Chapter 6 SURFACE LOADING OF MULTI-LAYER SYSTEMS 6.1 Two-Layer Systems Unless otherwise stated, the results given in this chapter are for adhesive interfaces between layers. 6d UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING ON A CIRCULAR AREA (Fig.6.2) F1G.6.1 Contours of vertical stress 0, in a two-layer system, with F,/Ep=10, vyve-0.5 and h/o-1, have been obtained by Fox. (o4ta) ‘and are shom in Fig. 6.2 1d with those for the The influence of the ratios £1/E2 and h/a on ‘the vertical stzess on the interface, obtained by Fox (1948a), are show in Fig.6.3. ‘The variation of vertical stress 0, on the axis at the interface, with %/E, and 1/h, is shown in Fig.6.4, Values of g, and (cg-op) on the axis (Fox, 1948a) are tabulated in Table 6.1. It should be noted that all the above stresses are for a perfectly rough interface between the layers. Corresponding values of 0, and (ds-p) for 1 4 perfectly smooth interface between the layers sre tabulated in Table 6.2 (Fox, 19483). ¥1G.6.2 Vertical stress in uniform mass and two ‘ayer system (Fox, 1948a). x00 B88 883K sss BF 1 = “00 9 lee ¥10.6.3 Vertical interface stress on axis ‘fox, 19860).IWO-LAYER SYSTEAS 139 ‘The complete distribution of stress within the ‘two layer system, obtained by Fox (1948a), is shown in Figs. 6.5(a) to (c) for the case a/hai and for three values of 21/E2. It should be noted that in Figs. 6.3 to 6.5, and im Tables 6.1 and 6.2, vievee0. O1/p x 100 Bt Bst00 Maver 05 © F2G,6.5 Stresses in two-layer system (Fox, 19482) Note: tension positive1000 11000 0.00 (Fox, 19488) 10 100 9-8, 100 10 1 1000 1000 0.81 TABLE 6.2 PERFECTLY SMOOTH INTERFACE AND_Gg-op AS PERCENTAGE OF APPLIED LOADING, TABLE 6.1 PERFECTLY ROUGH INTERFACE uuTT-IaYER sysTEMs 100 2.41 100 AND__Gg-Gp_AS PERCENTAGE OF APPLIED LOADING, 10 10 10.5 1 THE LoweR EAYER OF A TWO-LAYER SYSTEM 1N THis Lower EAVER OF A TWO-LAYER SYSTEM ¢e4. rosa) 1 31.0 AXIAL STRESSES Eva AXIAL STRESSES 05 EVA interface Depth below 140 72.2 oRaKs 0,00 0.00 0.00 2511 32.0 317 0.00 37.8 52.6 48.3 6.7 67.7 28.9 102.5ut F1G.6.6 Burmister layered systen theory. Vertical displacement at centre of circle. Vyn0.2, ven0.d. (Burnister, 1962). Oiptecemant Factor tp a a F%G.6.7 Burnister layered system theory. Vertical, isplacenent at centre of circle. vyevae0.5, (Burmister, 1945). 76.6.8 Vertical displacenent at centre of circle. Vievae0.35. (Then de Barros, 1966). pe 30 = oy o °. ov 02 6a oe caraae Influence factors for the vertical surface dis- placeaent at the centre of the cizcular area are shom In Fig.6.6 for the case vi=0.2, vaed.4 (Burnister, 1962),in Fig.6.7 for the case vyqvae0.5 (Burmister, 1945) and in Fig.6.8 for vieveed.36 (Then de Barros, 1966). "An alternative interprecation of the results in Fig.6.7 has been given by Ueshita and Meyerho€ (1967), who plot an equivalent valve of Young's modulus’ (Eq) which may be used with the dis~ Placenent. influence factor for the centre of a clr~ Salar area on a seai-infinite ass (see Section 5.5.1). The variation of E¢/E; with i/e and Ey/Ee 1s shown in Fig.6.9. MS pe 1 1 | 5 | eet ag F1G.6.9 Equivalent modulus E, of two-layer systen. aa a oe A comprehensive series of solutions for the stresses, strains and displacements at selected points within a two-layer system has been obtained by Gerrard (1969). The following combinations of var- Lables have been considered Bé2 2, 5, 10 fle 05, 3,24 v0.2, 0.35, 0.5 Ve 0.2, 0.35, 0.5 movrI-LareR SYSTEMS 6.1.2 ‘UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING ON A CIRCULAR AREA (Fig. 6.10). € Fane OTS 716.6.10 This problem has been considered by Wostmann (2963). A polar diagram showing contours of inter- face normal stress are given in Fig. 6.11 for 32/B1=0.5, Vi=Va=0.5 and h/a=l. Influence factors for the vertical stress oat the interface are given in Figs. 6.12(a) and'6.12(b) for two ratios of G2/% and for V1=Ve=0.5, and for various f/a values. Influence factors for the shearing stresses tap and tag are given in Figs. 6.15 and 6.14, Influence factors for the vertical surface dis- placenent pz are given in Fig. 6.15 and for the horizontal tangential displacement pg in Fig. 6.16. A comprehensive series of solutions for the stresses, strains and displacenents at selected points within a' two-layer systen have been obtained by Gerrard (1969), for the sane cosbinations of var- Sables as outlined in Section 6.1.1. As well as uniform horizontal loading, the case of a linearly increasing inward shear load, fron rero at the centre to a maximum at the edge, has been evaluated. oo PE | Seg . wat n i % * 50 cara vane + $ AN | Po os 20 30 40 % ¥16.6.11 Contours of interface vertical stress (Westeann, 1963).aaa ‘TW0-taver sysrens steaet ‘uromsen) 97 sore Feous soepzeauy 303 201907 souentsur ET "SOLE %, asec oe yee o eget ‘umemsen) seems Tworasaa soszeauy 307 si03083 souOMTZUE fT"9°OrE our ortmmcrI-Laver systExs we “te96t ‘uweasom) quowsoetéeyp “tea6t ‘mumnson) 7%, esozae ‘TWoTaTeA souzme Jos exXoIOe; souENTZUT ST"9°DId wows ooeszeqUy 03 8303005 souNNT3UE pt"9"DIaTHREE-LAYER SYSTEXS us ¥IG.6,16 influence factors for surface tangential ‘@leplacenent (Westman, 1963). 6.2 Three-Layer Systems 6.2.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING ON A CIRCULAR AREA (Fig.6.17) pon 7 I [em 2% J Sas he | Fate Sh 716.6417 Stresses ‘An extensive tabulation of the stresses at the layer interfaces, on the axis of the cirele, has been presented by Jones (1962). Peattie (1962)'has presented these stresses graphically to- gether with factors for the horizontal tensile strain at the first interface. Mitchell and Shen (1967) extended Peattie's graphs to include the horizontal stress at the first interface in layer 2 and the hori- zontal tensile and compressive strains at the lover interface. ‘An extensive tabulation of the radial stresses within the uppermost layer is given by Kizk (1966) for A wide range of elastic modulus ratios and for various values of v in the layers. ‘The tables of stresses presented by Jones (1962) are reproduced in Tables 6.3 to 6.30. Again vrevaevs=0.5. In these tables, a= o/h B= hafig iy = Bafa ke = Ba/Ba ‘The organization of these tables is as follovs: Stresses for all values of a1 appear in a block, each table containing four blocks in ascending order of ka. The tables are for ascending values of ki, and each set of four tables are for ascending values of z In all cases, the stresses are expressed as a fraction of the applied stress. ‘The first three colums of stresses in the tables refer to the upper interface; the last three to the lower interface. Compressive stresses are positive.