
1. La seora es anciana. La seora compr 9. Ella es la mujer con _____ trabajo.
una casa.
que
La seora que es _____ compr una casa. quien
The lady who is old bought a house.
10. La pluma de _____ hablas es negra.
2. Tienes un reloj. El reloj es mo.
que
El reloj _____ tienes es mo. quien
The watch that you have is mine.
C. Choose the correct answer.
3. Tengo el libro. Quieres el libro.
11. Las mesas, _____ son de madera, son caras.
Yo tengo _____ que t quieres.
The tables, which are made of wood, are
I have the book that you want.
expensive.
4. Escribo con una pluma. La pluma es roja. el que`
La pluma _____ escribo es roja. la que
The pen with which I am writing is red. las que
los que
5. Ella cantaba una cancin. La cancin es de
lo que
Madonna.
La cancin que ella _____ es de Madonna. 12. _____ quieres no existe.
The song that she was singing is by That which you want does not exist.
Madonna. El que
B. Choose the correct relative pronoun, La que
que or quien. Las que

6. La seorita de _____ habla no est. Los que
Lo que
que
quien 13. _____ tiene ocho hijos, trabaja mucho.
7. El coche en _____ estoy pensando es nuevo. The man who has eight children works a lot.
El que
que
La que
quien
Las que
8. La seorita en _____ estoy pensando es Los que
guapa.
Lo que
que
quien
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14. _____ leo es voluminoso. 18. Las chicas, _____ maestra es joven,
estudian mucho.
The one (book) that Im reading is long.
El que The girls, whose teacher is young, study a
lot.
La que
cuyo
Las que
cuya
Los que
cuyas
Lo que
cuyos
15. _____ cantaba es de Madonna.
19. Es un msico _____ fama es mundial.
The one (song) that she was singing is by
Madonna. He is a musician whose fame is worldwide.
cuyo
El que
La que cuya
Las que cuyas
Los que cuyos
Lo que 20. Son ellos los nios _____ padre es el
dueo de la tienda?
D. Choose the correct answer.
Are they the children whose father owns
16. Sara, _____ padres son viejos, es una
the store?
buena amiga.
cuyo
Sara, whose parents are old, is a good friend.
cuya
cuyo
cuyas
cuya
cuyos
cuyas
cuyos
17. Los hermanos, _____ hermana es pianista,

estn en Espaa.
The brothers, whose sister is a pianist, are
in Spain.

cuyo
cuya
cuyas
cuyos
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Formal Commands
Commandsareusedwhenordering,ortellingsomeonetodosomething.Thisisoften
referredtoastheimperativeformoftheverb.
CompreUd.elanillo.
(You)Buythering.
HagaUd.latarea.
(You)Dothehomework.
ComprenUds.loslibros.
(You-all)Buythebooks.
HaganUds.eltrabajo.
(You-all)Dothework.
Bynow,youarewellacquaintedwiththefactthatSpanishhasbothaformalandan
informalstyleofspeech(t/Ud.).Thisdistinctionappliestocommands.
CompreUd.elanillo.
Buythering.(formal)
Compra(t)losdulces.
Buythecandy.(familiar)
Informal,orfamiliar,speechisusedamongfriends,coworkers,relatives,orwhenaddressinga
child.Formalspeechisgenerallyusedtobepoliteortoexpressrespect.Forthatreason,theformal
commandsareoftenreferredtoaspolitecommands.
Theformalcommandsareformedthesamewayasthepresentsubjunctive:
1. Startwiththeyoformofthepresentindicative.
2. Thendropthe-oending.
3. Finally,addthefollowingendings:
-arverbs................... -e(forUd.),-en(forUds.)
-erand-irverbs........ -a(forUd.),-an(forUds.)
Thefollowingexamplesofformalcommandsusethreeregularverbs:hablar,comer,and
escribir.
HableUd.mslentamente.
HablenUds.mslentamente.
Speakmoreslowly.
ComaUd.lacena.
ComanUds.lacena.
Eatthedinner.
EscribaUd.lacarta.
EscribanUds.lacarta.
Writetheletter.
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Remember,iftherstpersonsingular(yo)formisirregular,thatirregularityiscarriedover
intotheformationoftheformalcommand.
TenganUds.unbuenviaje.(yotengo)
Haveagoodtrip.
TraigaUd.eldinero.(yotraigo)
Bringthemoney.
VengaUd.conmigo.(yovengo)
Comewithme.
Thisalsoappliestostem-changingverbs.
CuenteUd.susbenecios.(yocuento)
Countyourblessings.
VuelvanUds.pronto.(yovuelvo)
Returnquickly.
Pidadinero.(yopido)
Askformoney.
Aswiththepresentsubjunctive,thefollowingverbsareirregular:
dar
dUd.
denUds.
estar
estUd.
estnUds.
ir
vayaUd.
vayanUds.
ser
seaUd.
seanUds.
saber
sepaUd.
sepanUds.
Notethatafrmativeandnegativecommandsusethesameverbforms.
HableUd.................. Speak.
NohableUd............. Dontspeak.
ComaUd................. Eat.
NocomaUd............. Donteat.
EscribaUd................ Write.
NoescribaUd.......... Dontwrite.
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AlsonotethatthesubjectpronounsUd.andUds.mayormaynotbeused.Usingthem
addsadegreeofformalityorpolitenesstothecommand.
Hable....................... Speak.
HableUd.................. Speak(sir).(morerespectful)
Coma....................... Eat.
ComaUd................. Eat(sir).(morepolite)
Letsaddtwoashcardsfortheformalcommands:
VerbFlashcards
80. FormalCommands(Imperative)
Usethepresentsubjunctiveforms
HableUd........... Speak.
NohableUd...... Dontspeak.
ComaUd.......... Eat.
NocomaUd...... Donteat.
EscribaUd......... Write.
NoescribaUd... Dontwrite.
81. IrregularFormalCommands(Imperative)
Sameirregularsasthepresentsubjunctiveforms
dar
dUd.
denUds.
estar
estUd.
estnUds.
ir
vayaUd.
vayanUds.
ser
seaUd.
seanUds.
saber
sepaUd.
sepanUds.
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Quiz #1
Formal Commands
A. Write the imperative form for the given
verb and pronoun.
1. Buy the book. (comprar) 11. Turn left. (doblar)
_____ Ud. el libro. _____ Ud. a la izquierda.
2. Bring the food. (traer) 12. Open your books. (abrir)

_____ Uds. la comida. _____ Uds. sus libros.
3. Dont cry so much. (llorar) 13. Come back tomorrow. (volver)
No _____ Ud. tanto. _____ Ud. maana.
4. Dont smoke here, please. (fumar) 14. Dont bring the car. (traer)
No _____ Uds. aqu, por favor. No _____ Uds. el coche.
5. Read the book. (leer) 15. Dont go with John. (ir)

_____ Ud. el libro. No _____ Ud. con Juan.
6. Go with her. (ir) 16. Be good. (ser)

_____ Uds. con ella. _____ Ud. bueno.
7. Dial the number. (marcar) 17. Dont buy that house. (comprar)
_____ Ud. el nmero. No _____ Uds. esa casa.
8. Dont sleep. (dormir) 18. Dont be bad. (ser)

No _____ Uds. No _____ Uds. malas.
9. Stir the rice. (agitar) 19. Open the window. (abrir)

_____ Ud. el arroz. _____ Ud. la ventana.

10. Listen, please. (or) 20. Dont turn right. (doblar)
_____ Ud., por favor. No _____ Uds. a la derecha.
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Informal Commands (t)
Inthepreviouslesson,youlearnedthatcommandsareusedwhenordering,ortelling
someonetodosomething.Thisisoftenreferredtoastheimperativeformoftheverb.
Compra(t)elanillo.
(You)Buythering.
Escribe(t)latarea.
(You)Dothehomework.
Compra(t)loslibros.
(You)Buythebooks.
Come(t)lapatata.
(You)Eatthepotato.
RememberthatSpanishhasbothaformalandaninformalstyleofspeech(t/Ud.).This
distinctionappliestocommands.
CompreUd.elanillo.
Buythering.(formal)
Compra(t)losdulces.
Buythecandy.(familiar)
Remember,formalspeechisgenerallyusedtobepoliteortoexpressrespect.Informal,orfamiliar,
speechisusedamongfriends,coworkers,relatives,orwhenaddressingachild.
Theafrmativeinformal(t)commandsareformedthesamewayasthepresent
indicativeUd.form:
(hablar-ar+a=habla)
(comer-er+e=come)
(escribir-ir+e=escribe)
Besuretonotethatthetcommandsusetheustedform,notthetform!
Thefollowingexamplesofcommandsusethreeregularverbs:hablar,comer,andescribir.
Habla(t)mslentamente.
(You)Speakmoreslowly.
Come(t)lacena.
(You)Eatthedinner.
Escribe(t)lacarta.
(You)Writetheletter.
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Notethatthenegativeinformalcommandsusethetformofthepresentsubjunctive.
Nocuentestusbenecios.
Dontcountyourblessings.
Nohablesmslentamente.
Dontspeakmoreslowly.
Besuretonotethatthisisthetform!
Comparetheafrmativeinformal(t)commandswiththenegativeinformal(t)
commands:
Cuentatusbenecios.
Countyourblessings.
Hablamslentamente.
Speakmoreslowly.
Alsonotethatthesubjectpronountisnotnormallyusedwithimperativeform.
Hablamslentamente.
(You)Speakmoreslowly.
Comelacena.
(You)Eatthedinner.
Escribelacarta.
(You)Writetheletter.
Letsaddaashcardfortheinformaltcommands:
VerbFlashcards
82. Informal(t)Commands(Imperative)
Afrmative:UsethepresentindicativeUd.form
Negative:Usethepresentsubjunctivetform
Habla................ Speak.
Nohables.......... Dontspeak.
Come................ Eat.
Nocomas.......... Donteat.
Escribe.............. Write.
Noescribas....... Dontwrite.
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Informal Commands (t)
A. Choose the correct answer, in order to
create a command in the t form.
1. Speak more slowly. (hablar) 7. Open the door. (abrir)
_____ ms lentamente. _____ la puerta.
Hablas Abres
Hables Abras
Habla Abre
2. Dont speak so quickly. 8. Dont open the door.
No _____ tan rpido. No _____ la puerta.
hablas abres
hables abras
habla abre
3. Write a letter to your mother. (escribir) 9. Begin now. (comenzar)
_____ una carta a tu mam. _____ ahora.
Escribes comienzas
Escribas comiences
Escribe comienza
4. Dont write on the wall. 10. Dont begin now.
No _____ en la pared. No _____ ahora.
escribes comienzas
escribas comiences
escribe comienza
5. Johnny, sing. (cantar) 11. Buy that. (comprar)

