Applied Reservoir Lectures

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Applied Reservoir Engineering

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Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab
Reservoir Definition
Cap rock
Res. Fluid
Reservoir rock
R
Reservoir
i
Shallow Deep
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If-
iis Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab
Reservoir
rocks
Sedimentry Chemical
Sandstone Sand L.s Dolomit

Hi Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab
Rock Properties
i
Porosity Saturation Permeability Capillary Wettability
So
Absolute Effective Absolute Relative
Sw
Sg
Eff ti
Effective
Primary Primary
Ratio
Secondary Seccondary
n Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab
Reservoir fluids
Water Oil Gas
Salt Fresh Drey

Black Wet Condensate
Volatile
Low volatile
High volatile Ideal
Real
(non ideal)
Hi Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab
Fluid properties
Gas Oil Water

r f
g AMw g Tc PC Z Cg g g
w rs w Cw Salinity
TR P R
o o APT rs o t o Co
If-
Applied reservoir Engineering Contents
1. Calculation of original hydrocarbon in place

i. Volumetric method
ii. Material balance equation (MBE)
2 Determination of the reservoir drive mechanism

2.
Undersaturated
Depletion
Gas cap
Water drive
Combination
3. Prediction of future reservoir performance

Primary recovery
Secoundry recovery by : Gas injection
Water injection
4i'\
Calculation of original hydrocarbon in place by

volumetric method
/
/
/
/
-- N
\
\
I
/ y
V Well Depth
6
/

l
7
/
/ l
1 D1
\
/ I
-/ /
OG
I
4
I
s
s
I
I
I 2 D2
/
3
/
/ /
I
l
s /
/
/
3 D3
2
\ \ /
/
V
4 D4
\ /
/
\
\ sc*-: /
\
\ I
/
5 D5 1
*v /
/
6 D6
\ y
7 D7

8 5 9
8 D8
9 D9 Scale:1:50000
Structural contour map

Location map
1W-.

volumetric method
/ Well Depth
/
oo t i
1 h1
G
Gas

/ I
I

I 2 h2
Goc
Q /
O /
\
V Yo / 3 h3
Oil
\ /
40,
4 h4
\ /
5 h5
'E
Woc
6 h6 Water
7 h7
30
8 h8
10
9 h9
0
Isopach map
If-

volumetric method
N = BV . (1 S wi )
= ( Ah) (1 S wi )
43560 Ah (1 S wi )
= g Bbl SCF
5.615 oi
o bbl STB
7758 Ah (1 S wi ) STB A : acres
N=
oi h : ft
7758 Ah (1 S wii ) SCF , S wi : ffractions
G=
gi
If-
Calculation of ((BV)) using

g isopach
p map
p
1. Trapozoidal method: C.L Area inch2
0 Ao WOC
An An 1 > 0.5 10 A1
20 A2
h
BV = [A0 + 2 A1 + 2 A2 + ...... + 2 An1 + 2 An ] 30 A3
2
40 A4
h
+ [An + A] GOC A
2 50 A5
60 A6
70 A7
76 O
If-

g isopach
p map
p
2. Pyramid or cone method C.L Area inch2
0 Ao WOC
An An 1 0.5 10 A1
h
[
BV = A0 + A1 + A0 . A1
3
] 20 A2
30 A3
h
3
[
+ A1 + A2 + A1 . A2 ] 40 A4
GOC A
50 A5
h
[ h
+ An 1 + An + An 1 . An + [ An ]
3 3
] 60 A6
70 A7
76 O
If-

g isopach
p map
p
3. Simpson method
Odd number of contour lines
h
BV = [A0 + 4 A1 + 2 A2 + 4 A3 + ...... + 4 An 1 + 2 An ]
3
h
+ [An ]
3
If-
Converting map areas (inch2) to acres
Say : Scale 1 : 50000
1 inch = 50,000 inch
2
(
(50,000))
1 inch 2 = = 398.56acres
144 43560
If-

