first objectives is to define both the problem and the method for solving it. There are many reasons for establishing a waste management program A desire to minimize water or energy use; Recover or recycle resources, or minimize waste; Improve plant safety; Improve production rates; and OBTAIN TOP MANAGEMENT SUPPORT. For a waste-minimization project to succeed, top company managers must be made aware of all of its drivers and benefits. incentives for waste minimization strategies include reductions in liability and disposal costs. Some specific incentives for establishing a waste management team include: Reduce high disposal costs, Improve production rates, Improve worker safety, and Obtain industry certification INCLUSIVE PLANNING. The most reasonable solution can only be found if all stakeholders are included in the planning. If the waste-minimization program is a public relations response, then the planning team must include marketing or corporate relations staff. PRODUCT CHARACTERIZATION FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION. The best way to minimize waste is not to generate it. The waste-minimization team should evaluate production techniques and determine whether the facility can improve housekeeping; alter process technology; change materials; reformulate product(s); or recycle, recover, or reuse wastes before a pretreatment system is built. - Improving Plant Operations. Housekeeping and preventive maintenance control wastes inexpensively. - Altering Process Technology. Changes in process technology may include modernization, modification, and better equipment controls. - Material Substitution. Facilities often can replace volatile solvents with less volatile ones, or non-degradable materials with biodegradable ones. - Product Reformulation. Sometimes products can be reformulated with more environmentally friendly ingredients. - Recycle/Recovery/Reuse. This method is typically used to maximize the use ofexpensive materials. - Pretreatment. Pretreatment is a necessary for minimizing pollution in wastewater generated by specific industries WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND WASTE GENERATION. Waste characterization goes hand-in-hand with product characterization and is a base line for any changes made to the production process. - In-Plant Survey. Detailed information on the facilitys wastewater provides a baseline to help staff evaluate the effect of future production growth, water- conservationefforts, or changing regulatory requirements. - Identifying Categorical Wastestreams. Any wastestreams covered by categorical pretreatment standards should further be identified as subject to production Identifying Wastewater-Generating Operations. The team should identify both - wastestreams directly attributable to various processes and those generated via cross-media pollution control effortsbased standards, combined wastestream calculations, or both. - Preparing Mass Balances. The information obtained from the in-plant survey of wastewater-generating operations is used to prepare mass balances of the facilitys flows and wasteloads. o - In-pabrik Survey. Informasi lengkap mengenai air limbah fasilitas ini memberikan dasar untuk membantu staf mengevaluasi efek dari pertumbuhan di masa depan produksi, air conservationefforts, atau mengubah persyaratan peraturan. - Mengidentifikasi Kategoris Wastestreams. Apa wastestreams dicakup oleh standar pretreatment kategoris harus lebih diidentifikasi sebagai subjek untuk produksi Mengidentifikasi limbah-Membangkitkan Operasi. tim harus mengidentifikasi kedua - Wastestreams diatribusikan secara langsung dengan berbagai proses dan yang dihasilkan melalui standar lintas media pengendalian pencemaran effortsbased, perhitungan wastestream gabungan, atau keduanya. - Mempersiapkan Saldo Mass. Informasi yang diperoleh dari survei di-tanaman operasi air limbah menghasilkan digunakan untuk mempersiapkan saldo massa arus fasilitas dan wasteloads.
GENERATE OPTIONS AND PRIORITIZE SOLUTIONS. The waste management team
should provide facility managers with several alternatives and prioritize them so informed decisions can be made. Menghasilkan PILIHAN DAN Prioritaskan SOLUSI. Tim pengelolaan limbah harus menyediakan manajer fasilitas dengan beberapa alternatif dan memprioritaskan mereka sehingga keputusan dapat dibuat. - In-Plant Control. Once a facilitys mass balance is completed and the sources and loadings of various wastestreams have been determined, environmental engineers should consider options for controlling and reducing pollutants to reduce the con- centrations and volumes of wastestreams that need pretreatment. - Water Conservation and Recycling. Efforts to conserve and recycle water should be incorporated into a waste minimization program or initiated as a separate activity with its own specific goals - Pretreatment. Industrial wastewater may need pretreatment before discharge to a POTW for several reasons. o Physical Separation. Physical separation processes typically include flow equalization, screening, sedimentation, flotation, filtration, aeration, and adsorption. o Chemical Pretreatment. Chemical pretreatment processes typically include pH neutralization, chemical precipitation, oxidation-reduction, and ion exchange. o Biological Pretreatment. Biological pretreatment may be used to reduce BOD or suspended solids loads, degrade potentially toxic organic compounds, or reduce nutrient levels in industrial wastewater. - Cross-Media Pollutants. When selecting pretreatment options, cross-media pollutant generation must be considered. Many