Juanito, _____. _____ eso.
cantas compras
cantes compres
canta compra
6. Johnny, dont sing. 12. Dont buy that.
Juanito, no _____. No _____ eso.
cantas compras
cantes compres
canta compra
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13. Drink the milk. (beber) 17. Take the medicine. (tomar)
_____ la leche. _____ la medicina.
Bebes Tomas
Bebas Tomes
Bebe Toma
14. Dont drink the water. 18. Dont take the medicine.
No _____ el agua. No _____ la medicina.
bebes tomas
bebas tomes
bebe tome
15. Clean the kitchen. (limpiar) 19. Read the book. (leer)
_____ la cocina. _____ el libro.
limpias lees
limpies leas
limpia lee
16. Dont clean the house. 20. Dont read the magazine.
No _____ la casa. No _____ la revista.
limpias lees
limpies leas
limpia lee
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Irregular Commands (t)
Thefollowingeightverbshaveirregularfamiliarcommandsintheafrmative:
decir........................ di
salir.......................... sal
hacer....................... haz
ser........................... s
ir.............................. ve
tener........................ ten
poner....................... pon
venir........................ ven
Notethattheseirregularitiesonlyoccurwithafrmativetcommands.Aswithallother
verbs,toformnegativeinformalcommandswiththeseverbs,usethetformofthe
presentsubjunctive.
Dilaverdad.(Tellthetruth.)
Nodigasmentiras.(Donttelllies.)
Haztutarea.(Doyourhomework.)
Nohagaseso.(Dontdothat.)
Letsaddanotherashcardfortheirregulartcommands:
VerbFlashcards
83. IrregularInformal(t)Commands(Imperative)
(AfrmativeOnly)
decir................. di
salir................... sal
hacer................ haz
ser.................... s
ir....................... ve
tener................. ten
poner................ pon
venir................. ven
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Irregular Commands (t)
create a command in the t form.
1. Put the gun here. 7. Be kind.
_____ la pistola ac. _____ amable.
Pon S
Pones Eres
Pongas Seas
2. Dont put the gun there. 8. Dont be kind.
No _____ la pistola all. No _____ amable.
pon s
pones eres
pongas seas
3. Tell the truth. 9. Set the table.
_____ la verdad. _____ la mesa.
Di Pon
Dices Pones
Digas Pongas
4. Dont tell lies. 10. Dont set the table.
No _____ mentiras. No _____ la mesa.
di pon
dices pones
digas pongas
5. Come here. 11. Do what I tell you.

_____ ac. _____ lo que te digo.
Ven Haz
Vienes Haces
Vengas Hagas
6. Dont come here. 12. Dont do what I tell you.
No _____ aqu. No _____ lo que te digo.
ven haz
vienes haces
vengas hagas
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13. Say something. 17. Make the bed.
_____ algo. _____ la cama.
Di Haz
Dices Haces
Digas Hagas
14. Dont say anything. 18. Dont make the bed.

No _____ nada. No _____ la cama.
di haz
dices haces
digas hagas
15. Leave now. 19. Be careful.
_____ ahora. _____ cuidado.
Sal Ten
Sales Tienes
Salgas Tengas
16. Dont leave now. 20. Go right now!

No _____ ahora. _____ ahora mismo.
sal Ve
sales Vas
salgas Vayas
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Using Object Pronouns with Commands
Withallafrmativecommands,theobjectpronounsareattacheddirectlytotheendof
theimperativeformoftheverb.
CompreUd.elanillo.
Buythering.
CmpreloUd.
Buyit.
TraigaUd.lascartas.
Bringtheletters.
TrigalasUd.
Bringthem.
Ifbothdirectandindirectobjectpronounsareattached,theindirectobjectpronoun
comesbeforethedirectobjectpronoun.
CmpreloUd.
Buyit.
CmpremeloUd.
Buyitforme.
TrigalasUd.
Bringthem.
TrigaselasUd.
Bringthemtoher.
Notethatinordertomaintaintheoriginalstressoftheverb,awrittenaccentisoften
needed.Ifthecommandhasmorethanonesyllable,awrittenaccentisrequiredwhen
oneormorepronounisadded.
Command:compre(twosyllables)
cmprelos
cmpremelos
Ifthecommandhasonlyonesyllable,awrittenaccentisonlynecessarywhentwo
pronounsareadded.
Command:haz(onesyllable)
hazlo(onepronoun,noaccentrequired)
hzmelo(twopronouns,accentisrequired)
Theserulesforaccentuationapplytoallafrmativeimperativeforms.
HgameloUd.
Hzmelo.
HgaloUd.
Hazlo.
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Withallnegativecommands,theobjectpronounscomebeforetheimperativeformofthe
verb.
NocompreUd.elanillo.
Dontbuythering.
Nolocompre.
Dontbuyit.
NotraigaUd.lascartas.
Dontbringtheletters.
Nolastraiga.
Dontbringthem.
Iftherearebothdirectandindirectobjectpronouns,theindirectobjectpronouncomes
beforethedirectobjectpronoun.
Nomelocompre.
Dontbuyitforme.
Noselastraiga.
Dontbringthemtoher.
Remembertheruleregardingtwoobjectpronouns:wheneverbothpronounsbeginwith
theletterlchangetherstpronountose.
lelo......................... selo
lela.......................... sela
lelos........................ selos
lelas........................ selas
leslo........................ selo
lesla........................ sela
leslos....................... selos
leslas....................... selas
Letsaddaashcardforpronounplacementwhenusingcommands:
VerbFlashcards
84. Pronounplacementwithcommands
Afrmativecommands:attachtoverb
Negativecommands:precedeverb
Trigaselas.
Noselastraiga.
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Quiz #1
Using Object Pronouns with Commands
A. Use the information in parenthesis to
translate the following sentences. Do not
include the subject pronoun in your
answer. (The subject pronoun is underlined
in parenthesis.)
1. Buy it. (comprar / Ud. / el libro) 11. Dont give it to her. (dar / Ud. / la pluma)
_____. No _____.
2. Open them. (abrir / t / las ventanas) 12. Put them there. (poner / Ud. / los libros)
_____. _____ all.
3. Dont open them. (abrir / Uds. / los libros) 13. Dont put them here. (poner / t / los libros)
No _____. _____ aqu.
4. Bring it to me. (traer / t / la comida) 14. Serve it to me. (servir / Ud. / la comida)
_____. _____.
5. Bring it to her. (traer / Ud. / el coche) 15. Dont serve it to me. (servir / Uds. / la
comida)
_____.
No
6. Dont bring them to him. (traer / t / las
plumas) 16. Sell them to me. (vender / Ud. / las revistas)
No _____. _____.
7. Open them. (abrir / Uds. / las ventanas) 17. Sell them to her. (vender / t / los platos)
_____. _____.
8. Dont open them. (abrir / t / las cartas) 18. Look for it. (buscar / t / el perro)