‘uueI-taver sysTExs TABLE 6.5 (Jones, 1962) os 224% Sen Sea" 0.1 0.66045 0.12438 0.01557 0.00352 0.01659 0:2 0190289 0.13546 906027 0:01278 0.06301, tenon 4 0.95295 0.10428, 0.21282 0.08430 0.22150, -2 0:8 0.99820 0.090110. 0°56395 010975 0.54877 116 1100064 0.087770. 0:86258 0.13755 0.68777 5:2 0199970 0.08129 0 0194145 0:10187 0.50736 0.1 0.66048 0.12285 0.61424 0.00892 0.02695 0.00846 0:2 0190157 0112916 0.64582 0.03480 0.06558 0.03279, kee a.o 4 0195120 0108115 0.40576 9.12656 0.25257 0.11629 9 9° 0199235 0101825 0.09115 0.37307 0.62863 0.31432 16 0189918 -0104156 -0.20660 0.74038 0.98754 0.49377 512. 100082 “o:0ss04 “0:19075 0197137 0.82102 0.41051, 0.1 0466235 0.12082 0.60161 0.00255 0.03667 0.00185 0:2 0.90415 0.11787 0.58933 0.01011 0.14335 0.00717 nex 20. 04 0.98135 0.03474 017570 0.05838 0.52691 0.02635, +9 9:8 0198778 -0:14872 -0.74558 0.15049 1.61727 0.08086 16 0189407 -0!s0s85 -2's2650 036842 3158044 0.17947 5120199621 “0.60990 4105023 0.76669 5.15409 0.25770 0.1 0.66266 0.11720 0.58599 0.00057 0.00027 0:2 0190370 0.10495 0.52477 0.00226 00107 ig = 200.0 %4 0.94719 -0.01709 -0.08543 0.00881 0.80400 0.00402 +2 9:3 0.99105 -0134427 “1.72134 0.03259 2.67934 0.01540 16 ol99146 “1121129 “6.05643 0.11034 7.35978 0.03680 5120199332 “21a0282 -i4.46408 0132659 16.22830 0.08114 TABLE 6.4 (ones, 1962) = 0.396 gz 210 as, s 5° n 0.43085 0.71614 0.35807 0.01682 0.00350 0.01750 0.78688 1.01561 0.50780 0.06511 0.01348 0.06741 0198760 0.83924 0.41962 0.25005 0.04669 0.25346 1101028 0.63961 0.51981 0.60886 0.11484 0.57418 1.00647 0.68723 0.32862 0.90959 0.13726 0.68630 0199822 0.58165 0.19093 0.94322 0.09467 - 0.47335, 0.42950 0.70622 0.35303 0.00896 0.01716 0.00858 0.78424 0.97956 0.88989 0.03493 0.06547 0.03324 0.98043 0.70970 0.85488 0.12667 0.23581 0.11766, 0199484 0.22819 0.11164 0.36932 0.65003 0.31501 0.99364 -0.19982 0.72115 0.97707 0.48853 0.99922 -0.28915 0.96148 0.84050 0. 0.43022 0.69352 0:54662 0.00228 0.03467 0.78414 0.92086 0.46048 0.00899 0.13541 0197493 0.46583 0.25297 0.03582 0.49523, 0.97805 -0.66535 -0.35270 0.11350 1.49612, 0196921 =2.82859 1141430 0131263 5.28512, 0198591 =5.27906 0168433 5.05952 0.00046 0.04848 0.00183 0.19043 9.00711 0.71221 0.02597 2132652 9:08700 6.25638 0.26292 _14.25621 0.42925 0.67488 0.78267 0.85397 0197369 0.21165 0.97295 -1.65954 0193545 6.47707 0.96377 -16.67376TUREE-LAYER SYSTEXS uw TABLE 6.5 Gones, 1962) = 0.128 y= 20.0, a, Fee, Sas _Y, Sns"Fue _8ua°%, ferSy as“ re So 22 ve ea" 0.24648 1.80805 0.09040 0.01645 0.00322 0.01611 0139260 3.75440 0.18772 0.06407 0.01249 0.06248 0.g0so2 §.11847 0.25592 0.28185 0.04421 0.22105 1.08594 3.38600 0.16930 0.64741 0.11468 0.57542 102842 1181603 0.08080 1.00811 0.13687 0.68435, 0199817 1.75101 0.08755 0.97517 0.07878 0.37890 0.14529 1.81178 0.09059 0.00810 0.01542 0.00771 0.58799 5.76886 0.18844 0.03170 0.05003 0.05002 0.78651 5.16717 0.25836 0.11650 0.21640 0.10820, 302218 3143681 0.17182 0.54941 0.60493 0.50247 199060 1.15211 0.05761 0.69014 0.97145 0.48575 0199893 -0.06894 -0.00345 0193487 0.88358 0.48179, 0.14447 1.80664 0.09035 0.00182 0.02985 038469 0.00716 0.11697 0.00585, 0.77394 0102710 0.43263 0.02163, 0.98610 0.18627 0.09061 1.35736 0.06687 0.93712 0.06355 0.24528 2.99215 0.14961 0.96330 70136761 0.55490 5.05689 0.25524 0.14422 1.78941 0.08947 0.00033 0.04010 0.00020 0138388 3.68097 0118405 0.00131 0.15781 0.00079, 0.77131 4.80711 0.24036 0.00505 0.59391 0.00297 9187701 1.90825 0.09541 0.01830 1.95709 0.00979, 0191645 -5.28803 0.26840 0.05007 5.25110 0.02626 0.92662 -21.52546 -1.07627 0.18395 058 TABLE 6:6 Gones, 1962) B= 0,125 az 200.0. oy Sa,%m Serre oe Sea"%r Psy 0.03694 2.87564 0.01458 0.01157 0.00201 0.01005, 0.12527 7.44285 0.03721 0.04873 0.00788 0.03940, 0.36329 15.41021 0.07705 0.16785 0.02013 0.14566 =~ 0.82050 19.70261 0.09851 0.55144 0.08714 0.43568, 2.32440 7.02380 0.03512 1.03707 0.15705 0.68524 0199806 2.35459 0.01177 1.00800 0.06594 0.52971, 0.03481 5.02259 0.01511 0.00549 0.00969, 0211491 8.02452 0.04012 0.02167 0.05812 taea0 0235218 17.64175 0.08821 0.08229 0.14286 0.72695 27.2701 0.13639 0.27307 0.45208 0.22504 1100203 25158658 0.11693 0.63916 0.90861 0.45430 1.00828 11187014 0.05935 0.92560 0.91469 0.45735, 1 0.03355 5.17765 0.01589 0.00128 0.01980 0.00099 2 0.10928 8.66097 0.04330 0.00509 0.07827 0.00301 4 0.51094 2012259 0.10061 0.01972 0.29887 0.01494 8° 0.65954 36.29945 0.18150 0.07045 1.01694 0.05085. 6 0.87951 49.40857 0.24704 0.20963 2.64313 0.13216 2 0, 0, 0, Ke = 20.0 8 1 3 24495 (0,95309 57.84369 0.26923 0.49958 189895 1 0.03307 5.26987 0.01635 0.00025 0.02809 0.00014 2 0.10810 9.02669 0.04513 0.00098 0.11136 0.00056 4 0.30659 21156482 0.10782 0.00386 0.43035 0.00215 3 0.64385 1.89878 0.20949 0.01455 1.53070 0.00765. 6 0.84110 69.63157 0.34816 0.05011 4.56707 0.02284 2 0.3 00 - on ky = 200.0 2 a 5:2 0.86807 120.95981 0.60481 0.15719 11.42045 0.08710us MOLTI-IATER SYSTENS TABLE 6.7 (ones, 1962) a= 0.25 ign 0.2 a "Or, 9, 3, 0,,-%, er 957%, Say rn 22 n 0.27115 0.05598. 0.27990 0.01259 0.00274 0.01370 0166109 0.12628 0.63138 0.04892 0.01060 0.05302, pi 0190404 0.24219 0.71096 0.17538 0.03744 0.18722, : 0195659 0.12500 0.61499 0.48699 0.09839 0.49196 0199703 0.10534 0.52669 0.81249 0.13917 0.69586 0199927 0.05063 0.25517 0.92951 0.11114 0.55569 0.1 0.27203 0.05477 0.27385 0.00739 0.01409 0.00704 0:2 0.66010 0.12136 0.60681 0.02893 0.05484 0.02742 Keg = 2.0 0-4 0.90120 0.12580 0.61849 0.10664 0.189780 0.09880 0:8 0.94928 0.06482 0.32410 0.32617 0.56059 0.28019. 156 0.99029 -0.00519 -0:02594 0.69047 0.96216 0.48108, 312 100000 -0:02216 -0:11080 0.95608 0.87221 0.43610 0.26945 0.05192 0.25960 0.00222 0.03116 0.00156 0166161 0.11209 0.56046 0.00877 0.12227 0.00611 a 0.90102 0.08622 0.43111 0.03354 0.45504 0.02275 0194012 -0.07351 -0.55756 0.11658 1.44285 0.07214 0.97277 “0.40234 2101169 0.33692 3.37001 0.16850 0.99075 “0.71901 -3.59542 0.73532 5110060 0.25503, 1 0.27072 0.04956 0.24778 0.00051 0.04704 0.00024 2 0.65909 0.10066 0.50330 0.00202 0.18557 0.00093, "4 0.89724 0.04248 0.21242 0.00791 0.70524 0.00385 8 0.93596 -0.24071 -1.20357 0.02961 2.40585 0.01203, 16 0.96370 1.00743 -§.03714 0.10193 6.82481 0.05412 22 ° ° - ° ke = 200.0 § 1 312 0.97335 -2.54264 -12.71320 0.30707 15.45931 0.07730 TABLE 6.8 ones, 1962) B= 0.26 ge 2.0 a, sy, Ig On, 9, Fy nGy, Ig =S, ‘s em ang ap ‘a'r, 53° °r, 0.1 0.15577 0.28658 0.14329 0.01348 0.00277 0.01584 0.2 043510 0.72176 0.36088 0.05259 0.01075 0.05377 Kae o.g Qf 0-79551 1.03476 0.51738 0.19094 0.03842 0.19211 20-2 9's 1100871 0.88853 0.44416 0.54570 0.10387 0.51687 116 1102425 0.66438 0.35219 0.90563 0.14102 0.70510 312 0.99617 0.41539 0.20778 0.95918 0.09804 0, 49020 0.1 0.25524 0.28362 0.14181 0.00710 0.01553 0.00677 0:2 0.42809 0.70225 0.55112 0.02783 0.05278 0.02639 kg = 2.0 0-4 0.77939 0.96654 0.48317 0.10506 0.19178 0.09589 22-0 973 9196703 0.66885 0.55442 0.51771 0.55211 0.27605 116 0.98156 0.17331 0.08665 0.66753 0.95080 0.47540 312 0.99840 0.05691 -0.02846 0.93798 0.89390 0.44695 0.1 0.15436 0.27580 0.13790 0.00179 0.02728 0.00136 0:2 0.42462 0.67115" 0.55557 0.00706 0.10710 0.00536 ka = 2.9 Of 0.76647 0.84462 0.42231 0.02697 0.59919 0.01996 2 = 20-0 973 9.92757 0.21951 0.10976 0.09285 1.26565 0.06328 156 0.91393 1.22411 -0.61205 0.26454 2194860 0.14745 312. 