Example 1 :
Given the
Gi th following
f ll i planimetred
l i t d areas of f an oit
it of
f
reservoir. Calculate the original oil place (N) if =25%,
Swi=30%, oi=1.4 bbl/STB and map scale=1:15000
C.L : 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 86
Area inch2 : 250 200 140 98 76 40 26 12 5 0
If-

Solution :
10
VB = [250 + 2 200 + 2 140 + 2 98 + 2 76 + 2 40 + 26 ]
2
+
10
2
[
26 + 12 + 26 12 + ]
10
3
[ ] [6
12 + 5 + 12 5 + 50 + 0 + 50 0
3
]
= 7198inch 2 : ft
2
(15,000)
1 inch 2 = = 35.87 acres
144 43560
BV = 7198 35.87 = 258193.39acres
7758 258193.39 0.25 (1 0.3)

N = = 250.38MMSTB
1.4
If-

By using Simpson method
10
BV = [250 + 4 200 + 2 140 + 4 98 + 2 76 + 4 40 + 2 26 + 4 12 + 2 5]
3
+
6
3
[5+ 0+ 5 0 ]
= 7156.6inch 2 . fft
= 7156.6 35.87 = 256709.6acro. ft
7758 256709.6 0.25 (1 0.3)

N = = 248.94 MMSTB
1 .4
N av = (250.38 + 248.94) 2 = 249.66 MMSTB
If-

Example 2 :
If the
th reservoiri off example l 1 is
i a gas reservoir i and
d
g=0.001 bbl/SCF. Calculate the original gas in place
S l ti :
Solution
7758 258193.39 0.25 (1 0.3)

G= = 350.53MMSCF
0.001
If-

Example 3 :
A gas cap has the following data : =25%, Swi=30%, oi=1.3

bbl/STB, gi=0.001 bbl/SCF and map scale=1:20000
C.L : 0(WOC) 10 20 30 33(GOC) 40 50 60 70 76

Area inch2 : 350 310 270 220 200 190 130 55 25 0
Calculate the original oil in place (N) and the original gas in
place (G)
fM

Solution :
10
BVoil = [350 + 2 310 + 2 270 + 220] + 3 [220 + 200
V ] = 9280inch 2 . ft
2 2
7
2
V 10
2
10
[
BVgas = [200 + 190] + [190 + 130] + 130 + 55 + 130 55
32
]
+
10
3
[ 6
]
55 + 25 + 55 25 + [25] = 4303.79inch 2 . ft
3
(20,000) 2
1 inch =2
= 63.77acres
144 43560
7758 9280 63.77 0.25 (1 0.3)

N= = 618MMSTB
1.3
7758 4303.79 63.77 0.25 (1 0.3)
G= = 372.6MMSCF
0.001
If-
aa Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab
t
Material Balance Reservoir drive mechanism
Water reservoir
P
Gas reservoir
Gas
Bg Gas
Water
without bottom with bottom
water drive water drive
Oil reservoir
If-
\ Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab
Oil reservoir
I
Undersaturated
P>Pb
Oil
Oil
Water
without bottom with bottom Saturated
i
water drive
i
water drive i 1
PPb
Gas Oil Gas

Oil Oil
Oil Gas
Water W
Water
Depletion Gas cap Bottom water Combination
drive drive drive drive
Gas liberated res.
If-
9E& Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab
PVT data for gas and oil reservoirs

Gas reservoirs
A

Bg
Bg
psia : Absolute ZT
psi : Absolute Bg = 0.00504
psig : Gauge P
P ----- Psia

Psig
> 14.7
P
1W-.
Saturated oil reservoirs i\
*..B t
Boi=Bti
Bt = Bo+(rsi-rs)Bg
ZT o rsi
Bg = 0.00504
P Bo
/
Boi= Bti
/
rs
>
Bg
1
0 Pi
i

A
Undersaturated oil reservoirs

< *
*
*
Material Balance >
P1 > Pb
+
+
#
saturated undersat.
%
* +
Bt
*
* #
ro'P
si=c

t
o "I
*
Bo

/
/

M-Q
rs
Bg
0
If-
Z:-
Laboratory measurment of PVT data
V
V
Rs=0
V
Gas Gas
SCF
Oil Oil
Oil
Oil Oil
STB >
Pb P > Pb Pi
P = 14.7 psi
saturated undersaturated
T = 60o F
If-
Z:-
Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