No _____. _____.
9. Tell it to me. (decir / t / el secreto) 19. Dont look for it. (buscar / Ud. / el perro)
_____. No _____.
10. Give it to me. (dar / Ud. / la pluma) 20. Do it for me. (hacer / t / el trabajo)
_____. _____.
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Commands Review Part I
Commandsareusedwhenordering,ortellingsomeonetodosomething.Thisisoftenreferred
toastheimperativeformoftheverb.Spanishhasbothformalandaninformalcommands.
Theformalcommands(bothafrmativeandnegative)usethepresentsubjunctiveverbform:
hablar
hableUd.
nohablenUds.
comer
nocomaUd.
comanUds.
decir
digaUd.
nodiganUds.
Aswiththepresentsubjunctive,thefollowingverbsareirregular:
(dar)d,den
(estar)est,estn
(ir)vaya,vayan
(ser)sea,sean
(saber)sepa,sepan
Theafrmativeinformal(t)commandsusethepresentindicativeUd.form:
Cuentatusbenecios.
Countyourblessings.
Hablamslentamente.
Speakmoreslowly.
Thenegativeinformal(t)commandsusethepresentsubjunctive.
Thefollowingeightverbshaveirregularfamiliarcommandsintheafrmative:
decir........................ di
salir.......................... sal
hacer....................... haz
ser........................... s
ir.............................. ve
tener........................ ten
poner....................... pon
venir........................ ven
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Withallafrmativecommands,theobjectpronounsareattacheddirectlytotheendof
theimperativeformoftheverb.
CompreUd.elanillo.
Buythering.
CmpreloUd.
Buyit.
Ifbothdirectandindirectobjectpronounsareattached,theindirectobjectpronoun
comesbeforethedirectobjectpronoun.
CmpreloUd.
Buyit.
CmpremeloUd.
Buyitforme.
Notethatinordertomaintaintheoriginalstressoftheverb,awrittenaccentisoften
needed.Ifthecommandhasmorethanonesyllable,awrittenaccentisrequiredwhen
oneormorepronounisadded.
Command:compre(twosyllables)
cmprelos
cmpremelos
Ifthecommandhasonlyonesyllable,awrittenaccentisonlynecessarywhentwo
pronounsareadded.
Command:haz(onesyllable)
hazlo(onepronoun,noaccentrequired)
hzmelo(twopronouns,accentisrequired)
Withallnegativecommands,theobjectpronounscomebeforetheimperativeformoftheverb.
NocompreUd.elanillo.
Dontbuythering.
Nolocompre.
Dontbuyit.
Iftherearebothdirectandindirectobjectpronouns,theindirectobjectpronouncomes
beforethedirectobjectpronoun.
Nomelocompre.
Dontbuyitforme.
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Quiz #1
Commands Review I
A. Write the imperative form for the given
verb and pronoun.
1. Bring the food. (traer) 9. Dont drink the water.
_____ Ud. la comida. No _____ el agua.
2. Dont smoke here, please. (fumar) bebes
bebas
No _____ Uds. aqu, por favor.
bebe
3. Go with her. (ir)
10. Clean the kitchen.
_____ Uds. con ella.
_____ la cocina.
4. Stir the rice. (agitar) Limpias
_____ Ud. el arroz. Limpies
Limpia
5. Dont buy that house. (comprar)
No _____ Uds. esa casa. 11. Come here.
_____ aqu.
B. Choose the correct answer, in order to
create a command in the t form. Ven
Vienes
6. Speak more slowly.
Vengas
_____ ms lentamente.
Hablas 12. Be kind.
Hables _____ amable.
Habla S
eres
7. Dont begin now.
seas
No _____ ahora.
comienzas 13. Set the table.

comiences _____ la mesa.
comienza Pon
Pones
8. Come here.
Pongas
_____ ac.
Vienes 14. Do what I tell you.
Vengas _____ lo que te digo.
Ven Haz
Haces
Hagas
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15. Dont say anything. C. Use the information in parenthesis to
translate the following sentences. Do
No _____ nada.
not include the subject pronoun in your
di answer. (The subject pronoun is
dices underlined in parenthesis.)
digas
16. Bring it to me. (traer / t / la comida)
_____.
17. Dont bring them to him. (traer / t / las

plumas)
No _____.
18. Open them. (abrir / Uds. / las ventanas)
_____.
19. Put them there. (poner / Ud. / los libros)

_____ all.
20. Dont put them here. (poner / t / los libros)

_____ aqu.
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Informal Commands (vosotros)
Remember that the vosotros verb forms are primarily used in Spain, and are not, by
and large, used in Latin America. The affirmative vosotros command is formed by simply
replacing the final r of the infinitive with d.
Comprad (vosotros) el anillo.
(You-all) Buy the ring.
Escribid (vosotros) la tarea.

(You-all) Do the homework.
Comprad (vosotros) los libros.

(You-all) Buy the books.
Comed (vosotros) la patata.
(You-all) Eat the potato.
As with the negative t commands, the negative vosotros commands use the
corresponding present subjunctive forms.
No compris (vosotros) el anillo.
(You-all) Dont buy the ring.
No escribis (vosotros) la tarea.

(You-all) Dont write the homework.
No compris (vosotros) los libros.

(You-all) Dont buy the books.
No comis (vosotros) la patata.

(You-all) Dont eat the potato.
Remember, formal speech is generally used to be polite or to express respect. Informal, or familiar,
speech is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child.
The pronouns (vosotros, vosotras) are not normally used.

Comprad el anillo.
(You-all) Buy the ring.
No escribis la tarea.
(You-all) Dont write the homework.
No compris los libros.

(You-all) Dont buy the books.
Comed la patata.
(You-all) Eat the potato.
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With affirmative commands using a reflexive verb, the final d of the verb form is
dropped before adding the pronoun os.
Sentad + os = Sentaos.
Sit down.
The only exception is the verb irse which retains the final d.
Idos!
Go away!
Verbs ending in -ir will require a written accent.

Vestid + os = Vestos.
Get dressed.
Lets add a flashcard for the informal vosotros commands:
Verb Flashcards
85. Informal (vosotros) Commands (Imperative)
Affirmative: Change the final r of the infinitive to d

Negative: Use the present subjunctive vosotros form
Hablad .............. Speak.

No hablis ......... Dont speak.
Comed .............. Eat.
No comis ......... Dont eat.
Escribid ............. Write.
No escribis ....... Dont write.
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Informal Commands (vosotros)
create a command in the vosotros form.
1. Speak more slowly. 7. Open the door.
_____ ms lentamente. _____ la puerta.
Hablad Abre
Hablis Abris
Habla Abrid
2. Dont speak so quickly. 8. Dont open the door.
No _____ tan rpido. No _____ la puerta.
hablad abrid
hablis abris
habla abre
3. Write a letter to your mother. 9. Begin now.

_____ una carta a vuestra mam. _____ ahora.
Escribid Comenzad
Escribis Comencis
Escribe Comienza
4. Dont write on the wall. 10. Dont begin now.

No _____ en la pared. No _____ ahora.
escribid comenzad
escribas comencis
escribis comienza
5. Johnny and Mary, sing. 11. Come here.

Juanito y Mara, _____. _____ ac.
cantad Venga
cantis Vengis
canta Venid
6. Johnny and Mary, dont sing. 12. Dont come here.

Juanito y Mara, no _____ No _____ ac.
cantad vienes
cantis vengaste
canta vengis
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13. Drink the milk. 17. Take the medicine.
_____ la leche. _____ la medicina.
Bebed Toma
Bebis Tomis
Bebe Tomad
14. Dont drink the water. 18. Dont take the medicine.
No _____ el agua. No _____ la medicina.
bebed tomas
bebis tomis
bebe tome
15. Clean the kitchen. 19. Read the book.
_____ la cocina. _____ el libro.
Limpiad Leed
Limpiis Leis
Limpia Lee
16. Dont clean the house. 20. Dont read the book.
No _____ la casa. No _____ el libro.
limpiad leed
limpiis leas
limpia leis
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First-Person Commands (nosotros)
Nosotroscommandsareusedwhenthespeakerisincluded,andareusedtoexpress
theidealets+verb.Toformthesecommands,usethenosotrosformofthepresent
subjunctive.
Comamosall.
Letseatthere.
Contemoseldinero.
Letscountthemoney.
Toformthenegativecommand,placethewordnobeforethesameverbform(present
subjunctive).
Nocomamosall.
Letsnoteatthere.
Nocontemoseldinero.
Letsnotcountthemoney.
Theonlyexceptionistheverbir(se),whichusesthepresentindicativefortheafrmative
commandonly.
Vamosahora.
Letsgonow.
but
Novayamosalatienda.
Letsnotgotothestore.
Aswithothercommands,awrittenaccentisoftenrequiredwhenpronounsareadded.
Withafrmativecommands,thenalsoftheverbformisdroppedbeforeaddingthe
pronounsnosorse.
Sentemos+nos=Sentmonos.
Letssitdown.
Escribamos+se+la=Escribmosela.
Letswriteittothem.
Butnotwithnegativecommands.
Nonossentemos.
Letsnotsitdown.
Noselaescribamos.
Letsnotwriteittothem.
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NotethatVamosa+innitivecanalsobeusedtoconveythemeaningLets___.Note
thetwodifferentwaysofsayingthesamething.
Trabajemosjuntos.
Letsworktogether.
Vamosatrabajarjuntos.
Letsworktogether.
Letsaddaashcardfornosotroscommands:
VerbFlashcards
86. Nosotroscommands(lets...).Usepresentsubjunctive(exceptir)
Comamosall.
Nocomamosall.
Vamosahora.
Novayamosahora.
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Quiz #1
Nosotros Commands
A. Fill in the blank in order to
1. Lets buy the book. (comprar) 11. Lets open the windows. (abrir)
_____ el libro. _____ las ventanas.
2. Lets read the book. (leer) 12. Lets go to the movies. (ir)
_____ el libro. _____ al cine.
3. Lets go with her. (ir) 13. Lets not go to the theatre. (ir)
_____ con ella. _____ al teatro.
4. Lets not buy the car. (comprar) 14. Lets play the piano. (tocar)
_____ el coche. _____ el piano.
5. Lets not read the magazine. (leer) 15. Lets not knock on the door. (tocar)
_____ la revista. _____ a la puerta.
6. Lets not go with him. (ir) 16. Lets sit down. (sentarse)
_____ con l. _____.
7. Lets come back tomorrow. (volver) 17. Lets go. (irse)
_____ maana. _____.
8. Lets not bring the car. (traer) 18. Lets go to bed. (acostarse)
_____ el coche. _____.
9. Lets not go with John. (ir) 19. Lets not go to bed. (acostarse)
_____ con Juan. No _____.