0195243 3.04320 -1:52160 0.60754 4.89878 0.24494 0.1 0.15414 0.26776 0.13388 0.00058 0.03814 0.00019 0:2 014256 0.65873 0.31937 0.00243 0.15040 0.00075 tee = 200.9 9-4 0.76296 0.71620 0.35810 0.00557 0.87046 0.00285 : 018 0191600 0.28250 -0.14125 0.02064 1.92636 0.00963 16 0.88406 3109856 -1.54928 0.07014 5.35936 9.02680 Siz. olas7iz “9laszié “4!s9107 0121692 12104518 9.00522THREE-LAVERS SUSTENS TABLE 6.9 (ones, 1962) a= 0.25 Jaz 20.0, ao, OO, Oy =8, Tn, 8, 2 om Ses"ry ae 2x7, Pes" 9ny 0.04596 0.61450 0.03072 0.01107 0.00202 0.01012 0.15126 1.76675 0.08834 0.04357 0.00793 0.05964 0.41030 $,59650 0.17983 0.16357 0.02931 0.14653 0185464 4158845 0.22942 0.51644 0.08771 0.43854, 112013 2151165 0.11558 1101061 0.14039 0.70194 0199676 1.2441 0.06221 0.99168 0.07587 0.57934 0.04381 0.65215 0.03162 0.00530 0.00962 0.00481, 0.14282 1.83766 0.09188 0.02091 0.03781 0.01801 0137882 5.8679 0.19339 0.07933 0.14159 0.07079 0.75904 §.50796 0.27540 0.26278 0.44710 0.22555, 0198743 4.24281 0.21213 0.90115 {00064 1.97494 0.09876 0193254 0.1 0.04235 0.65003 0.03250 0.00123 0.01930 0.2 0.13708 1.90693 0.09535 0.00488 0.07623, ka = 20.0 0-4 0.35726 4.13976 0.20689 0.01888. 0.29072 2 = 20-0 973 0.68947 6.48948 0.32447 0.06741 0.98565 6 0.85490 6.95639 0.34782 0.20115 2.55231 2 0.90325 6.05858 0.30295 0.48647 4.76234 0.1 0.04204 0.65732 0.03287 0.00024 0.02711 0.00018 0:2 0.13584 1.93764 0.09688 0.00095 0.10741 0.00054 ka = 200.9 4 0.35237 0.21500 0.00372 0.00207 ‘= 200-0 g's 0.67286 0.34743 0.01309 0.00735 16 0.81223 0.42789 0.04830 4.36521 0.02185 5.2 0.82390 0.63614 0.53181 0.15278 10.93570 0.05468. TABLE 6.10 Gones, 1962) 0.25 i= 200.0, ai Sax"%m San Sze Ses 939mg 0.01159 0.86644 0.00453 0.00589 0.00090 0.00451 0.04180 2.71354 0.01357 0.02354 0.00357 0.01784 0.14196 6.83021 0.03415 0.09024 0.01365 0.06824 0142603 13.19664 0.06598 0.51785 0.08624 0.25118 0.94520 13.79184 0.06896 0.83371 0.10591 0.52955, 1107382172901 0.01365 1.10259 0.08608 0.43037 0.00909 0.96553 0.00483 0.00259 0.00407 0.00203 0.03269 3.10763 0.01554 0.01027 0.01611 0.00806, 0.10684 8.37852 0.04189 0.04000 0.06221 0.05110 0.30477 18195534 0.09478 0.14513 0.21860 0.10950 0.66786 31:18909 015595 0.42940 0.58553 0.29277 0.98447 28.98500 0.14493 0.84545 0.89191 0.44595, 0.1 0.00776 1.08738 0.00544 0.00065 0.00861 0.00045 0.2. 0.02741 3159448 0.01797 0.00257 0.03421 0.00171 tx 20.0 9-4 \,0.08654 10:30823 0.05155 0.01014 0.13365 0.00668 ‘2 = 20-0 9°3 “0.23137 26.41442 0.18207 0.08844 0.49135 0.02457 16 0.46835 57.46409 0.28752 0.15148 1.53833 0.07692 32 0.71083 9.29034 0.49645 0.57342 3.60966 0.18048 0.00744 1.19099 0.00596 0.00014 0.01511 0.00007 02616 4.00968 0.02005 0.00056 0.05223 0.00026 0:08141 1196405 0.05982 0.00224 0.20851 0.00103 0.21293 32197364 0.16487 0.00871 0.77584 0.00388, 0.40876 8277997 0.41390 0.03284 2.63962 0.01320 (0186613 18937459 0.94687 0.11049 7.60287 0.05801,vorer-taver systEas TABLE 6.11 ones, 1962) B=05 ne a ©, nm Imm 9, Ces p Fas, fam re Fee are Sere 0.07943 0.01705 0.08527 0.00914 0.00206 0.01030 0.27189 0.05724 0.28621 0.03577 0.00808 0.04020, rr) 0165375 0.13089 0.65444 0.15155 0.02024 0.14622 ts = 0 0191143 0.15514 0.77571 0.36994 0.08369 0.41843, 0.96354 0.13250 0.65248 0.72106 0.15729 0.68647 0.99310 - 0.06976 0.34879 0.89599 0.12674 0.65371, 0.1 0.07906 0.01617 0.08085 0.00887 0.01078 0.00537 0:2 0.27046 0.05375 0.26877 0.02190 0.04206 0.02103, tg = 2.0 0-4 (0.65847 0111770 0158848 0108222 0.15534 0.07767 2 0.8 0.89579 0.11252 0.56258 0.26429 0.47045 | 0.23525 116 0194217 0.04897 0.24486 0.60357 0.90072 0.45036, 5:2 0199189 0.01580 0.06900 0.91215 0.9438 0.47192 0.1 0.07862 0.01439 0.07196 0.00175 0.02415 9.00121 2 0.26873 0.08669 0.25545 0.00692 0.09519 0.00476 ig = 29,9 0-4 9.65188 0.09018 0.45089 0.02675 0.56008 0.01800 9:8 0.87401 0.01260 0.06387 0.09552 1119151 0.05958. 16 0.89568 -0.24338 -1.21680 0.28721 2.95409" 0.14770 512 0.95392 0.55220 -2165100 0.66445 4.86789 0.24339 1 0.07820 0.01243 0.06213 0.00041 0.03682 0.00018, 2 0.26803 0.03012 0.19558 0.00163 0.14576 0.00075 4 0.64908 0.06006 0.30029 0.00643 0.56051 0.00280 8 0.86406 -0.10447 -0.52254 0.02436 1.96771 0.00984 6 0.86677 -0.6715¢ 3.35768 0.0850 5.77669 0.02888 2 0, °. a. a = 200.0 § i 52 ole070$ “1/8026 “9130608 0126467 13168423 0.06817 TABLE 6.12 ones, 1962) a, a, oy Ore 04496 0.04189 0.00905 0.00181 0.00806 onise78 Sc1a4s2 Olosssi Oco07id 008584 8.44523 Siseis6 Oc13s14 0.02684 0.13172 roe o-esa88 Qisigoe 0142199 0.07992 0.39962 Losse2 olesi7s Ola17s7 0185529 0125973 Leba6s, 0199967 9145119 0.22560 0194506 0.10667 0.85556 0.1 0.04550 0.08250 0.04125 0.00465 0.00878 0.00439 0:2 0115525 0128518 0.1415 Olo1ese O-0S4s4 0.01727 024 0142077 0170119 0.55060 0106974 0112084 0.06477 Hn 20 018 0175685 0196681 O148S41 0125256 OLAIIeT 0120596 116 olgseay 9170726 0L35s63 016298 0.85950 0.42068 512 0186801 035878 0.16959 0.88685 0.96553 0.48176, 0.1 0.08195 0.08044 0.04022 0.00117 0.0178 0.00089 0:2 ort4sos 0127574 0.15787 9100464 0.07027 0.00851 O14 Oraoose 016774 0158587 0.01799 026817 0.01381 % = 20.0 0:8 dres098 186191 0143005 0.06476 OLoTI68 9.04558 16 B.9988 0.39588 Oc19794 O.t9803 2.38577 o-11919 512 Olasoao 0.41078 0120539 0149258447022 0.22551 0.1 0.04160 0.07864 0.03952 0.00024 0.02518 0.00015, 0:2 0114676 0126855 0.15426 0100095 009868 0.00050 O14 0139570 Ore4s03 0152152 0.00874 fy = 200.0 1g oleras? 0.74947 0137474 OLOIaIG 2s o-paioe -0102761 -0"01se1 OLo4972 S12 ol7si76 “leases 0194273 0.15900THREE-LAYER SYSTEMS TABLE 6.13 HH 05 (ones, 1962) i= 20.0 as, Say %5s%m Soe S2"Snq S25 %ry 0.1 0.01351 0.16525 0.00825 0.0059 0.00098 0.00488 0:2 0.05073 0.58918 0.02946 0.02861 0.00385 0.01929, ew 0.2 0-4 0.16972 1.66749 0.08537 0.09110 0.01474 0.07369 a" 2 9/3 0.47191 3.23121 0.16156 0.31904 0.04967 0.24858 16 0.97452 3.54853 0.17743 0.82609 0.11279 0.56595 312 1109911 1.27534 0.06367 1.08304 0.09527 0.47637 0.1 0.01122 0.17997 0.00900 0.00259 0.00449 0.00220 0.2 0.04172 0.6479 0.03239 0.01028 0.01744 0.00872 yaw 2.9 0-4 0.15480 189817 0.00491 0.03998 0.08722 0.03561 20 9's 0.35175 4109592 0.20480 0.14419 0.25476 0.11738, 1:6 0.70221 6.22002 0.51100 0.42106 0.62045 0.51025, 3.12 0197420 5.41828 0.27091 0.82256 0.93851 0.46916 0.1 0.00990 0.19872 0.00994 0.00065 0.00911 9.00046 0:2 0.03648 0.72264 0.03613 0.00251 0.03520 0.00181 tex 20.0 0-4 0-11448 2/19520 0.10976 0.00988 0.14116 0.00705 = 20-0 9°3 0.27984 5.24725 0.26236 0.03731 051585 0.02579 116 0.50790 10.30212 0151511 0.12654 1.59341, 0.07967 312 0.70803 16.38520 0.81928 0.35807 3.69109 0.18455, 1 0.00960 0.21440 0.01072 9.00013 0.01355. 