A
1. Gas reservoir without bottom water drive
> Gp
GBgi T (G G )B
p gi
pi ppi

GBgi = (G G p )Bg o Connate water
Rock
G p Bg
G = 1
Bg Bgi
If-Z:-
1. Gas reservoir without bottom water drive

Example 4 :
*10^6
Pppsi G p SCF Bg bbl SCF Z G

4000 0 -6
0x10 0.00077 0.83 0x106
Initial
0 Gp 3900 12 0.00084 0.81 201.6
3800 27 0.00089 0.79 200.2 G const.
3700 37 0.00095 0.77 195.2
3600 58 0.00107 0.75 199.7
Solution :
Using eq. (1)
If-
aa Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab
A
MBE as an equation of a straight line

y1
GBgi = (G G p )Bg o G p Bg
G p Bg = G (Bg Bgi )
>
2
x1
A
:
Another form: Bg Bgi

ZT ZT Z iT
G p 0.00504 = G (0.00504 ) Gp
Z y2
p p pi
o p G
>
Z Z Zi
G p = G 3
p p pi x2
Z pZi Pi
If-
aa Applied
Reservoir
Engineering
: Dr. Hamid Khattab


A
Another form:
GBgi = (G G p )Bg
pi
Zi
p
Z
0 . 00504 i G = (G G p ) 0 . 00504
Z \
\
pi p
Z \
\
pi \
\
\
GZ i
\
y3
\
P G p pi S
\
= 1 \
G Z i
\
Z
\
\
\
p p pi G
= i Gp
Z Z i GZ i x3
0
at Gp
p
=0 G = Gp
Z
If-
h-

Example 5 :
/ using MBE as a straigh line
Solve the previous example
Solution :
p Bg Bgi G pBg Z P Z p Zi Pi P Z Gp
4000 x104 2.075x10-4 x10-5 4819 0x10-6
3900 0.00005 1.068 2.25 1.75 4441 12
3800 0.00012 2.403 2.39 3.15 4177 27
3700 0.00018 3.515 2.66 5.91 3896 37
3600 0.00030 5.990 2.88 8.09 3421 56
>
x1 y1 y2 x2 y3 x3
From Figgers G = 200106 STB

SCF
Gas Res. with bottom water drive

With water drive or not
== You should firstly check.

Oil Water Contact

:
We : for encroachment

influx or encroachment
Not Wi to be not conflicted with injection
- .
Calculation of original gas inAplace by MBE

2.Gas reservoir with bottom water drive
R
(G-G.)B
GBg* Gp
>
Wp
(wg-WpBw)
T
Pi P<Pi
Influx
GBgr(Gp)pg+(We-WpBw) encroachment
GjPs-fye-WpBw)
G= Bw *
Bg-Bgi

we
Assuming =0 causes an increase in G continuously

MBE as a straight line
F/
45o
NG
Flowing

Expansion
/
Assuming is known
33

Example 6 :
A gas reservoir
i with
i h a kknown b
bottom water d
drive
i h has the
h ffollowing
ll i
data: =0 and
T years Ppsi G p SCF Bg bbl SCF We bbl
0 4000 0x109 0.00093 0x10-6

1 3900 27.85 0.00098 2.297

2 3800 72.33 0.00107 7.490

3 3700 113.85 0.00117 13.308
4 3600 151.48 0.00125 18.486
Calculate the original gas in place
34

Solution
Tyear F Eg F/Eg x109 We/Eg x109
1 27.2x106 0.00005 546 45.93
2 77.39 0.00014 553 53.04
3 133.20 0.00024 555 55.44
4 189.35 0.00032 554 54.25
F/E
g
45
G=500x109
From Fig: G=500x109 SCF
We/Eg

Gas Cap Expansion an Shrinkage
Gpc G c
Gp
gas
GOC
GOC shrinkage
expansion
Oil Oil
GOC