10. Lets not buy that house. (comprar) 20. Lets get up. (levantarse)
_____ esa casa. _____.
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Indirect Commands
Whenthecommandisgiventhroughathirdparty,indirectcommandsareused.Theform
isque+presentsubjunctive.
QueentreMara.
LetMaracomein.
Quevenganalascuatro.
Havethemcomeatfouroclock.
Indirectcommandsarealsousedtoconveyahopeorawish.
Quelohagast.
(Iwant)You(to)doit.
Quevivasparasiempre.
Mayyouliveforever.
Thefollowingexamplesincludepronounsandnegativecommands.
Queellosentrenahora.
Lettheminnow.
Quenoentrenellosahora.
Dontlettheminnow.
QuesepongaSaraelvestidonegro.
HaveSaraputontheblackdress.
QuenosepongaSaraelvestidoblanco.
DonthaveSaraputonthewhitedress.
Letsaddaashcardforindirectcommands:
VerbFlashcards
87. IndirectcommandsUseque+presentsubjunctive
QueentreMara.
LetMaracomein.
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Indirect Commands
A. Write word necessary to form a correct
translation.
1. May you (t) feel better soon. (sentirse) 11. Have Marta set the table. (poner)
_____ te sientas mejor pronto. _____ ponga la mesa Marta.
2. May the boys feel better soon. (sentirse) 12. Dont have Marta set the table. (poner)
Que se _____ los chicos mejor pronto. Que no ponga la _____ Marta.
3. Let Juan come in first. (entrar) 13. Why dont you (t) do it? (hacer)
_____ entre Juan primero. _____ lo hagas t.
4. Dont let Juan come in first. (entrar) 14. Why doesnt Jorge do it?
Que no _____ Juan primero. Que lo haga _____.
5. Have Pablo put on the clean shirt. (ponerse) 15. May you (usted) feel better soon. (sentirse)
_____ se ponga Pablo la camisa limpia. _____ se sienta usted mejor pronto.
6. Dont have Pablo put on the dirty shirt. 16. Why dont you (t) watch it (la pelcula)
(ponerse) again? (ver)
Que no se _____ Pablo la camisa sucia. Que la _____ otra vez.
7. Let Monica in. (pasar) 17. Have Miguel read the book. (leer)
_____ pase Mnica. Que _____ Miguel el libro.
8. Dont let Monica in. (pasar) 18. Dont have Miguel read the newspaper.
Que _____ pase Mnica. (leer)
Que no _____ Miguel el peridico.
9. Let Emilio do it. (hacer)
_____ lo haga Emilio. 19. May you (usted) rest well. (descansar)

Que se _____ usted bien.
10. Dont let Emilio do it. (hacer)
Que no lo _____ Emilio. 20. Have her open the letter. (abrir)
Que _____ ella la carta.
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Commands Review Part II
Theafrmativevosotroscommandisformedbysimplyreplacingthenalrofthe
innitivewithd.
Comprad(vosotros)elanillo.
(You-all)Buythering.
Escribid(vosotros)latarea.
(You-all)Dothehomework.
Comed(vosotros)lapatata.
(You-all)Eatthepotato.
Thenegativevosotroscommandsusethecorrespondingpresentsubjunctiveforms.
Nocompris(vosotros)elanillo.
(You-all)Dontbuythering.
Noescribis(vosotros)latarea.
(You-all)Dontwritethehomework.
Nocomis(vosotros)lapatata.
(You-all)Donteatthepotato.
Withafrmativecommandsusingareexiveverb,thenaldoftheverbformis
droppedbeforeaddingthepronounos.
Sentad+os=Sentaos.
Sitdown.
Theonlyexceptionistheverbirsewhichretainsthenald.
Idos!
Goaway!
Verbsendingin-irwillrequireawrittenaccent.
Vestid+os=Vestos.
Getdressed.
Nosotroscommandsareusedwhenthespeakerisincluded,andareusedtoexpress
theidealets+verb.Toformthesecommands,usethenosotrosformofthepresent
subjunctive.
Comamosall.
Letseatthere.
Contemoseldinero.
Letscountthemoney.
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Toformthenegativecommand,placethewordnobeforethesameverbform(present
subjunctive).
Nocomamosall.
Letsnoteatthere.
Nocontemoseldinero.
Letsnotcountthemoney.
Theonlyexceptionistheverbir(se),whichusesthepresentindicativefortheafrmative
commandonly.
Vamosahora.
Letsgonow.
but
Novayamosalatienda.
Letsnotgotothestore.
Aswithothercommands,awrittenaccentisoftenrequiredwhenpronounsareadded.
Withafrmativecommands,thenalsoftheverbformisdroppedbeforeaddingthe
pronounsnosorse.
Sentemos+nos=Sentmonos.
Letssitdown.
Escribamos+se+la=Escribmosela.
Letswriteittothem.
Butnotwithnegativecommands.
Nonossentemos.
Letsnotsitdown.
Noselaescribamos.
Letsnotwriteittothem.
Whenthecommandisgiventhroughathirdparty,indirectcommandsareused.Theform
isque+presentsubjunctive.
QueentreMara.
LetMaracomein.
Indirectcommandsarealsousedtoconveyahopeorawish.
Quelohagast.
Whydontyoudoit?
Quevivasparasiempre.
Mayyouliveforever.
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Thefollowingexamplesincludepronounsandnegativecommands.
Quelosentrenahora.
Lettheminnow.
Quenolosentrenahora.
Dontlettheminnow.
QuesepongaSaraelvestidonegro.
HaveSaraputontheblackdress.
QuenosepongaSaraelvestidoblanco.
DonthaveSaraputonthewhitedress.
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Quiz #1
Commands Review Part Two
1. Dont write on the wall. 7. Johnny and Mary, sing.
No _____ en la pared. Juanito y Mara, _____.
escribid cantad
escribas cantis
escribis canta
2. Open the door. B. Write the necessary word(s) to form a
_____ la puerta. correct translation.
Abre 8. Lets sit down. (sentarse)
Abris _____.
Abrid
9. Lets not go with John. (ir)
3. Dont come here. _____ con Juan.
No _____ ac.
10. Lets go to bed. (acostarse)
vienes
vengaste _____.
vengis 11. Lets buy the book. (comprar)
4. Dont clean the house. _____ el libro.
No _____ la casa. 12. Lets go with her. (ir)
limpiad _____ con ella.
limpiis
13. Lets not buy that house. (comprar)
limpia
_____ esa casa.
5. Take the medicine.

