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Energy efficient mechanical

ventilation (Draft 30.3.2006)

Federation of European Heating Ventilating and


Air-conditioning (REHVA)
Olli Seppnen
Helsinki University of Technology
Reviewed by
Reginald Brown
Nejat Demircioglu
Jorma Railio

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Contents
1 Principles of mechanical ventilation
2 Ventilation of residential buildings
3 Ventilation of non-residential buildings
4 Ducts
5 Air handling units
6 Filters
7 Heat recovery
8 Room air distribution
9 Control of ventilation and air conditioning

References and additional reading


Appendix 1 European standards related to mechanical
ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Definition of air flows
1. Outdoor air
2. Supply air
3. Indoor air
4. Transferred air
5. Extract air
6. Recircualtion air
7. Exhaust air
8. Secondary air
9. Leakage
10. Infiltration
11. Exfiltration
12. Mixed air
Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen
Principles of mechanical
ventilation

1. Exhaust close to 5)
pollutant generation
2. Effective local extracts
3. Supply to the breathing 3) 4)
zone 2) High
pollution Clean area
area
4. Supply air to clean
areas
5. More extract from 1)
6)

dirty areas
6. Tranfer air from clean
to dirty areas
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Concentration of pollutants in steady
and non-steady state

How to calulate
indoor air
G
concentration if q v, suo =
source c ida c suo
strenght,
supply air
concentration,
qv , SUP
t
G
air flows are c ida (t ) c sup = c ida (0) + 1 e V
q v,sup
r


known

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Heating energy for ventilation

Qvent = c pa qv (t sup t out )


Temperature. C

Temperature of supply air


and room air, tida tsup
Heating degree hours
= (tsup tout )
Outdoor temperature, tout

Time of the
year, %

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Questions for self-assessment
Why is air recirculation used in some
building?
What is the role of transferred air in respect on
maintaining good air quality?
What are the risks with air infiltration and
exfiltration?
What is the most appropriate location of
extract air outlet?
What are possible uses of secondary air?
How the pressure differences over building
envelope can be controlled?
What are the methods to prevent pollutants
from spreading to clean areas?
Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen
Problems

1. Dust is generated in the room with rate of 10


mg/h. The dust concentration of outdoor air is
0.1 mg/m3. What is the concentration in the
room
a) with supply air flow of 30 m3/h without
cleaning the supply air flow
b) with supply air flow of 30 m3/h and a filter in
supply air flow reducing the concentration of
dust in outdoor air 50%
c) with supply air flow of 60 m3/h and outdoor
air flow of 15 m3/h and a filter with efficiency of
50% in outdoor air flow and a filter with
efficiency 80% in recirculation air flow
Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen
Problems

2. The heated air volume of a house is 300 m3.


a) What is the heating demand of ventilation of
0.6 ach (air changes per hour), when the
design indoor temperature is 21 C and design
outdoor temperature is 10 C?
b) What is the annual heating energy
consumption of ventilation, when the average
outdoor temperature is 10 C during the
heating period and the average indoor
temperature of 21 C, and the heating period is
from Nov 1 to March 31.
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Problems of mechanical
exhaust ventilation systems Short circuiting

Exhaust

Bedroom
Kitchen
Hall

Perfect mixing
Bedroom

Livingroom Bathroom

Bad ventilation

Exhaust

Exhaust

Bedroom
Kitchen
Hall

Outdoor air
Outdoor air
grill
grill
Bathroom
Livingroom Bedroom

Exhaust

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Heat recovery from ventilation
of single family houses

1)
1)

7)
6) 7)
6)
2)
2)
2)
2) 4)
5)
3)
4)
5)

Mechanical supply and Warm air heating system


exhaust ventialtion

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Heat recovery from ventialtion
of appartment buildings

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Ventilation systems for non-residential
buildings- most common air-conditioning
systems
Air-handling unit