0.00007 2 0.03525 0.78493 0.0392 0.00084 0.08595 0.00027 4 0.10970 2.48430 0.12221 0.00214 0.21195 0.00106 "8 0.26149 6.25424 0.31172 0.00851 0.79588 0.00398 *6 2 0.45078 14.11490 0.70574 0.05070 2.67378 0.01538, ° ° - 0, a= 200.0 &: 1 3.2 0.57074 29.95815 1.49791 0.10870 7.61457 0.03807 TABLE 6.14 Bes ones, 1962) kas 200.0 ao, Go, OO, 7-7, 9,4, a ‘am Tare ee 22%, Tan ory 0.00363 0.22588 0.00112 0.00256 0.00035 0.00163. 0.01414 0.81903 0.00410 0.01021 0.00130 0.00648 9.05256 2.52558 0.01263 0.04014 0.00506 0.02529 0.18107 6.11429 0.03057 0.15048 0.01844 0.09221 0.53465 10.82705 0.05414 0.48201 0.05399 0.26993 o ° 8 ° ia 0.2 1 52. 1104557 9.34212 0.04671 1.00671 0.08624 0.43121 0.1 0.00215 0.26620 0.00135 0.00094 0.00128 0.00064 0:2 0.00826 0.98772 0.00494 0.00375 0.00509 0.00254 raw 2.0 0-4 0.02946 5.19580 0.01598 0.01474 0.01996 0.00998 0.8 0.09508 8.71973 0.04360 0.05622 0.07434 0.03717 1.6 0.27135 20.18765 0.10079 0.19358 0.23838 0.11919 312. 0162599 34.25229 0.17126 0.52912 0.54931 0.27466 0.1 0.00149 0.51847 0.00359 0.00025 0.00257 0.00013 0:2 0.00564 1.19588 0.00598 0.00094 0.01025 0.00051 wax 20.0 9-4 0.01911 §.02732 0.02014 0.00372 0.04047 0.00202 0.8 0.05574 12,0885 0.05004 0.01455 0.15452 0.00773 116 0113946 52.77028 0.16385 0.05599 0.53856 0.02692 312 0.30247 77.6243 0.38815 0.18091 1.36409 0.07820 9.1 0.00133 0.37065 0.00185 0.00005 0.00587 0.00002 9.2 0.00498 1.40493 0.00702 0.00022 0.01544 0.00008 nan 200.9 9-4 0.01649 4.86215 0.02431 0.00085 0.06118 0.00031 0:8 0.04553 15.33902 0.07670 0.00340 0.28698 0.00118 116 0:10209 45193954 0.22970 0.01515 0.86345 0.00432 3.2 0:18358 128-1505] 0.64065 0.08854 2.80877 0.01404.452 (MOLTI-IAYER SYSTEXS TABLE 6.15 Be10 (Gones, 1962) y= 008 a 4, Gn Igy Oy sn, 85, 9.02090 0.00464 0.02520 0.00541 0.00128 0.00638, 0:08023 0.01775 0.08865 0.02138 0.00803 0.02515 0:27493 0.05976 0.29878 0.08125 0.01903 0.09516 0.67330. 0.13818 0.69092 0.26887 0.06192 0.30960 0192595 0.15978 0.79888 0.60229 0.15002 0.65010 0198852 0.09722 0.48612 0.82194 0.14348 0.71742 0.02045 0.00410 0.02052 0.00358 0.00687 9.00845 0.07845 0.01561 0.07805 0.01410 0.02713 0.01357 0.26816 0.05165 0.25828 0.05427 0.10351 0.05175 0.65090 0.11111 0.58555 0.18842 0.34703 0.17351 0:88171 0.10364 0.51819 0.48957 0.79986 0.39993, 0.94155 0.06967 0.34835 0.81663 0.99757 0.49879, 6 2 1 0.01981 0.00306 0.01529 0.00118 0.01591 0.00060 2 0.07587 0.0114 0.08726 0.00471 0.06310 0.00316 kar 20.9 9-4 0.25617 0105540 0117702 0.01846 0.24596 0.01220 2 978 0161544 0.05165 0.25817 0.06839 0.86114 0.04306 (6 0.78884 0.07218 -0.36091 0.21770 2.36084 0.11803, 2 0182936 -0.25569 1127847 0.53612 4.28169 0.21408 0.01952 0.00214 0.01068 0.00028 0.02412 0.00012 0.07473 0.00777 0.03883 0.00110 0.09587 0.00048 0.25368 0.02078 0.10382 0.00436 0.37417 0.00187 0.59853 -0.00538 -0.02690 0.01679 1.36930 0.73587 -0.28050 1.40250 0.06020 4.25805 0.70248 -0.90965 -4.54826 0.19189 10.36507 TABLE 6.16 He10 Gones, 1962 Aye 2.0 a Fp, Fz“, Fn, 94°F, 2 x9 Sere Sep sn Pan 0.1 0.01241 “0.02186 0.01093 0.00490 0.00096 0.00478 0:2 0.04816 0.08396 0.04198 0.01943 0.00378 0.01890 raco.g Of O-17203 0.28866 0.14435 0.07496 0.01448 0.07281 +2 018 0.48612 0.71684 0.35842 0.26193 0.04924 0.24620 156 091312 0197206 0.48603 0.67611 0.11558 0.57790 312. 1104671 0.60091 030046 0.95985 0.12527 0.62637 0-1 0.01085 0.02179 0.01090 0.00241 0.00453 0.00227 0:2 0.08176 0.08337 0.04169 0.00858 0.01797 0.00899, rae 2.0 O-4 O-14665 0.28491 0.14246 0.05724 0.06934 0.05467 0:8 0.39942 0.71381 0.35670 0.15401 0.24250 0.12125, 1.6 0.71032 1102680 0.51340 0.58690 0.63651 0.51815, 3.2 0.92132 0.90482 0.45241 0.75805 0.97509 0.48754 0.00963 0.02249 0.01128 0.00061 0.00920 0.00086 0.03697 0.08618 0.04309 0.00241 0.03654 0.00183, 0112805 0.29640 0.14820 0.00950 0.14241 0.00712, 0135263 0.76292 0.38146 0.05578 0.51815 0.02591, 0.52721 1.25168 0.62584 1.36503 0.07825 0.65530 1.70723 0.85361 0.53669 3.51128 0.17556 0.00925 0.02539 0.01170 0.00015 0.01519 0.00007 0.03561 0.09018 0.04509 0.00051 0.05252 0.00026 0112343 0.31470 0.15735 0.00202 0.20609 0.00103, 0.31422 0.83274 0.41637 0.00783 0.76955 0.00385 0.46897 1.53521 0.76760 0.02874 2.53100 0.01255 0.51161 2.76420 1.58210 0.09751 6.99285 0.03496TABLE 6.17 B10 (ones, 1962) ye 20.0 aay Sam Cnn See Seng 925 ny 0.1 0.00617 0.04050 0.00202 0.00271 0.00039 0.00195 0:2 0101641 0.15675 0.00784 0.01080 0.00155 0.00777 jaw og Of 0.06210 0.55548 0.02777 0.04241 0.00606 0.03028 a= 0-2 973 9.21057 1.53667 0.07683 0.15808 0.02198 0.10991 116 0158218 2.77359 0.13868 0.49705 0.06327 0.31635, 512 1106296 255195 0.12760 1.00217 0.09906 0.49525, 0.1 0.00263 0.04751 0.00288 0.00100 0.00160 0.00080 0:2 0.01029 0.18481 0.00924 0.00397 0.00637 0.00519 kee 20 O-4 0.05810 0.66727 0.05356 0.01565 0.02498 0.01249 0 918 0112173 1.97428 0.09871 0.05938 0.09268 0.04634 116 0.51575 4137407 0.21870 0.20098 0.29255 0.14626 312 0.66041 6.97695 0.34885 0.53398 0.65446 0.32725 0.1 0.00195 0.05737 0.00287 0.00024 0.00322 9.00016 0:2 0.00751 0.22418 0.01121 0.00098 0.01283 0.00064 ten m0.9 Ov 0.02715 0.82450 0.04121 0.00587 0.05065 0.00285 0 918 0.08027 2159672 0.12984 0.01507 0.19267 0.00963, 156 0117961 6.77014 0.53851 0.05549 0.66325 0.03315 S12. 