14. Lets play the piano. (tocar)
_____ la medicina.
Toma _____ el piano.
Tomis C. Write the word necessary to form a
Tomad correct translation.
6. Speak more slowly. 15. May you (t) feel better soon. (sentirse)
_____ ms lentamente. _____ te sientas mejor pronto.
Hablad 16. Have Pablo put on the clean shirt. (ponerse)
Hablis
_____ se ponga Pablo la camisa limpia.
Habla
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17. Dont let Emilio do it. (hacer) 19. Let Juan come in first. (entrar)
Que no lo _____ Emilio. _____ entre Juan primero.
18. Why doesnt Jorge do it? 20. Have Marta set the table. (poner)
Que lo haga _____. _____ ponga la mesa Marta.
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Future Tense
Thefuturetenseisusedtotellwhatwillhappen,orwhatshallhappen.
Iwillgotothebeachnextmonth.
Ishallwritetheletternextweek.
But,thefuturetenseisnotusedtoexpressawillingnesstodosomething.Forthis,usethe
verbquerer.
Quieresiralatienda?
Willyougotothestore?
Thefuturetenseisalsousedtoexpresswonderorprobabilityinthepresentstate.
Quinserella?
Iwonderwhosheis?(Whocouldshebe?)
Estarviajandosolo.
Heisprobablytravelingalone.
Foractionsthatwilloccurinthenearfuture,thepresenttenseismorecommonlyused.
Estanochevoyalcine.
TonightImgoingtothemovies.
Furtherinthefuture,usethefuturetense.
ElaoquevieneiraEspaa.
NextyearImgoingtoSpain.
Regularverbsinthefuturetenseareconjugatedbyaddingthefollowingendingstothe
innitiveformoftheverb:-,-s,-,-emos,-is,-n.
hablar
hablars
hablar
hablaremos
hablaris
hablarn
Therearetwelvecommonverbsthatareirregularinthefuturetense.Theirendingsare
regular,buttheirstemschange.Sincetheendingsarethesameasallotherfuturetense
verbs,weshowonlytheyoform,andhaveunderlinedtheirregularstem.Wehavealso
groupedthemaccordingtotheirpatternsofchange.
caber....................... yocabr
poner....................... yopondr
decir........................ yodir
haber....................... yohabr
salir.......................... yosaldr
hacer....................... yohar
poder....................... yopodr
tener........................ yotendr
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querer...................... yoquerr
valer......................... yovaldr
saber........................ yosabr
venir........................ yovendr
Notethatcompoundverbsbasedontheirregularverbsinheritthesameirregularities.
Hereareafewexamples:
desquerer................. yodesquerr
resaber..................... yoresabr
anteponer................ yoantepondr
mantener................. yomantendr
prevaler.................... yoprevaldr
Letsaddtwoashcardsforthefuturetense:
VerbFlashcards
88. FutureTense
Innitive+ending (-,-s,-,-emos,-is,-n)
89. FutureTenseIrregulars
caber................ yocabr
poner................ yopondr
decir................. yodir
haber................ yohabr
salir................... yosaldr
hacer................ yohar
poder................ yopodr
tener................. yotendr
querer............... yoquerr
valer.................. yovaldr
saber................. yosabr
venir................. yovendr
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Future Tense
A. Choose the correct translation.
1. I will speak 5. we shall have
hablar tendr
hablars tendrs
hablar tendr
hablaremos tendremos
hablaris tendris
hablarn tendrn
2. he will eat B. Write the correct stem for the following

comer irregular future tense verb forms.
comers 6. decir
comer yo _____
comeremos
7. poder
comeris
t _____ s
comern
8. salir
3. they shall live
Juan _____
vivir
vivirs 9. querer
vivir Mnica _____
viviremos
10. poner
viviris
vivirn los hombres _____ n
4. she will know C. Write the correct future tense verb form.

sabr 11. El prximo verano Juan _____ de
vacaciones a Colombia.
sabrs
sabr Next summer Juan will go on vacation to
Colombia. (ir)
sabremos
sabris 12. En una semana los atletas _____ en la
sabrn carrera de Maratn.
In one week the athletes will run the
Marathon. (correr)
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13. Te _____ maana. 17. En julio mi hermano _____ a visitarme.
Ill speak with you tomorrow. (decir) My brother is coming to visit me in July.
(venir)
14. _____ a la librera el lunes.
18. _____ ustedes el domingo?
Well go to the bookstore on Monday. (ir)
Are you-all leaving on Sunday? (salir)
15. Qu _____ tu mam?
19. No _____ todos nosotros en el coche.
What will your mother say? (decir)
We will not all fit in the car. (caber)
16. Este invierno Ud. _____ dos meses en
Espaa. 20. Cundo _____ t aqu?
This winter you will spend two months in When will you be here? (estar)
Spain. (pasar).
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Past Participle
Thepastparticiplewillbeimportantinfuturelessonscoveringtheperfecttenses.Toform
thepastparticiple,simplydroptheinnitiveending(-ar,-er,-ir)andadd-ado(for-ar
verbs)or-ido(for-er,-irverbs).
hablar-ar+ado=hablado
comer-er+ido=comido
vivir-ir+ido=vivido
Thefollowingcommonverbshaveirregularpastparticiples:
abrir(toopen).......... abierto(open)
cubrir(tocover)........ cubierto(covered)
decir(tosay)............ dicho(said)
escribir(towrite)...... escrito(written)
frer(tofry).............. frito(fried)
hacer(todo)............ hecho(done)
morir(todie)............ muerto(dead)
poner(toput).......... puesto(put)
resolver(toresolve).. resuelto(resolved)
romper(tobreak)..... roto(broken)
ver(tosee)............... visto(seen)
volver(toreturn)...... vuelto(returned)
Notethatcompoundverbsbasedontheirregularverbsinheritthesameirregularities.
Hereareafewexamples:
componer................ compuesto
describir................... descrito
devolver................... devuelto
Mostpastparticiplescanbeusedasadjectives.Likeotheradjectives,theyagreeingender
andnumberwiththenounsthattheymodify.
Lapuertaestcerrada.
Thedoorisclosed.
Laspuertasestncerradas.
Thedoorsareclosed.
Elrestauranteestabierto.
Therestaurantisopen.
Losrestaurantesestnabiertos.
Therestaurantsareopen.
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Thepastparticiplecanbecombinedwiththeverbsertoexpressthepassivevoice.Use
thisconstructionwhenanactionisbeingdescribed,andintroducethedoeroftheaction
withthewordpor.
Lacasafueconstruidaporloscarpinteros.
Thehousewasbuiltbythecarpenters.
Latiendaesabiertatodoslosdasporeldueo.
Thestoreisopenedeverydaybytheowner.
Notethatfor-erand-irverbs,ifthestemendsinavowel,awrittenaccentwillbe
required.
creer........................ credo
or............................ odo
NOTE:Thisruledoesnotapply,andnowrittenaccentisrequiredforverbsendingin-uir.(construir,seguir,
inuir,distinguir,etc.)
Letsaddtwomoreashcardsforthepastparticiples,sincetheywilllaterbeusedforthe
perfecttenses:
VerbFlashcards
90. PastParticiple
Innitive-ending+ado/ido
(hablado,comido,vivido)
91. PastParticipleIrregulars
abrir(toopen)............................................. abierto(open)
cubrir(tocover)........................................... cubierto(covered)
decir(tosay)............................................... dicho(said)
escribir(towrite)......................................... escrito(written)
frer(tofry).................................................. frito(fried)
hacer(todo)............................................... hecho(done)
morir(todie)............................................... muerto(dead)
poner(toput)............................................. puesto(put)
resolver(toresolve)..................................... resuelto(resolved)
romper(tobreak)........................................ roto(broken)
ver(tosee).................................................. visto(seen)
volver(toreturn)......................................... vuelto(returned)
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Past Participle
A. Write the past participle for each verb. B. Complete the sentences with the past
1. hablar participle.
_____ 11. Las ventanas estn _____.

The windows are broken. (romper)
2. comer
_____ 12. La cuenta est _____.
The bill is paid. (pagar)
3. vivir
_____ 13. El beb est _____ en la cuna.
The baby is sleeping in the crib. (dormir)
4. ver
_____ 14. Est _____ la puerta?
Is the door open? (abrir)
5. dormir
_____ 15. Estn los libros _____ en espaol?
Are the books written in Spanish? (escribir)
6. escribir
_____ 16. El edificio fue _____ por los esclavos.
The building was built by the slaves.
7. cubrir (construir)
_____
17. La basura fue _____ por el nio.
8. encontrar The trash was taken out by the boy. (sacar)
_____
18. La nia tiene una pierna _____.
9. morir The girl has a broken leg. (romper)
_____
19. Las gatas estn _____.
10. frer The cats are dead. (morir)

