W = Fx x
No work is done on a
bucket when it is moved
horizontally because the
applied force F: is
perpendicular to the
displacement.
Example 1:
An Eskimo returning from a successful
fishing trip pulls a sled loaded with salmon.
The total mass of the sled and salmon is
50.0 kg, and the Eskimo exerts a force of
magnitude 1.20102 N on the sled by pulling
on the rope.
(a) How much work does he do on the sled if the rope is horizontal
to the ground ( = 0) and he pulls the sled 5.00 m?
(b) How much work does he do on the sled if = 30.0 and he
pulls the sled the same distance? (Treat the sled as a point
particle, so details such as the point of attachment of the rope
make no difference.)
(c) At a coordinate position of 12.4 m, the Eskimo lets up on the
applied force. A friction force of 45.0 N between the ice and the
sled brings the sled to rest at a coordinate position of 18.2 m.
How much work does friction do on the sled?
Ans: (a) 6.00 102 J; (b) 5.20 102 J; (c) -261J
Example 2:
Suppose that in Example 1 the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the
loaded 50.0-kg sled and snow is 0.200.
Wc + Wnc = KE
Potential Energy
Potential energy is associated with the position of
the object within some system.
Potential energy is a property of the system, not the object
A system is a collection of objects interacting via forces or
processes that are internal to the system
For every conservative force a potential energy
function can be found.
Evaluating the difference of the function at any two
points in an objects path gives the negative of the
work done by the force between those two points.
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy associated
with the relative position of an object in space near the
Earths surface.
Objects interact with the earth through
the gravitational force
Actually the potential energy is for the
earth-object system
PE = mgy
( PEf PEi )
Units of Potential Energy are the same
as those of Work and Kinetic Energy
Joule (J)
Work-Energy Theorem, Extended
The work-energy theorem can be extended to
include potential energy:
= 0 = 9.80 / 2
= 1.00
= = = 0
v y2 viy2 2asy
0 vi sin 45
2
2
2(9.80)(1.00)
vi 6.26 m/s
Example 7:
Waterslides are nearly frictionless, hence can provide bored
students with high-speed thrills. One such slide, Der Stuka,
named for the terrifying German dive bombers of World War II,
is 72.0 feet high (21.9 m), found at Six Flags in Dallas, Texas,
and at Wetn Wild in Orlando, Florida.
(a) Determine the speed of a
60.0-kg woman at the bottom
of such a slide, assuming no
friction is present.
(b) If the woman is clocked at
18.0 m/s at the bottom of the
slide, find the work done on
the woman by friction.
Ans: (a) 20.7 m/s; (b) 3.16 103 J
Example 8:
A skier starts from rest at the top of a frictionless incline of
height 20.0 m, as in Figure 5.19. At the bottom of the incline,
the skier encounters a horizontal surface where the
coefficient of kinetic friction between skis and snow is 0.210.
(a) Find the skiers speed at the bottom.
(b) How far does the skier travel on the horizontal surface
before coming to rest? Neglect air resistance.
Ans: (a) 19.8 m/s; (b) 95.2 m
Potential Energy Stored in a Spring
The force used in stretching or compressing a spring
is a conservative force.
Involves the spring constant, k.
Hookes Law gives the force.
Fs = - k x
Fs is the restoring force
Fs is in the opposite direction of x
k depends on how the spring was formed, the material it is made
from, thickness of the wire, etc.
Elastic Potential Energy
Related to the work required to compress a spring from its
equilibrium position to some final, arbitrary, position x
Spring Potential Energy, Example
(gravity) (spring)
Wnc = 0
An extended form of conservation of mechanical
energy can be used
The PE of the spring is added to both sides of the
conservation of energy equation
Ans: (a) 0.447 m/s; (b) 0.387 m/s; (c) 0.230 m/s
Example 10:
A 50.0-kg circus acrobat drops from a height of 2.00 meters
straight down onto a springboard with a force constant of 8.00
103 N/m, as in figure. By what maximum distance does she
compress the spring?
Ans: (a) 0.560 m
Example 11:
A 0.500-kg block rests on a horizontal, frictionless surface as
in figure. The block is pressed back against a spring having a
constant of k = 625 N/m, compressing the spring by 10.0 cm
to point A. Then the block is released.
(a) Find the maximum distance d the block travels up the
frictionless incline if = 30.0.
(b) How fast is the block going when halfway to its maximum
height?
Ans: (a) 1.28 m; (b) 2.50 m/s
Power
Often also interested in the rate at which the energy
transfer takes place.
Power is defined as this rate of energy transfer.