0154355 15125252 0.76163 0.18544 1.88634 0.09432 0.1 0.00176 0.06753 0.00337 0.00005 0.00878 0.00002 0:2, 0100683 0.25401 0.01320 0.00022 0.01908 0.00010 ar 200.9 0-4 0.02483 0.98546 0.04917 0.00088 0.07557 0.00058, a= 200-0 9's 9.06985 5.25164 0.16158 0.00548 0.29194 0.00146, 116 0114191 9.28148 0.46407 0.01339 1.05385 0.00527, 312 0122655 26.85256 1.24262 0.04911 3.3760 0.01688 TABLE 6.18 get (ones, 1962) Ky= 200.0 a yn Onn, G, yn, On,-9, 2 amy Say Pry Sze '22°%m S22" Ory 0.00117 0.05507 0.00028 0.00097 0.00010 0.00051, 0.00464 0.21467 0.00107 0.00388 0.00041 0.00203 0.01814 0.78191 0.00391 0.01538 0.00160 0.00801, (0.06765 2.380S$ 0.01190 0.05952 0.00607 0.03037 0.22994 157945 0.02790 0.21214 0.02028 0.10140, (0,62710 9129529 0.04648 0.60056 0.04847 0.24236, 0.00049 0.06885 0.00034 0.00029 0.00035 0.00017 9,00195 0.26966 0.00135 0.00116 0.00158 0.00069 (0700746 1.00151 0100501 000460 0.00545 0.00273 0.02647 3.24971 0.01625 0.01797 0.02092 0.01046 0.08556 8.92442 0.04462 0.06671 0.07335 0.03668 (0.25186 20.83887 0.10417 0.22047 0.21288 0.10644 0,00027 0.08469 0.00042 0.00007 0.00062 0.00003 0.00104 0.33812 0.00167 0.00028 0.00248 0.00012 0,00384 1.25495 0.00627 0.00110 0.00985 0.00049 0101256 4126100 0.02130 0.00436 0.03825 0.00191 0103379 12191809 0.06459 0.01685 0.13989 0.00699 0.08859 36.06291 0.18021 0.06167 0.45544 0.0227 0.00021 9.1007 0.00050 0.00002 9.00087 0.00000 (0,00082 0.39741 0.00199 0.00006 0.00347 0.00002 1.51234 0.00756 0.00025 0.01381 0.00007 5128939 0.02645 0.00100 0.05403 0.00027 17101872 0708509 0.00392 0.20250 0.00101 52125615 0.26118 0.01505 0.70098 0.00350 ‘TEREE-LAYER SYSTEMS 153456 TABLE 6.19 B=20 (ones, 1962) Kye 0.2 a 6, On oy, o.oo 2 ‘nm or Pee er Sap Poy 0.00540 0.00604 0.00242 0.00060 0.00302 0.02138 0.02586 0.00964 0.00240 0.01202 fen ot 0108209 0.09106 0.03770 0.00939 0.04695 00 0.28180, 0.50531 0.13832 0.03422 0.17112 68908, 0.68299 0.40830 0.09826 0.49151 0.93103, 0164493 0.73496 0.15705 0.78523 0.00502 0.00098 0.00494 0.00180 0.00359 0.00170 0101985 0.00589 0.01953 0.00716 0.01350 0.00675 meas 0:07650 0.01485 0.07449 0.02815 0.05288 0.02644 0.26196 0.04977 0.24875 0.10523 0.19467 0.09735 0.63855 0.10924 0.54641 0.35075 0.57811 0.28905, 0.87025 0.12296 0.61462 0.68388 1.00199 0.50100, 0.00444 0.00056 0.00282 0.00065 0.00825 0.00041, 0.01756 0.00221 0.01105 0.00260 0.03285 0.00164 See. f030. 06706 9.00819 0.04097 0.01030 0.12933 0.00647, im 20 0.22561 0.02431 0.12153 0.03956 0.48595 0.02450 0.81929 0.03070 0.15552 0.15743 1.85804 0.07790 0165700 -0.00826 -0.08632 0.37409 3.39883 0.16994 0.1 0.00814 0.00032 0.00160 0.00015 0.01254 0.00006 0:2 0.01635 0.00124 0.00621 0.00058 0.04922 0.00025 fax 200.9 9-4 0.06231 0.00436 0.02180 0.00251 0.19450 0.00097 ‘2" 200-0 o's 0.20757 0.00955 0.04774 0.00905 0.74256 0.00871 116 0.45850 0.02172 -0:10861 0.03363 2152847 0.01264 35.2 0.48642 -0:15589 -0.77944 0.11105 0.03349 TABLE 6.20 B=20 (ones, 1962) i= 2.0 a 6, nn Feng S, Fy, Oy -6, 0.1 0.00386 0.00272 0.00216 0.00081 0.00203 0:2 0.01415 0.01078 0.00861 0.00162 0.00809, few og 0-4 9.05493 0.04133 0.03386 0.00634 0.05172 2 9:8 0.19661 0.28226 0.14113 0.12702 0.02349 0.11744 156 0.55306 0:67844 0.53922 0.40376 0.07109 0.35545, 512. 0196647 0.79593 0.39696 0.85197 0.12585 0.62915 0.1 0.00250 0.00555 0.00278 0.00100 0.00188 0.00094 9:2 0100991 0.02399 0.01099 0.00597 0.00750 0.00575 faw'2.0 9-4 9.03832 0.08465 0.04231 0.01569 0.02950 0.01475 2" 2:0 91g 0.13516 0.29365 0.14583 0.05978 0.11080 0.05540 1.6 0.56644 0.75087 0.37542 0.20145 0.35515 0.17757 3.2 0.67384 1117294 0.58647 0.51156 0.77434 0.38717 0.1 0.00181 0.00652 0.00326 0.00025 0.00378 0.00019 0:2 0.00716 0.02586 0.01293 0.00099 0.01507 0.00075 kaw 20.9 0-4 0.02746 0.10017 0.05007 0.00394 0.05958 0.00298 = 20-9 g'g 0.09396 0.35641 0.27821 0.01535 0.22795 0.01140 1.6 0.23065 1.00785 0.50392 0.05599 0.78347 0.03917 3.2 0.37001 2116053 1108017 0.17843 2.15215 0.10661 0.1 0.00164 0.00778 0.00389 0.00005 0.00542 0.00003 0:2 0.00647 0.03030 0.01544 0.00021 0.02163 0.00011, ka= 200.9 9-4 9.02870 0.12030 0.06014 0.00085 0.08578 0.00043 = 200-0 g'g 0.08526 0.43693 0.21847 0.00335 0.33214 0.00166 1.6 0.19224 1132870 0.66434 0101283 1.19190 0.00595 S.2 0125526 3.40654 1.70352 0.04612 3.67558 0.01838 MUUIT-IAYER SYSTESSTUREE-LAVER srsTsas ‘TABLE 6.21 a=20 (Gones, 1962) ig= 20.0 a One, nn Fey, 0.00154 . 0.00968 0.00048 0.00108 0.00014 0.00068 (0.00533 0.03839 0.00192 0.00429 0.00055 0.00275 0,02100 0.14845 0.00741 0.01702 0.00236 0.01078, 0107950 0.52414 0.02621 0.06576 0.00820 0.08101, 0.26613 1141720 0.07085 025186 0.02740 0.13698 0167882 2158288 0.11913 0.65006 0.06384 0.51919, 0.00059 0.01219 0.00061 0.00033 0.00051 0.00025 0:0023 0.04843 0.00242 0.00130 0.00205 0.00101, 0100922 0.18857 0.00943 0.00518 0.00805 0.00401, 0.05412 0.68582 0.03419 0.02023 0.03095 0.01547 0.10918 2.04154 0.10207 0.07444 0.10864 0.05432 0.29183 4.60826 0.25021 0.23852 0.30709 0.15554 0.00033 0.01568 0.00078 0.00008 0.00094 0.00005 0.00130 0.06236 0.00312 0.00031 0.00374 0.00019 0.00503 0.24425 0.01221 0.00123 0.01486 0.00074 0.01782 0.90594 0.04550 0.00485 0.05789 0.00289 0.05012 2191994 0.14600 0.01852 0.21190 0.01060, 0.11531 7.95104 0.89755 0.06728 0.67732. 0.03387 0.00027 0.01927 0.00096 0.00002 0.00151 0.00001 0:00106 0.07675 0.00384 0.00007 0.00524 0.00003, (0:00408 0.30182 0.01509 0.00028 002085 0.00010 0.01897 1.13555 0.05678 0.00110 0.08180 0.00041 0,03538 3.83254 0.19163 0.00431 0.30675 0.00153, 0.06182 1.55403 0.57770 0.01684 1.08794 0.00528 TABLE 6.22 F220 (Jones, 1962) y= 200.0 0.00036 0.01350 0.00007 0.00035 0.00008 0.00015, 0.00144 0.05365 0.00027 0.00130 0.00012 0.00058 0:00872 0.20911 0.00105 0:00518 0.00086 0.00252 0.02231 0.76055 0.00380 0.02038 0.00180 0.00901, 0.08215 2.29642 0.01148 0.07675 0.00549 0.05744, 0:26876 128589 0.02645 0.25484 0.01912 0.09562 0.00011 0.01737 0.00009 0.00008 0,00009 0.00004 0:00045 0.06913 0.00035 0.00035 0.00036 0.00018, 0.00179 0.27103 0.00136 0.00151 0.00142 0.00071, 10,00685 1.00808 0.00504 0.00520 0.00553 0.00277 ‘:02441 3.27590 0.01638 0.02003 0.02043 0.01021, 0.08061 9.02195 0.04511 0.07248 0.06638 0.03319 0.1 9.00005 9.02160 0.00011 0.00002 0.00014 0.00001 0:2 0.00018 0.08608 0.00043 0.00007 0.00058 0.00005 tax 29.9 %4,0.00071 0.55866 0.00169 0.00030 0.00229 0.00011 = 20-0 973 ,00261 1.27885 0.00659 0.00119 0.00901 0.00045. 156 0.00819 4.35511 0.02177 0.00867 0.03390 0.00170, 5:2 0.02541 15.26873 0.06654 0.01784 0.11666 0.00583, 0.00003 9.02587 0.00013 0.00000 0.00019 0.00000 9.00012 9.10310 0.00052 0100002 0100075 0.00000 9:00087 0.40676 0.00203 0.00007 0.00300 0.00002 9.00165 1.54951 0.00775 0.00025 0.01185 0.00006, 9.00445 5.4370 0.02719 0.00104 0.04515 0.00025 0.00929 17.58810 0.08794 0.00409 0.16107 0.00081,156 MULTI-LAYER SYSTEAS TABLE 6.23 (Gones, 1962) en ay Sarg Sa zm sry 0.00139 0.00028 0.00141 0.00086 0.00023 0.00114 0.00555 0.00112 0.00562 0.00345 0.00091 0.00454 0.02198 0.00844 0.02220 0.01571 0.00360 0.01801, 0.08435 0.01686 0.08428 0.05523 0.01394 0.06968, 0.28870 0.05529 0.27647 0.19003 0.04909 0.24545, 0.70074 0.11356 0.56778 0.51882 0.12670 0.63352, 0.2 0.00125 0.00025 0.00151 9.00071 0.00150 0.00065 0:2 0100491 0.00108 0.00521 0.00285 0.00818 0.00259 0.4 0.01942 0.00412 0.02059 0.01126 0.02057 0.01028 0:8 0.07847 0.01574 0.07869 0.04388 0.07977 0.03989 156 0.25449 0.05311 0.26554 0.15904 0.28357 0.14178 . 3.2 0.62074 0.12528 0.62622 0.45455 0.75651 0.37825. 