_____
20. El cine est _____.
The movie theatre is closed. (cerrar)
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Present Perfect
Thepresentperfectisformedbycombiningtheauxiliaryverbhasorhavewiththe
pastparticiple.
Ihavestudied.
HehaswrittenalettertoMara.
Wehavebeenstrandedforsixdays.
Becausethepresentperfectisacompoundtense,twoverbsarerequired:themainverb
andtheauxiliaryverb.
Ihavestudied.
(mainverb:studied;auxiliaryverb:have)
HehaswrittenalettertoMara.
(mainverb:written;auxiliaryverb:has)
Wehavebeenstrandedforsixdays.
(mainverb:been;auxiliaryverb:have)
InSpanish,thepresentperfecttenseisformedbyusingthepresenttenseoftheauxiliary
verbhaberwiththepastparticiple.Haberisconjugatedasfollows:
he
has
ha
hemos
habis
han
Youhavealreadylearnedinapreviouslessonthatthepastparticipleisformedby
droppingtheinnitiveendingandaddingeither-adoor-ido.Remember,somepast
participlesareirregular.Thefollowingexamplesallusethepastparticiplefortheverb
comer.
(yo)Hecomido.
Ihaveeaten.
(t)Hascomido.
Youhaveeaten.
(l)Hacomido.
Hehaseaten.
(nosotros)Hemoscomido.
Wehaveeaten.
(vosotros)Habiscomido.
You-allhaveeaten.
(ellos)Hancomido.
Theyhaveeaten.
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Whenyoustudiedthepastparticiple,youpracticedusingitasanadjective.Whenused
asanadjective,thepastparticiplechangestoagreewiththenounitmodies.However,
whenusedintheperfecttenses,thepastparticipleneverchanges.
Pastparticipleusedasanadjective:
Lacuentaestpagada.
Thebillispaid.
Pastparticipleusedinthepresentperfecttense:
Hepagadolacuenta.
Ihavepaidthebill.
Heresacoupleofmoreexamples:
Pastparticipleusedasanadjective:
Lascuentasestnpagadas.
Thebillsarepaid.
Pastparticipleusedinthepresentperfecttense:
Juanhapagadolascuentas.
Juanhaspaidthebills.
Notethatwhenusedtoformthepresentperfecttense,onlythebaseform(pagado)isused.
Letslookmorecarefullyatthelastexample:
NoticethatweusehatoagreewithJuan.WedoNOTusehantoagreewithcuentas.
Theauxiliaryverbisconjugatedforthesubjectofthesentence,nottheobject.Comparethesetwo
examples:
JuanyMarahanviajadoaEspaa.
JuanandMariahavetraveledtoSpain.
Intherstexample,weusehabecausethesubjectofthesentenceisJuan.Inthesecond
example,weusehanbecausethesubjectofthesentenceisJuanyMara.
Thepresentperfecttenseisfrequentlyusedforpastactionsthatcontinueintothe
present,orcontinuetoaffectthepresent.
HeestadodossemanasenMadrid.
IhavebeeninMadridfortwoweeks.
Diegohasidomiamigoporveinteaos.
Diegohasbeenmyfriendfor20years.
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Thepresentperfecttenseisoftenusedwiththeadverbya.
Yahancomido.
Theyhavealreadyeaten.
Laempleadayahalimpiadolacasa.
Themaidhasalreadycleanedthehouse.
Theauxiliaryverbandthepastparticipleareneverseparated.Tomakethesentence
negative,addthewordnobeforetheconjugatedformofhaber.
(yo)Nohecomido.
Ihavenoteaten.
(t)Nohascomido.
Youhavenoteaten.
(l)Nohacomido.
Hehasnoteaten.
(nosotros)Nohemoscomido.
Wehavenoteaten.
(vosotros)Nohabiscomido.
You-allhavenoteaten.
(ellos)Nohancomido.
Theyhavenoteaten.
Again,theauxiliaryverbandthepastparticipleareneverseparated.Objectpronounsare
placedimmediatelybeforetheauxiliaryverb.
Pablolehadadomuchodineroasuhermana.
Pablohasgivenalotofmoneytohissister.
Tomakethissentencenegative,thewordnoisplacedbeforetheindirectobjectpronoun(le).
Pablonolehadadomuchodineroasuhermana.
Pablohasnotgivenalotofmoneytohissister.
Withreexiveverbs,thereexivepronounisplacedimmediatedlybeforetheauxiliary
verb.Comparehowthepresentperfectdiffersfromthesimplepresent,whenareexive
verbisused.
Mecepillolosdientes.(present)
Ibrushmyteeth.
Mehecepilladolosdientes.(presentperfect)
Ihavebrushedmyteeth.
Tomakethissentencenegative,thewordnoisplacedbeforethereexivepronoun(me).
Nomehecepilladolosdientes.
Ihavenotbrushedmyteeth.
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Questionsareformedasfollows.NotehowthewordorderisdifferentthantheEnglish
equivalent.
Hansalidoyalasmujeres?
Havethewomenleftyet?
Hasprobadoelchocolatealgunavez?
Haveyouevertriedchocolate?
Herearethesamesentencesinnegativeform.Noticehowtheauxiliaryverbandthepast
participlearenotseparated.
Nohansalidoyalasmujeres?
Haventthewomenleftyet?
Nohasprobadoelchocolateningunavez?
Haventyouevertriedchocolate?
Letsaddanotherverbashcardforthepresentperfecttense:
VerbFlashcards
92. PresentPerfect
haber+pastparticiple
hehablado,hecomido,hevivido
he
has
ha
hemos
habis
han
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Present Perfect
A. Choose the correct conjugation of the
verb haber.
1. you (t) have tried 5. you-all (ustedes) have said
_____ probado _____ dicho
he he
has has
ha ha
hemos hemos
habis habis
han han
2. Juan has eaten 6. they have left

_____ comido _____ salido
he he
has has
ha ha
hemos hemos
habis habis
han han
3. we have read 7. Juan and Maria have been

_____ ledo _____ estado
he he
has has
ha ha
hemos hemos

habis habis
han han
4. you-all (vosotros) have seen 8. I have eaten lunch

_____ visto _____ almorzado
he he
has has
ha ha
hemos hemos
habis habis
han han
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9. we have listened to B. Complete the following sentences.
_____ escuchado 11. Han _____ ya los nios?
he Have the children already left? (salir)
has
12. Yo _____ pagado la cuenta.
ha
hemos I have paid the bill. (pagar)
habis 13. T _____ con Ricardo.
han You have spoken with Richard. (hablar)
10. she has washed 14. Arsenio ha _____ aqu por dos horas.
_____ lavado Arsenio has been here for two hours. (estar)
he
15. El beb no ha _____ nada todava?
has
ha Hasnt the baby eaten anything yet? (comer)
hemos 16. Por qu no _____ Uds. la ventana?
habis Why havent you-all opened the window?
han (abrir)
17. El nio _____ sacado la basura.

The boy has taken out the trash. (sacar)
18. La nia ha _____ los platos.

The girl has broken the dishes. (romper)
19. Ellos _____.

They have arrived. (llegar)
20. Las mujeres _____ ido de compras.

The women have gone shopping. (ir)
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Past Perfect
The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb had with the past participle.
I had studied.
He had written a letter to Mara.
We had been stranded for six days.
Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and
the auxiliary verb.
I had studied.
(main verb: studied ; auxiliary verb: had)
He had written a letter to Mara.
(main verb: written ; auxiliary verb: had)
We had been stranded for six days.

(main verb: been ; auxiliary verb: had)
In Spanish, the past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary
verb haber with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:
haba
habas
haba
habamos
habais
haban
You have already learned in a previous lesson that the past participle is formed by
dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido. Remember, some past
participles are irregular. The following examples all use the past participle for the verb
vivir.
(yo) Haba vivido.
I had lived.
(t) Habas vivido.

You had lived.
(l) Haba vivido.

He had lived.
(nosotros) Habamos vivido.

We had lived.
(vosotros) Habais vivido.

You-all had lived.
(ellos) Haban vivido.

They had lived.
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When you studied the past participle, you practiced using it as an adjective. When used
as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies. However,
when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes.
Past participle used as an adjective:
La puerta est cerrada.
The door is closed.
Past participle used in the past perfect tense:

Yo haba cerrado la puerta.
I had closed the door.
Here are a couple of more examples:
Past participle used as an adjective:
Las puertas estn abiertas.
The doors are open.
Past participle used in the past perfect tense:

Juan haba abierto las puertas.
Juan had opened the doors.
Note that when used to form the perfect tenses, only the base form (abierto) is used.
Lets look more carefully at the last example:

Notice that we use haba to agree with Juan. We do NOT use haban to agree with
puertas. The auxiliary verb is conjugated for the subject of the sentence, not the object.
Compare these two examples:

Juan y Mara haban puesto mucho dinero en el banco.

Juan and Maria had put a lot of money in the bank.
In the first example, we use haba because the subject of the sentence is Juan. In the second
example, we use haban because the subject of the sentence is Juan y Mara.
The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another past
action. Expressions such as ya, antes, nunca, todava and despus will often
appear in sentences where one action was completed before another.
Cuando llegaron los padres, los nios ya haban comido.
When the parents arrived, the children had already eaten.
Yo haba comido antes de llamarles.

I had eaten prior to calling them.
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This idea of a past action being completed before another past action need not always be
stated; it can be implied.
Juan haba cerrado la ventana antes de salir. (stated)

Juan had closed the window before leaving.
Juan haba cerrado la ventana. (implied)

Juan had closed the window.
The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. To make the sentence
negative, add the word no before the conjugated form of haber.
(yo) No haba vivido.
I had not lived.
(t) No habas vivido.
You had not lived.
(l) No haba vivido.

He had not lived.
(nosotros) No habamos vivido.

We had not lived.
(vosotros) No habais vivido.

You-all had not lived.
(ellos) No haban vivido.

They had not lived.
Again, the auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. Object pronouns are
placed immediately before the auxiliary verb.
Pablo le haba dado mucho dinero a su hermana.
Pablo had given a lot of money to his sister.
To make this sentence negative, the word no is placed before the indirect object pronoun (le).
Pablo no le haba dado mucho dinero a su hermana.

Pablo had not given a lot of money to his sister.
With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun is placed immediatedly before the auxiliary verb.
Compare how the present perfect differs from the simple present, when a reflexive verb is used.
Me lavo las manos. (present)
I wash my hands.
Me haba lavado las manos. (past perfect)

I had washed my hands.
To make this sentence negative, the word no is placed before the reflexive pronoun (me).
No me haba lavado las manos.

I had not washed my hands.
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Questions are formed as follows. Note how the word order is different than the English
equivalent.
Haban llegado ya las chicas?
Had the girls arrived yet?
Habas probado ya el postre?

Had you tried the dessert yet?
Here are the same questions in negative form. Notice how the auxiliary verb and the past participle
are not separated.
No haban llegado ya las chicas?