pretreatment facilities generate sludge that requires handling, treatment, and disposal. - Safety Considerations. Selecting pretreatment options also involves safety considerations. If incorrectly installed, inadequately maintained, or improperly used, electrical and mechanical equipment can cause electrical shock or other bodily injury. - Offsite Pretreatment. When formulating pretreatment strategies, offsite alternatives should also be considered. Offsite pretreatment typically means removing all or part of a facilitys wastewater to another location and pretreating there so it is suitable for disposal. - Residue Management (Disposal). Industry will always generate residues that are environmentally irreducible. Many companies directly discharge to a POTW, or provide some pretreatment before discharge to a POTW. - In-Tanaman Control. Setelah saldo massa fasilitas ini selesai dan sumber dan beban dari berbagai wastestreams telah ditentukan, insinyur lingkungan harus mempertimbangkan opsi untuk mengendalikan dan mengurangi polusi untuk mengurangi centrations con dan volume wastestreams yang perlu pretreatment. - Konservasi Air dan Daur Ulang. Upaya pelestarian dan mendaur ulang air harus dimasukkan ke dalam program minimisasi limbah atau dimulai sebagai kegiatan yang terpisah dengan tujuan sendiri yang spesifik - Pretreatment. air limbah industri mungkin perlu pretreatment sebelum dibuang ke POTW karena beberapa alasan. o Pemisahan fisik. proses pemisahan fisik biasanya meliputi pemerataan aliran, skrining, sedimentasi, flotasi, filtrasi, aerasi, dan adsorpsi. o Kimia Pretreatment. proses pretreatment kimia biasanya meliputi netralisasi pH, presipitasi kimia, oksidasi-reduksi, dan pertukaran ion. o Biologi Pretreatment. pretreatment biologi dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi BOD atau padatan tersuspensi beban, mendegradasi senyawa organik yang berpotensi beracun, atau mengurangi kadar nutrisi dalam air limbah industri. - Lintas Media Polutan. Ketika memilih opsi pretreatment, lintas media generasi polutan harus dipertimbangkan. Banyak fasilitas pretreatment menghasilkan lumpur yang memerlukan penanganan, pengobatan, dan pembuangan. - Pertimbangan Keamanan. Memilih opsi pretreatment juga melibatkan pertimbangan keselamatan. Jika tidak terpasang dengan benar, tidak cukup dipertahankan, atau tidak layak digunakan, peralatan listrik dan mekanik dapat menyebabkan sengatan listrik atau luka-luka lainnya. - Offsite Pretreatment. Ketika merumuskan strategi pretreatment, alternatif offsite juga harus dipertimbangkan. pretreatment offsite biasanya berarti menghapus semua atau sebagian dari air limbah fasilitas untuk lokasi lain dan pretreating ada sehingga sangat cocok untuk pembuangan. - Residu Manajemen (Disposal). Industri akan selalu menghasilkan residu yang tereduksi lingkungan. Banyak perusahaan langsung dibuang ke POTW, atau menyediakan beberapa pretreatment sebelum dibuang ke POTW.
PERIODIC WASTE MINIMIZATION ASSESSMENTS. The goal of any industrial
wastewater pretreatment management strategy is to achieve regulatory compliance cost-effectively by implementing waste minimization, wastewater recycling, water conservation, and wastewater treatment via the most appropriate treatment processes. ASSESS EFFECT OF PROCESS CHANGE ON PRODUCT QUALITY AND QUANTITY. Pollution prevention may directly or indirectly focus on improving the quality or quantity and protection of downstream processes. CREATE A COST-ALLOCATION SYSTEM. In developing a management strategy to control industrial wastewater from a facility, it is important to develop a comprehensive cost analysis for the different options under consideration. ENCOURAGE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BETWEEN OPERATING DIVISIONS. Technology transfer can occur on several levels. Company production may occur in several areas of the country, and similar solutions to common problems may be directly transferable. PROGRAM EVALUATION, FEEDBACK, AND INCENTIVES FOR IMPROVEMENT. Each program that is implemented should be backed up with sufficient monitoring and cost analysis so the benefits (or lack thereof) are tracked. Successes and failures should be transmitted by internal memorandum, meeting minutes, or company newsletter to corporate management. BERKALA PENILAIAN WASTE MINIMALISASI. Tujuan dari setiap limbah industri strategi manajemen pretreatment adalah untuk mencapai kepatuhan terhadap peraturan murah efektif dengan menerapkan minimisasi limbah, daur ulang air limbah, konservasi air, dan pengolahan air limbah melalui proses pengobatan yang paling tepat. MENILAI PENGARUH PROSES PERUBAHAN PADA KUALITAS PRODUK DAN JUMLAH. pencegahan polusi dapat langsung atau tidak langsung fokus pada peningkatan kualitas atau kuantitas dan perlindungan proses hilir. MENCIPTAKAN SISTEM BIAYA-ALOKASI. Dalam mengembangkan strategi manajemen untuk mengontrol air limbah industri dari fasilitas, penting untuk mengembangkan analisis biaya komprehensif untuk pilihan yang berbeda dalam pertimbangan. MENDORONG ALIH TEKNOLOGI ANTARA PEMBAGIAN OPERASI. transfer teknologi dapat terjadi pada beberapa tingkatan. produksi perusahaan dapat terjadi di beberapa daerah negara itu, dan solusi mirip dengan masalah umum dapat langsung ditransfer. PROGRAM EVALUASI, kritik, DAN INSENTIF UNTUK PERBAIKAN. Setiap program yang dilaksanakan harus didukung dengan pemantauan yang memadai dan analisis biaya sehingga manfaat (atau ketiadaan) dilacak. Keberhasilan dan kegagalan harus ditularkan oleh memorandum internal menit rapat, atau newsletter perusahaan kepada manajemen perusahaan.