Air cooled
condenser

Chilled water
tank

Water chiller

Radiator and
thermostatic valve
District heating supply

District heating return


District heating substation

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Ventilation systems for non-
residential buildings chilled beam
system
Air-handling unit

Air cooled
condenser

Chilled water
tank
Chilled beam

Water chiller
Radiator and
thermostatic
valve

District heating supply

District heating return


District heating substation

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Ducts

Chilled water
pipes

Inspection
door
Shelf for Supply air unit
electrical for corridor
cables
Suspended ceiling
two doors 250x450
or one 600x600

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Space needed for ducts
Total cross section area of shafts, m

Supply air, m/s

m (1 L/s, m)

m (1.5 L/s, m)

m (2 L/s, m)

m (3 L/s, m)

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Pressure loss in ducts

Air flow, m/s


L 1
p = ( + ) v 2
Dh 2

1 2
p = v + RL
2

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen Friction pressure loss R, Pa/m
Balancing of air flow

2 nd 2 nd
floor floor

1 st 1 st
floor floor
Out Out
door door
air air
Difficult to balance Easy to balance

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Air leakage in L/s, m
Air tightness of the ducts

Test pressure, Pa

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Air handling units with heat
recovery

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Floor area and height of
mechanical room

Ceiling height, m
Floor area, m

Supply air, m/s

m (1 L/s, m)

m (1.5 L/s, m)

m (2 L/s, m)

m (3 L/s, m)

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Location of outdoor and
exhaust air openings
Exhaust air Outdoor air
opening opening Mechanical room

Sewage vent

Outdoor air opening

Water Exhaust air opening

Outdoor air opening

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Heat recocery with plate heat
exchanger

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Heat recocery with rotating
wheel with moisture transfer

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Heat recocery with run-around-
coils

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Temperature, C Annual energy recovery

1) Need to reduce the heat recovery


efficiency
Supply air 1)

2)
3) 2) Need for freezing protection
4)
3) Supply air temperature after heat
Outdoor air recovery
4) DDsup = surface area proportional
0 100 to recovered heat

Hours of the year,


%

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Pressure difference in heat
exhanger
Heat
recovery unit
Exhaust Extract
-

Outdoor Supply
+

+
Supply
Pressure 0

Extract
-

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Basic air distribution patterns

Mixing flow
Laminar piston
pattern
flow

Short circuiting
flow pattern Displacement flow

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Use of Conda-effect in air
distribution

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Air distribution to avoid
draught

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Installation for good air
distibution

> 2xD
2xD

1. 2. 3.

>b
b

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4. -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen
5. 6.
Benefits and limitations of
displacement ventilation

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Temperature distribution in
dispalecment flow
Extract air
temperature,
e
Height above floor [m]

2,5 50% 50%

Height above floor


2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 Temperature
- s Supply air Air
Temperature ratio temperature, temperature
e - s
s at floor, f

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Same air quality with lower air
flow

6 - 8 L/s
=
10 L/s

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Benefits of temperature
distibution in cooling situation
Mixing
Extract 24 C
Height above floor, z [m]
2,5 16 C
2,0 24 C
1,5 Occupied zone
1,0 24 C
24 C
0,5 Supply 16 C
0
16 18 20 22 24 26
Temperature [C]

Displacement
Extract 26
C
Height above floor, z [m]

2,5
26 C
2,0
1,5 Occupied zone
24 C
1,0 24 C
0,5 Supply 18 C
18 C
0
16 18 20 22 24 26
Temperature [C]
Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen
Principles of controls

Alarm Alarm Alarm


Ts
22
16

19 23 Te

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen


Principles of air quality controlled
ventilation

Ventilation rate, qs
Max

Min
Ctrl
CO2 -
concentration
Min Max
(~ 600 ppm) (~ 1000 ppm)

SENSOR
CO2
ODOUR
VOC
PARTICLES
Air quality sensor
Temperature sensor

Mechanical Ventilation Module -Vent Dis Course Olli Seppnen

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