0.1 0.00087 0.00018 0.00090 0.00028 0.00325 0.00016 0:2 0.0054 0.00072 0.00358 0.00111 0.01298 0.00065 tan 20,0 9-4 0.01567 0.002853 0.01617 0.00443 0.05159 0.00258 “9 9:8 0.05207 0.01089 0.05444 0.01741 0.20134 0.01007 156 0.17367 0.03790 0.18949 - 0.06525 0.73322 0.03665 312 0139955 0.10841 0.54203 0.20965 2.13665 0.10683, 0.1 0.00069 0.00019 0.00097 0.00006 9.00487 0.00002 0:2 0100274 0100078 0.00388 0.00024 0.01947 0.00010 tax 200.0 9-4 0.01079 0.00309 0.01544 0.0009 0.07752 0.00039, 0:8 0.04074 0.01199 0.05995 0.00378 0.30432 0.00152 116 OL13117 0.04352 0.21758 0.01456 1.13378 0.00567 5.2 0.26403 0.14445 0.72224 0.05161 3.59608 0.01798 TABLE 6.24 - Ba40 Gones, 1962) lye 20 Say Pay%m Pey Pre Pee Sas Fry Sze Ory 0.2 0.00103 0.00128 0.00064 9.00078 0.00014 0.00072 0:2 0.00411 0:00511 0.00256 0.00312 0.00057 0.00284 fax 0.2 0-4 0.01631 0.02022 0.01011 0.01241 0.00226 0.01129, 0:8 0.06319 0107722 0.03861 0.04842 0.00877 0.08384 1.6 0.22413 0.25955 0.12977 0.17617 0.03153 0.15666 5.2 0.60654 0.58704 0.29352 0.50917 0.08500 0.42501 0.1 0.00087 0.00147 0.00074 0.00034 0.00065 0.00032 0.2 0100228 0.00587 0.00293 0.00137 0.00260 0.00130 fax 2.9 4 0.00805 0.02524 0.01162 0.00544 0.01032 0.00516 0:8 0.03800 0.08957 0.04479 0.02135 0.04081 0.02015 1.6 0112354 0151215 0.15608 0.07972 0.14735 0.07368 S12 0154121 0.81908 0.40954 0, 25441 0.43652 0.21816 9.2 0.00030 9.00201 9.00101 9.00008 0.00128 0.00006 0:2 0.00119 0.00803 0.00402 0.00034 0.00510 0.00026 kaw 20.9 0-4 0.00469 0.03191 0.01596 0.00234 0.02032 0.00102 018 0.01790 0.12427 0.06213 0.00532 0.07991 0.00400 156 0106085 0.45100 0.22550 0.02089 0.29991 0.01500 3.2 0.14979 1.36427 0.68214 0.07284 0.97701 0.04885 0.00025 0.00263 0.00151 0.00002 0.00180 9.00001 0:00091 0.01050 0.00525 0.00007 0.00720 0.00004 law 200.0 0.00360 0.04179 0.02090 0.00029 0.02870 0.00014, 0101360 0116380 0.08190 0.00115 0.11534 0.00057, 9104409 0.60898 0.30449 0.00451 0.45251 0.00216, 0109323 | 1.98899 0.99449 0.01705 1.49306 0.00747,THREE-LAYER SYSTEXS 37 TABLE 6.25 (Cones, 1962) an SeyCm Sz" re See Pas %re S52 Ory 0.00042 0.00233 0.00012 0.00037 0.00004 9.00021 0:00166 0.00932 0.00047 0.00148 0.00017 0.00085 eat (0,00663 0.03692 0.00185 0.00588 0.00068 0.00340 (0:02603 0.14242 9.00712 0.02319 0.00266 0.01381 0109718 0.49826 0.02491 0.08758 0.00983 0.04914 (0131040 1131627 0.06581 0.28747 0.02990 0.14951 0.00013 0.00312 0.00016 0.00010 0.00015 0.00007 (9:00054 0.01245 0.00062 0.00039 0.00059 0.00029 onal 0,00214 0.08944 0.00247 0.00154 0.00255 0.00117 (0100837 0.19247 0.00962 0.00610 0.00924 0.00462 (0.03109 0.69749 0.03487 0.02358 0.05488 0.01744 (0.10140 2.09049 0.10452 0.08444 0.11553 0.05776 0.00005 0.00413 0.00021 0.00002 0.00025 0.00001 (9.00021 0.01651 0.00085 0.00009 0.00099 0.00005 ao) 0.00083 0706569 0.00328 0.00035 0.00396 0.00020, 0.00321 0125739 0.01287 0.00138 0.01565 0.00078 0.01130 0105622 0.04781 0.00542 0.05993 0.00300 0.05258 3110980 0.15549 0.02061 0.20906 0.01045, 0.00003 0.00515 0.00028 9.00000 0.0003 9.00000 (0:00014 0.02058 0.00105 0.00002 0.00131 0.00001, fen 100.0 (0:00084 0.08191 0.00410 0.00008 0.00524 0.00003 0,00206 0.32251 0.01612 0.00030 0.02077 0.00010, (0,00683 1.21587 0.06079 0.00120 0.0803 0.00040, (0101590 4714395 0.20720 0.00468 0.28961 0.00145, Be40 TABLE 6-26 (Jones, 1962) i= 200.0 on Say" _%e1Cre Sze Sax Sry Fae 2ry 0.1 0.00010 0.00354 0.00002 0.00010 0.00001 0.00004 (0.2 0100042 0.01333 0.00007 “0.00039 0.00003 0.00016, daw og Oh 0.00167 0.05295 0.00025 0.00157 0.00015 0.00065 +2 9'3 0.00663 0.20621 0.00103 0.00628 0.00051 0.00256 116 0.02562 0.74824 0.00374 0.02427 0.00195 0.00975 512 0109166 2.25046 0.01125 0.08799 0.00660 0.05298, 0.1 0.00003 0.00437 0.00002 0.00002 9.00002 0.00001 0:2 0:00011 0.01746 0.00009 0.00009 0.00009 0.00008 kaw 2.0 0-4 0.00042 0.06947 0100055 0.00035 0.00036 0.00018 9 918 0.00168 0.27221 0.00136 0.00142 0.00144 0.00072 156 0.00645 1.01140 0.00506 0.00560 0.00585 0.00277 312 0102332 3.28913 0.01645 0.02126 0.01951 0.00975 0.00001 0.00545 0.00003 0.00000 9.00005 0.00000 0:00003 0.02178 0.00011 0.00002 0.00014 0.00001 0:00013 0.08673 0.00043 0.00008 0.00084 0.00005 0,000S0 0.34151 0.00171 0.00031 0.00215 0.00011 0:00186 1.28773 0.00684 0.00124 0.00833 0.00042 (0:00612 4138974 0.02195 0.00485 0.03010 0.00150 10,0000 0,00652 0.90003 “0.00000 0.00008 0.00000 09002 002606 0.00013 0.00000 0.00017 0.00000 (0,00007 0.10389 0.00052 0.00002 0.00068 0.00000 (0,00025 0.40997 0.00208 0.00007 0.00269 0.00001 Ts 0100085 1156284 0.00781 0.00027 0.01049 0.00005, 12 9100225 5.48870 0.02744 0.00107 0.03866 0.00019MULEE-LAYER SySTEXS TABLE 6.27 3.0 Gones, 1962) 0.2 es 4 2 erm Ss1Sre Sos Sas Pr 925m 0.1 0.00035 9.00006 9.00028 0.00027 0.00007 9.00035 0:2 0.00142 0.00023 0.00113 0.00108 0.00028 0.00142 ge o.2 2-4 9.00566 0.00090 9.00449 0.00452 0.00115 0.00567 0:8 0.02240 0.00354 0.01769 0.01711 0.00449 0.02246 116 0108589 0.01535 0.06673 0.06610 0.01725 0.08624 5.2 0.29518 0.04270 0.21350 0.23182 0.05907 0.29533 1 0.00030 0.00008 9.00038 0.00023 0.00041 9.00021 2 0.00120 9.00030 0.00152 0.00091 0.00165 0.00083 "4 0,00479 0.00121 0.00605 0.00364 0.00660 0.00350 3 0.01894 0.00480 0.02599 0.01446 0.02516 0.01308 "6 2 °. ° Kye 2.0 9 116 0.07271 0.01861 0.09205 0.05601 0.10080 0.05040 312 0.24933 0.06507 0.51534 0.19828 0.35008 0.17504 0.1 0,006 0.00010 0.00049 0.00009 0.00105 0.00005 0:2 0:00065 0.00040 0.00198 0.00037 0.00421 0.00021 fax 20,0 9-4 0.00260 0.00158 0.00790 0.00149 0.01679 0.00084 * 9:8 0.01025 0.00529 0.05143 0.00594 0.0666 0.00335, 1.6 0.03926 0.02463 0.12514 0.02520 0.25871 5.2 0115535 0.09125 0.45615 0.08510 0.92478 0.1 0.00009 0.00015 0.00074 0.00002 0.00162 0.00001 9.2 0.00035 0.00059 0.00294 0.00008 0.00648 0.00003 a= 200.9 9-4 0.00145 0.00255 0.01176 0:00052 0.02587 0.00015, +9 918 0100873 0.00938 0.04690 0.00127 0.10287 0.00051 Le 32 0102160 0.03710 0.18549 0.00503 0.40238 0.00201 0.06938 014226 0.71150 0.01912 1.48097" 0.00740 TABLE 6.28 a= 8.0 ones, 1962) ye 20 as Sayry Say mse Sag" 7m Panny 0.1 0.00028 0,00028 0.00014 0.00024 0.00004 0.00022 0:2 0.00113 0.00111 0.00056 0.0009 0.00017 0.00087 jew 0.2 0-4 0.00451 0.00444 0.00222 0.00384 0.00069 0.00547 2-0-2 9'3 9.01785 0.01752 0.00875 0.01522 0.00275 0.01373, 116 0.06895 0.05652 0.03351 0.05900 0.05298 312. 