Hadnt the girls arrived yet?
No habas probado ya el postre?
Hadnt you tried the dessert yet?
Lets add another verb flashcard for the past perfect tense:
Verb Flashcards
93. Past Perfect
haber + past participle
haba hablado, haba comido, haba vivido
haba
habas
haba
habamos
habais
haban
StudySpanish.com
Quiz #1
Past Perfect
verb haber.
1. you (t) had tried 5. you-all (ustedes) had said
_____ probado _____ dicho
haba haba
habas habas
habamos habamos
habais habais
haban haban
2. Juan had eaten 6. they had left

_____ comido _____ salido
haba haba
habas habas
habamos habamos
habais habais
haban haban
3. we had read 7. Juan and Maria had been

_____ ledo _____ estado
haba haba
habas habas
habamos habamos
habais habais
haban haban

4. you-all (vosotros) had seen 8. I had eaten lunch
_____ visto _____ almorzado
haba haba
habas habas
habamos habamos
habais habais
haban haban
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9. we had listened to 14. El padre _____ un buen trabajador.
_____ escuchado The father had been a good worker. (ser)
haba
15. Le dije al polica que el ladrn haba _____
habas por la ventana.
habamos
I told the policeman that the thief had
habais entered through the window. (entrar)
haban
16. La abuela le cont a su nieto que _____
10. she had washed comprado muchos dulces.
_____ lavado The grandmother told her grandson that
haba she had bought a lot of candy. (comprar)
habas 17. La madre de Antonio me dijo que l _____
habamos al centro.
habais Antonios mother told me that he had
haban gone downtown. (ir)
B. Complete the following sentences. 18. Marta _____ la pelcula el mes pasado
pero tena ganas de verla de nuevo.
11. Cuando lleg Juan al restaurante sus
padres ya _____ de comer. Marta had seen the film last month but she
wanted to see it again. (ver)
When Juan arrived at the restaurant his
parents had already finished eating. (terminar) 19. El supervisor les _____ a sus empleados
aumento de salario.
12. El poltico _____ bajar los impuestos.
The supervisor had promised his employees
The politician had promised to lower the
a raise. (prometer)
taxes. (prometer)
20. El poeta le _____ a su mujer que nunca la
13. Mi hermana arregl la sala cuando _____
abandonara por otra.
la reunin.
The poet had told his wife that he would
My sister cleaned the living room when the
never abandon her for another. (decir)
meeting had ended. (terminar)
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Future Perfect
Aswiththeotherperfecttenses,thefutureperfectisformedbycombiningtheauxiliary
verbhaberwiththepastparticiple.Inthiscase,haberisconjugatedinthefuture
tense.
habr
habrs
habr
habremos
habris
habrn
Thefutureperfecttenseisusedtodescribewhatwillhavehappenedinthefuturebefore
adifferentactiontakesplace,orbyaspecictime.
IwillhavestudiedbeforeItakethetest.
Hewillhavecompletedthetaskbysixoclock.
Remember,somepastparticiplesareirregular.Alsorememberthatthepastparticiple
neverchangesformintheperfecttenses.
(yo)Habrescritoellibroantesdelaonuevo.
Iwillhavewrittenthebookbeforethenewyear.
(t)Habrscompradounacasaenunao?
Willyouhaveboughtahouseinayear?
(l)Habrpagadotodaslasdeudasparaeldosdeoctubre.
HewillhavepaidallthedebtbyOctober2.
(nosotros)HabremosvueltodeEspaaparaeldocedejunio.
WewillhavereturnedfromSpainbyJune12.
(vosotros)ParacuandoJuanllegue,vosotrosyahabrissalido.
BythetimeJuanarrives,you-allwillalreadyhaveleft.
(ellos)ParacuandoMaravuelva,ellosyahabrncomido.
BythetimeMariareturns,theywillhavealreadyeaten.
Theauxiliaryverbandthepastparticipleareneverseparated.Tomakethesentence
negative,addthewordnobeforetheconjugatedformofhaber.
(yo)Nohabrcomido.
Iwillnothaveeaten.
(t)Nohabrsledoellibro.
Youwillnothavereadthebook.
(l)Nohabrescritolacarta.
Hewillnothavewrittentheletter.
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(nosotros)Nohabremosaprendidonada.
Wewillnothavelearnedanything.
(vosotros)Nohabrisdormido.
You-allwillnothaveslept.
(ellos)Nohabrnllegado.
Theywillnothavearrived.
Again,theauxiliaryverbandthepastparticipleareneverseparated.Objectpronounsare
placedimmediatelybeforetheauxiliaryverb.
Pablolehabrdadounregaloasuesposa.
Pablowillhavegivenagifttohiswife.
Tomakethissentencenegative,thewordnoisplacedbeforetheindirectobjectpronoun(le).
Pablonolehabrdadoningnregaloasuesposa.
Pablowillnothavegivenagifttohiswife.
Withreexiveverbs,thereexivepronounisplacedimmediatedlybeforetheauxiliary
verb.Comparehowthepresentperfectdiffersfromthesimplepresent,whenareexive
verbisused.
Melavolasmanos.(present)
Iwashmyhands.
Mehabrlavadolasmanos.(futureperfect)
Iwillhavewashedmyhands.
Tomakethissentencenegative,thewordnoisplacedbeforethereexivepronoun(me).
Nomehabrlavadolasmanos.
Iwillnothavewashedmyhands.
Questionsareformedasfollows.
Habrnllegadoyalaschicas?
Willthegirlshavearrived?
Habrscomidoya?
Willyouhavealreadyeaten?
Herearethesamequestionsinnegativeform.Noticehowtheauxiliaryverbandthepastparticiple
arenotseparated.
Nohabrnllegadoyalaschicas?
Willthegirlsnothavealreadyarrived?
Nohabrscomidoya?
Willyounothavealreadyeaten?
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Letsaddanotherverbashcardforthefutureperfecttense:
VerbFlashcards
94. FuturePerfect
haber+pastparticiple
habrhablado,habrcomido,habrvivido
habr
habrs
habr
habremos
habris
habrn
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Quiz #1
Future Perfect
verb haber.
1. you (t) will have eaten 5. Emilio will have written
_____ comido _____ escrito
habr habr
habrs habrs
habr habr
habremos habremos
habris habris
habrn habrn
2. I will have left 6. Andrs and Marta will have returned
_____ salido _____ vuelto
habr habr
habrs habrs
habr habr
habremos habremos
habris habris
habrn habrn
3. you (usted) will have seen 7. she will have said
_____ visto _____ dicho
habr habr
habrs habrs
habr habr
habremos habremos

habris habris
habrn habrn
4. you-all (vosotros) will have arrived 8. they will have heard
_____ llegado _____ odo
habr habr
habrs habrs
habr habr
habremos habremos
habris habris
habrn habrn
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9. we will have read 14. l _____ de pintar su casa antes de empezar
las lluvias.
_____ ledo
habr He will have finished painting his house
before the rains begin. (terminar)
habrs
habr 15. Para cuando llegue el presidente al avin el
habremos piloto ya _____ el vuelo.
habris By the time the president arrives the pilot
habrn will already have prepared the flight.
(preparar)
10. she will have bought
16. Para cuando salgan los invitados los nios
_____ comprado ya _____.
habr
By the time the guests leave the children
habrs will already be asleep. (dormir)
habr
17. Para el fin de ao _____ mis sueos.
habremos
habris By the end of the year I will have realized
my dreams. (realizar)
habrn
18. Antes de jubilarme _____ todas mis deudas.
B. Complete the following sentences.
By the time I retire I will have paid all of my
11. Para cuando lleguen los recin casados los
debts. (pagar)
invitados _____ a bailar.
By the time the newlyweds arrive, the 19. Para el inicio del semestre del invierno yo
guests will have begun to dance. (comenzar) _____ muchos amigos.
By the beginning of the winter semester I
12. Para cuando vuelvan los nios la madre ya
will have made a lot of friends. (ganar)
_____ de cocinar.
By the time the children return the mother 20. _____ espaol antes de terminar el ao
will have finished cooking. (terminar) acadmico.
I will have learned Spanish before the end
13. El cantante _____ de vacaciones antes de
of the academic year. (aprender)
la inaugracin de su club nocturno.

The singer will have returned from vacation
before the grand opening of his nightclub.
(volver)
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The Conditional Tense
Frequently, the conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture,
and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.
The student said that he would study one more hour. (probability, possibility)
What time could it have been? (wonder, conjecture)
He must have been at home. (wonder, conjecture)
We were probably busy when you called. (probability, possibility)
NOTE: when would is used in the sense of a repeated action in the past, the imperfect is used.
To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one of the
following to the infintive:
a
as
a
amos
ais
an
Here are all three regular conditional verb forms together:

HABLAR COMER VIVIR
hablara comera vivira

hablaras comeras viviras
hablara comera vivira
hablaramos comeramos viviramos
hablarais comerais vivirais
hablaran comeran viviran
Here are the previous examples, translated to Spanish.
El alumno dijo que estudiara una hora ms.

The student said that he would study one more hour.
Qu hora sera?
What time could it have been?
Estara en su casa.
He must have been at home.
Estaramos ocupados cuando llamaste.

We were probably busy when you called.
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The same twelve common verbs that are irregular in the future tense are also irregular in
the conditional tense. Their endings are regular, but their stems change in the same way
they change in the future tense. Because the endings are the same as all other conditional
tense verbs, we show only the yo form, and have underlined the irregular stem. We
have also grouped them according to their patterns of change.
caber ....................... yo cabra

poner ....................... yo pondra
decir ........................ yo dira
haber ....................... yo habra
salir .......................... yo saldra
hacer ....................... yo hara
poder ....................... yo podra
tener ........................ yo tendra
querer ...................... yo querra
valer......................... yo valdra
saber........................ yo sabra
venir ........................ yo vendra
Next, lets look at some specific uses of the conditional.
To express speculation about the past:
Aqul da correran ms de veinticinco kilmetros.

That day they must have run more than 25 kilometers.
To express the future from the perspective of the past:
Yo saba que abriran la tienda a las siete.

I knew that they would open the store at seven oclock.
To express hypothetical actions or events which may or may not occur:
Sera interesante estudiar chino.

It would be interesting to study Chinese.
To indicate what would happen were it not for some certain specific circumstance:
Yo viajara pero no tengo dinero.

I would travel but I dont have money.
For polite use to soften requests:
Por favor, podra decirme a qu hora abre la gasolinera?

Could you please tell me what time the gas station opens?
To ask for advice:
Cul comprara Ud.?

Which one would you buy?
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For reported speech:
Juan dijo que terminara el trabajo.

Juan said that he would finish the work.
To express what would be done in a particular situation:
Hablaras ingls en Espaa?

Would you speak English in Spain?
No. Hablara espaol.

No. I would speak Spanish.
Lets look at one more use of the conditional.
To express an action which is contrary to fact:
Si yo tuviera tiempo, ira al cine esta noche.

If I had time, I would go to the movies tonight.
NOTE: This last example uses a verb tense you are not yet familiar with -- the imperfect subjunctive (tuviera).
This topic will be covered in depth in a later lesson.
Finally, a few words need to be said to call attention to the contrasting uses of the future
and the conditional. As previously stated, the conditional is used for conjecture and to
express probability with regards to a past action, as in the following example:
Qu hora sera?
What time could it have been?
Seran las cinco.

It was probably five oclock.
If, however, the conjecture or expression of probability is about the present, the future tense is
used:
Qu hora ser?
What time can it be?
Sern las cinco.

It is probably five oclock.
With regards to reported speech, notice that if the main clause is in the past, the
conditional is used.
Juan dijo que terminara el trabajo.
Juan said that he would finish the work.
But if the main clause is in the present, the future is used.
Juan dice que terminar el trabajo.

Juan says that he will finish the work.
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Lets add two flashcards for the conditional tense:
Verb Flashcards
95. Conditional Tense
Infinitive + ending
(-a, -as, -a, -amos, -ais, -an)
96. Conditional Tense Irregulars
caber................. yo cabra
poner ................ yo pondra
decir.................. yo dira
haber ................ yo habra
salir ................... yo saldra
hacer................. yo hara
poder ................ yo podra
tener ................. yo tendra
querer ............... yo querra
valer .................. yo valdra
saber ................. yo sabra
venir.................. yo vendra
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Quiz #1
Conditional Tense
A. Choose the correct translation. B. Write the correct stem for the following
1. he would speak irregular conditional tense verb forms.
hablara 6. decir
hablaras yo _____ a
hablaramos 7. poder
hablarais
t _____ as
hablaran
8. salir
2. she would eat
Ricardo _____ a
comera
comeras 9. querer
comeramos Ana _____ a
comerais 10. poner
comeran
los chicos _____ an
3. they must have lived
C. Write the correct conditional tense verb
vivira form.
viviras
11. _____ Mara los pasajes de ida y vuelta?
viviramos
Could Mara have bought the round-trip
vivirais
tickets? (comprar)
viviran
12. Nos indic que el Decano _____ en la
4. I probably knew conferencia.
sabra She indicated to us that the dean would
sabras be in the meeting. (estar)
sabramos
13. _____ usted llevar mi equipaje?

sabrais
Could you carry my luggage? (poder)
sabran
14. Juan prometi a su pap que _____ el
5. we probably had
ingls.
tendra
Juan promised his father that he would
tendras learn English. (aprender)
tendramos
15. La madre dijo que _____ veinte nios en la
tendrais
fiesta.
tendran
The mother said that there would be 20
children at the party. (haber)
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16. A l le _____ leer el peridico en silencio. 19. Nadie _____ en esa casa tan vieja.
He would like to read the newspaper in Nobody would live in that old house. (vivir)
silence. (gustar).
20. Jos crea que hoy _____ .
17. Yo _____ jugo de naranja pero no hay en
Jose thought that it would rain today.
el refrigerador.
(llover)
I would drink orange juice but there isnt
any in the refrigerator. (beber)
18. Yo no _____ en la capital porque hay

mucha contaminacin ambiental.
I wouldnt live in the capital because
theres lots of air pollution. (vivir)
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Lesson Topics

15.Ser and Estar I

28.Stem-Changing Verbs: o:ue

40.Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions

51.Saber vs Conocer / Pedir vs Preguntar

75."Hace ..." to mean "ago"

85.Rel. Pronouns - que

lamaana 13. gratitud

8. Ifanounendsin-o,makeitpluralbyadding-s. true false

14. Howmanybooksarethere? 17. HaymspersonasenMxicoqueen

15. Howmanymenarethere? S.Shay.

-arverb 11. you-all(familiar)talk

20. Those young girls are my cousins. (joven)

5. cubano 10. trabajador

12. the dark-haired girl 17. few men

13. few books 18. many women

14. many chairs 19. a lot of food

15. the white snow 20. a little money

el martes 11. I dont work on Monday.

4. Thursday Estudiamos en martes.

2. Dnde estn ustedes? 6. Dnde est Espaa?

3. Dnde estn tus padres? 7. Estn los Gmez en Madrid?

Copyright 19972006 Spanish Learning Resources All Rights Reserved

4. Dnde est usted? 8. Cmo est la sopa?

Copyright 19972006 Spanish Learning Resources All Rights Reserved

2. El seor Fidel _____ comunista. 12. Ustedes _____ en el laboratorio de lenguas.

3. Mi marido _____ enfermo. (hoy) 13. La pluma _____ de plstico.

6. _____ las tres. 16. _____ importante practicar cada da.

7. Hoy _____ lunes. 17. La fiesta _____ en la casa de Mara.

8. l _____ de Mxico. 18. La reunin _____ en el caf.

9. _____ mdico. 19. Esa chica _____ una persona habladora.

10. Ella _____ chilena. 20. La clase no es interesante. _____ aburrida.

To make a sentence negative, place the word no before the verb.

Siempre estudias? ............................................ (Do you always study?)

algn (-o, -a, -os, -as) ......................................... (some, something)

siempre .............................................................. (always)

tambin ............................................................. (also)

o . . . o ............................................................... (either . . . or)

The negative words can be used alone, preceding the verb.

Sometimes, three negative words occur in the same sentence.

Alguno and ninguno drop the -o before a masculine singular noun.

Ninguno(-a) is generally used in the singular.

Tiene algo que declarar?

Hay algo para comer?

Tiene alguien una pluma?

Est alguien en el coche?

Deseas comprar algunos objetos tambin?

Estudia Juan espaol?

19. Ni l ___________ ella quieren bailar.

5. Soy de Nueva York. Mike goes to Maine in the summers.

19. La cena cuesta cinco pesos.

2. your (formal) telephone 8. my book

3. his son B. Write the correct word in order to form

19. Martas pen

20. her pen

B. Circle the correct conjugation for venir. 7. l, ella, Ud.

11. l, ella, Ud.

3. To live, it is necessary to eat. 11. To speak Spanish well, it is necessary to

8. Mara has a test on Monday. 16. Mara is looking for work.

The class starts in ten minutes. mucho

Other weather expressions simply use a single verb:

Here are some common ways to ask about the weather:

16. Diana lleva el abrigo porque hace

3. Le llamo _____ medioda. 9. Llevo a las chicas _____ apartamento.

2. El seor Fidel _ comunista. 12. Ustedes _ en el laboratorio de lenguas.

3. Mi marido _ enfermo. (hoy) 13. La pluma _ de plstico.

6. _ las tres. 16. _ importante practicar cada da.

7. Hoy _ lunes. 17. La fiesta _ en la casa de Mara.

8. l _ de Mxico. 18. La reunin _ en el caf.

9. _ mdico. 19. Esa chica _ una persona habladora.

10. Ella _ chilena. 20. La clase no es interesante. _ aburrida.

3. Le llamo _ medioda. 9. Llevo a las chicas _ apartamento.

3. Usted _ debe comprar. 13. La _ invitar.

5. Los _ comer. 15. _ tenemos que comprar.

7. _ quiero ver. 17. La chica la _ estudiar.