0.24127 0.22014 0.11007 0.20949, 0.18466 0.1 0.00013 0.00039 0.00020 0.00010 0.00020 0.00010 0:2 0.00053 0.00157 0.00079 0.00041 0.00078 0.00039 eae 2,9 0-4 0.00213 0.00628 0.00314 0.00164 0.00311 0.00156 = 20 9°3 0,00884 0.02487 0.01244 0.00653 0.01237 0.00618 1.6 0.03269 0.09597 0.04798 0.02556 0.04802 0.02401, 312 0.11640 0.35606 0.16803 0.09405 0.17188 0.08594 0.1 0.00005 0.00061 0.00030 0.00002 0.00037 9.00002 0.2 0.00019 0.00242 0.00121 0.00010 0.00007 jaw 20.9 9-4 0.00076 0.00967 0.00484 0.00040 0:00030 2" 20-0 9's 9:00300 0.0584 0.01922 0.00159 0.00118, 116 0101154 0715010 "0.07505 0.00630 0.09274 0.00464 512 0.04003 0.54942 0.27471 0.02409 0.34233 0.01712 10,00003 0.00082 0.0001 0.00001 0.00052 0.00000, 9:00011 0.00328 0.00164 0.00002 0.00205 0.00001, kas 200,99-4 0.00042 0.01510 0.00655 0.00008 0.00825 0.00004 0:00167 0.05216 0.02608 0.00034 0.03287 0.00016 9:00629 0.20491 0.10245 0.00135 0.12933 0.00065, 0.02020 0.76769 0.38384 0.00527 0.48719 0.00244TEREE-LAYER SYSTEMS ‘TABLE 6.29 a= 8.0 (Jones, 1962) Kye 20.0 a Sey Sax Sere Ose Sas re Sans 0.1 0.00012 0.00056 0.0000 0.00011 0.00001 0.00006 0:2 0.00047 0.00223 0.00011 0.00044 0.00005 0.00025 Kaw 0.2 0-4 0.00190 0.00889 0.00044 0.00176 0.00020 0.00099. 0:8 0.00754 0.03522 0.00176 0.00701 0.00079 0.00393. 116 0.02947 0.13569 0.00878 0.02745 0.00505 0.01528, 512 0110817 0147240 0.02362. 0.10145 001105 0.08524 0.1 0,00003 0.00079 0.00004 0.00003 0,0000¢ 9.00002 0:2 0.00013 0.00816 0.00016 0.00011 0.00016 0.00008 ke= 2.9 0-4 0:00050 0.01260 0.00063 0.00043 0.00064 0.00032 0:8 0.00200 0.05007 0.00250 0.00170 0.00253 0.00127 16 0.00786 0.19496 0.00975 0.00673 0.00993 0.00496 312. 0102944 0.70709 0.03535 0.02579 0.03678 0.01839 0.00001 0.00108 9.00005 0.00001 0.00005 9.00000 (000004 0.00425 0.00021 0.00002 0.00025 0.00001 a= 20.0 0.00014 0.01696 0.00085 0.00009 0.00100 0.00008, 0:00056 0.06751 0.00338 0.00037 0.00398 0.00020 0:00217 0.26466 0.01323 0.00147 0.01565 0.00791 0.98450 0.04922 0.00575 0.05892 1 0,00000 0,00135 0.00007 0.00000 9.00008 0.00000 2 0.00002 0.00531 0.00027 0.00000 0.00052 0100000 "4 0.00006 0.02122 0.00106 0.00002 0.00128 9.00001 ' 0.00025 0.08455 0.00425 0.00008 9.00509 0.00003, 6 0.35268 0.01663 0.00032 0.02009 0.00010, 2 ° ° kee 200.0 0. = °. 1s 0.00096 312 0.00319 1.25614 0.06281 0.00125 0.07660 0.00038 TABLE 6.30 B= 8.0 ones, 1962) Ka= 200.0 a eee eee ieee ae 0.1 0.00003 0.00085 0.00000 0.00005 0.00000 0.00001 0:2 0:00011 0.00330 000002 0.00011 0.00001 0.00005 ken 0.2, 0.4, 0:00046 0101520 0.00007 0.00044 0.0000 0.00018, 0:8 0.00182 0.05242 00002 0.00175 0.00014 0.00072 1.6 0:00720 0.20811 0.00102 0.00683 0.00086 0.00282 $2 0102751 0174013 0.00370 0.02656 0.00212 0.01058 1 0.00002 0,00109 0.00001 0.00001 0.00002 0.00000 2 0100003 0100838 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 ‘4 0.00010 0.01748 0.00009 0.00009 9.00009 0.00005, '$ 0.00041 0.05956 0.00035 0.00038 0.00037 0.00018 0162 0.27262 000136 0.00149 0.00145 0.00072, 1501522 0.00507 0.00588 0.00547 0.00273 ° ° a= 2.0 00 0: 0.00138 9.00001 0.00000 9.00001 0.00000 0:00546 0.00003 0.00001 0.00003 0.00000 0.02181 0.00011 0.00002 0.00013 0.00001 0:08687 0.00045 0.00008 0.00052 0.00003 0134202 0.00171 0.00032 0.00208 0.00010 1:29190 0.00686 0.00127 0.00777 0.00039 0.00001 0.00000 2:00004 0.00000 9,00016 0.00000 9.00065 0.00000 0.00249 0.00001, 0:00957 0.00005, 0.00163 9.00001 0:00654 0.00003 -00001 0.02615 0.00015, (0:00003 0.10817 0.00052 6 0.00013 0.41121 0.00206 2 0.00047 1.56843 0.00784 Kae 200.0360 (MULEE-IAYER SYSTEXS Displacemento Ueshita and Meyethof (1967) have evaluated the vertical surface displacenent at the centre and edge of the circle. Influence factors have been computed for the folloving paranete: B/E, = 2, 10, 100 Br/Ey = 2, 10, 100 Weve vy 20.5 Ya = 05,1, 2, 4 Inf = 0, 0.2, 0.8, 008, 0.8, 1.9 ‘The symbols are defined in Fig.6.17. The influence factors are shown in Fig.6.18, The centre displace- went is given by p, = er 2 6. By ‘The edge displacement s+ 6.2) 71G.6.18 Deflection factors F, and F., fora three-layer system (Veshita and Meyerhof 1967). Further influence factors for vertical displace- aaent at the centre of the circle have been presented by Thenn de Barros (1966). The following paraneters have been considered: m = B/E, = 2 5, 10, 20, $0 1 = B/E = 2 5, 16 Viva =v = 0.85 Influence factors F are tabulated in Tables 6.81 t0 6.35. The actual centre displacenent of the cizcle is given by p, = 228iea » w+ 63) Bs 19 | 0 Dutton Foctr, fis and Few 3 ¢ 33 fam(BS) rear mare oo —or 5 oar ‘Tanase Ret a agar‘TEREE-IAVER SYSTEXS 162 TABLE 6.31 TABLE 6.32 DISPLACEMENT FACTORS F DISPLACEMENT FACTORS P (After Thean de Barros, 1966) _m = 5 (Agter Thenn de Barros, 1966) n/a 0.512 0.695 1.25 25 5 Ma pa) 0-156 0.512 0.625 1.25 2.5 5 0.789 0.662 S 0.512 0.830 0.733 0.556 0.372 0.717 0.616 0.323 0.625 0.745 0.669 0.522 0.359 0.633 0.560 0.519 2 1:25 0.648 0-593 0.476 0.559 0.564 0.508 0.316 25 "= 0.528 0.430 0.313 = 0.470 0.306 5 = 0ls94 0,289 0.651 a ° 0.598 0.427 0.268 0.837 0.7 0 0.497 0.378 0.250 0.416. 9.166, su. 0.387 0.312 0.223, 0.820, 0.158, 2 01299 0.249 0.188 e os, 5 > 01202 o11ss 0.312 0.664 0.559 E 0.512 0.626 0.508 0.350 0.211 0.122 = 01625 0.500 0.436 o.u2 0.625 0.469 0.401 0.301 0.195 0.118 0.0712 10 1:25 01344 0.315 0.308 10 1:25 0.525 0.291 0.236 0.168 0.109 0.0691 2s > oz 01300 25 "= 0.206 0.174 0.134 0.0954 0.0649 5 So 0.0903, 5 == 01130 01102 0.0779 0.0579 TABLE 6.33 TABLE 6,34 DISPLACEMENT FACTORS P DISPLACEMENT FACTORS mao (Aster Thenn de Barros, 1966) m= 20 (After Thenn de Barros, 1966) n/a x ma gp 0186 0.512 0.625 1.25 25 5 Me pA OSG 0.312 0.625 1.25 25 5 0.512 0.812 0.687 0.483 0,298 0.789 0.629 0.239 0.136 - 0.625 0.729 0.630 0.457 0.290 OL711 0.583 0.254 0.135 0.0809 2 1:25" 0.634 0.561 2 0.621 0.523 0.224 0.152 0.0802 25 "= 0.499 0.465, 0.209 0.127 0.0788 5 - = "=" 01300 0:191 0.120 0.0764 0.312 0.689 0.553 0.175 0.0953 01625 0.553 0.467 0:169 0.0939 0.0528 5 1125" 0.416 0.367 s 0.357 0.0909 0.0521 25 "= 0.284 0.136 0.0846 0.0506 5 eee 01112 0.0742 0.0475 0.512 0.601 0.467 0.139 0.0740 01625 0.405. 0.375 0.134 0.0729 0.0396 30 1125 0.312 0.275 10 0.125 0.0703 0.0390 250 0.102 0.0645 0.0577 5 S86 0.0779 0.0542 0.0348462 MULEI-LAYER SYSTEMS TABLE 6.35 DISPLACEMENT FACTORS m= 60 (Agter Thenn de Barros, 1966) Votes of Rens Fe 3 ve Me py 016 0.512 0.625 1.25 25 5 0.312 0.744 0.324 0.278 0.0960 ~ 01625 01175 0.0983 0.0532 2 us 0:170 0.0940 0.0528 25 9.161 0.0915 0.0522 3 (0.148 0.0868 0.0509 0.312 0.181 0.0687 - 01128 010681 0.0368 5 01122 0.0667 0.0361 0.0637 0.0354 010875 0.0338, 0.104 0.0539 - 01102 0.0534 0.0280 10 0:0966 0.0523 0.0277 010887 0.0496 0.0272 010926 0.0664 0.0436 0.0258 6.3 Four-Layer Systems Sone solutions for a four-layer system, subject- ed to uniforn vertical loading over a circular area, have been obtained by Verstraeten (1967). Contours of the major, internediate and minor principal stresses and the maximum shear stress for a particular geonetxy and various nodular ratios have been given. A brief examination of the influence of uniforn hori- ental loading on the radial stress has also been 6.4 Approximate Solutions for Multi- Layer Systems 6.4.1. STEINERENNER'S METHOD ‘This method, first suggested by Steinbrenner (1934), enabies the vertical surface displacezent of a Toaded’ area to be estinated on the assumption that ‘the stress distribution within the layered system is Adentical with the Boussinesq distribution for a homogeneous semi-infinite miss. Tt was originally applied to the problem of a single layer underlain by 2 rough rigid base, and for the case of a unifornly loaded rectangular area, the resulting spproxinate Influence factors for vertical surface displacezent ‘at the comer of the rectangle on a layer of depth i are shown in Fig.6.19. The displacement at the comer is given as a Br, sas (604) where 1, = (I-vU FHP B hhorter side of rectangle. pau ST os or ae “h x tT cs un a | \ ri ¥16,6.19 Factors Fy and Fz for Steinbrenner ‘approximate method of calculating vertical, Aisplacenent (Steinbrenner, 1934)+ Steinbrenner's method for a single layer may be extended to any mmber of layers as follows: for the vertical surface displacenent of a rectangle on layers: nel Iyigy ~ Tyg) 4, = poly Mee oy a (>) where Zz, vi are the elastic para- meters of layer 2 is the vertical displace- sent influence sector (Fis. 6.19) corresponding to a depth factor fz/B, where hg) is the depth below the ground surface of the top of layer t. pe ‘The method can be adapted to the calculation of displacenents in directions other than the vertical and for loadings other than vertical. Investigations of the accuracy of Steinbrenner's method have been made by Davis and Taylor (1962) and Poulos (19675), who concluded that, for a single layer underlain by a’rough rigid base, the vertical displace- ‘ment is underestimated by about’ 10% except for very thin layers for v0.5, when this method overestimates the vertical displacement considerably. Davis snd Taylor (1962) have also shown that Steinbrenner's method cannot accurately be applied to the calculation of the horizontal surface displacenent of a layer due to vertical loading or the vertical displacenent of a layer dus to horizontal surfaceappRoxnare sowrzous Joading. For horizontal displacement due to horizon tal loading the method gives reasonably accurate solutions. Steinbrenner's approximation is most satisfactory for layered systens in which the modulus increases rather than decreases with depth. 6.4.2 PALMER AND BARSER'S METHOD For a general two-layer systea, Palmer and Barber (1940) assume that the upper Jayer, of thick- ness hy modulus Zand vev;, may be replaced by an equivalent thickness hg of lover layer material Godulus £2, vev:) as follows: ax(tevst) 1/2 + 6.6) i. Belov?) The vertical surface displacement is then obtained by adding the vertical displacement of the equivalent ayer between 2-0 and” aig to the vertical dis- placement at a depth he in'a senl-infinite mass. For example, for the case of a circular footing (radius a) on a tyo-Layer systom having vi=va"0.5, the Yertical displacement py at depth fig is, pe se 6.) — hit __ alee hE ‘The displacenent within the upper layer, p2 is pr = ER{BSPE_ gy)” wes 6.8) AOR ‘The vortical surface displacement pz=pi+P2 p, = Eipep gg _ By , Bay eo emery a ss 69) Comparisons betwoen the above approximate solut~ ion and the correct solution given by Buraister (see Section 6.1) show excellent agreenent. Palmer and Barber's method can be extended to multi-layer systons.by repeated roplaconent of over- tying layers by equivalent thicknesses of the lover post material. 6.4.3 ODEMARK'S METHOD ‘This method, developed by Odemark (1949), may be used to estimate the vertical surface displacement of a three-layer elastic systen in which vevew= 0.8. For the contre of a uniformly loaded circle, the Aisplacenent pz is (refer to Fig.6.17) 163 e+ Mth pa ry ees 610) whee Fog = Fag, Faas! Foon ne on Te OT By Poa co” Bae il far 7 = Aue ony pw? a = 09h t m= 09% GL By? 2 fs By Yow pee aeet eel eh re ‘and Fy = an equivalent modulus of elast~ icity of the composite under- layer. ‘The value of £2 is determined by solving the last equation iteratlvely. Fag may then be Usshita and Meyerhof (1967) show that Odenark's nethod is in good agreenent with rigorous analysis if However, if B increases with depth, Odernark's method iz unsatisfactory. Steinbrenner's thod is preferable under these circunstances.166 6.4.4 UESHITA AND MEYERHOF'S METHOD ‘This nethod, proposed by Ueshita and Meyerhof (1968), may be used to calculate the vertical surface displacenent of a uniformly loaded area on 2 two- layer system in which the lover layer is stiffer than the upper layer. For a mifornly loaded circ! » the contre dis- placement, “pge, and the edge displacesent, p20, re piven by Pye = PEEL pa Foo! vee (612) : a ogg = ML pe 2," sae 12) 1, 1 5 co where F,! = —2— 14 B (24 0 pat) Om att?) #,'-—L—1,, 2° Gaen) Z 5 ce + Bi(o.esr - 8°) 3 Tao Tage Tyg a0 displacenent influence oe" “ee Sectors for the centre and ‘edge respectively of a uniformly loaded cizcle on a rough rigid base (see Section 5.2). Excellent agreement was found between approxinate values of displacement, calculated fron the above equations, and accurate solutions obtained by Ueshita and Meyerhof. 6.4.5 VESIC'S METHOD Vesic (1965) has prepared charts sinilar to those of Steinbrenner (Fig.6.19) for both a miform circular Joad and a rigid circular plate. These charts are ‘shown in Fig.6.20 and are based on the Boussinesq ‘stress distribution for a uniform semi-infinite mass. ‘A convenient fora of the equation for vertical surface displacement is: (ay) = pwi— a, ? 15) where p, = vertical displacenent of the centre of the unifornly loaded p = mifomly distributed load @ = radius of eizcular loaded area Vq = Poisson's ratio of layer In = displacenent factor of the nti layer, corresponding to 2/2 MULEI-IAYER SYSTENS = depth from surface to base of layer 7. toy ut idea elt ¥1G.6.20 Approximate displacement factors for layered systens (Vesic, 1963). 6.4.6 APPROXIMATIONS FOR EQUIVALENT MODULUS OF UPPER LAYERS Ueshita and Meyerhof (1967) - For a general two-layer system, the equivalent modulus of the system, which is nov considered to be a uniform semi-infinite mass, is plotted in Fig.6.9- Thenn de Barzos (1966) - For a three-layer system, the upper two layers are replaced by a single layer, of thickness iva, and having an equivalent modulis z, = {nts dey! ses Geld) tat Be ‘The three-layer system is thus reduced to a two-layer system, whence the displacenent nay be determined either from the solutions in Section 6.1, or from one of the approximate methods described in this section. ‘There sens no reason why this approach should not be extended to more than three layers.