Shrinkage
g due to: poor
p planning
p g or accident and corrosion Gas Cap

- Assume gas cap expansion = (G-Gpc).Bg-GBgi

- Assume gas cap shrinkage = GBgi - (G-Gp
(G Gpc)Bg
Gpc: gas produced from the gas cap and my be = zero

!! Gas Cap or oil zone

PVT

- failure in the Csg.
Shrinkage
-
Perforation
Expansion
...
Example: 7

Calculate the gas cap volume change if G=40x109 SCF
P Gpc x109 Bg
Cumulative
4000 0 0.0020
3900 4 0 0022
0.0022
Bg
3800 7 0.0025

3700 10 0.0028
3600 13 0.0031
3500 17 0.0035

Solution
Assuming gas cap expansion = (G-Gpc).Bg-Ggi
Pressure Gas cap change x103 type

4000 - -

3900 -800 shrinkage

3800 +2500 expansion
production data
PVT data 3700 +4000 expansion
4000 3600 +3700 shrinkage

3500 +5000 expansion
Shrinkage at P=3600 may be due PVT or Gpc data

: 5000
Pb =4700 B
4700
cumulative - production at Pb
Boi : Bo but at Pb
4700
5 Pb

3 3 3 3

Pb
Calculation
C l l ti of f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
a) Under-saturated oil reservoirs
Characteristics
- P>Pb
- No free gas, no Wp
- Large volume
- Limited K
Pb
- Low flow rate
- Produce by Cw and Cf
compressibility of
connate water

Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
1- Under-saturated oil reservoirs without bottom water
Np
NBoi (N-Nip)Bo
Pi>P
Pb P>Pb
neglecing Cw and Cf
-

NBoi=(N-Np)Bo
N p Bo
N = (1)
Bo Boi
Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
Example: 8
Calculate
C l l t the
th original
i i l oil
il in
i place
l assuming
i no water
t drive
d i and
d neglecting
l ti Cw
and Cf using the following data
P Np x106 Bo
4000 0 1.40
3800 1 535
1.535 1 42
1.42
3600 3.696 1.45
3400 7.644 1.49
3200 9.545 1.54

Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
Solution
Pressure NpBo x106 Bo-Boi N x106
4000 - - -
3800 2.179 0.02 108.95
3600 5 539
5.539 0 05
0.05 110 78
110.78 N const
3400 11.389 0.09 126.64
3200 14.699 0.14 104.99
rearrange MBE as a straight line

F
NBoi = (N-Np)Bo
F = NEo
From Fig:
N
N = 110 x10 STB
6
Eo
Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
Considering Cw and Cf
o.b.p=1 psi/ftD
- overburden pressure = 1 psi/ftD

- rock strength = 0.5 psi/ftD
- reservoir
r s rv ir pressure
pr ssur = 0.5
0 5 psi/ftD
1
: o.b.p
--- ---

crushes

Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
pore volume
NB oi = ( N N p ) Bo + Vp w , f NBoi
Vp w , f = Vp w + Vp f -
V
Pi>Pb
1 dVp f
Cf= . dVp f = C f V p dp
V p dp
(N-Np)Bo
1 dVp w
C w= . dVp w = C wVw dp Vp,,w
V w dp
P>Pb
Vw
Sw = Vw = S wV p dVp w = C w S wV p dp
Vp
Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
dVp f , w = (Cw S w +C f )V p dp
NBoi
NBoi = Vp (1 S w ) Vp =
(1 S w )
C w S w +C f
dVp f , w = ( ) NBoi dp
1 Sw
C w S w +C f
NBoi = ( N N p ) Bo + ( ) NBoi p
1 Sw
Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
N p Bo
N =
CwSw + C f
B o B oi + ( ) B oi p
1 Sw
B o B oi
Q Co = B o B oi = C o B oi p
B oi p
N p Bo N p Bo
N = =
CwSw + C f CoSo CwSw + C f
[C o + ] B oi p [ + ] B oi p
1 Sw 1 Sw 1 Sw
where So = 1 Sw
Effective compressibility
N p Bo
N =
C S + CwSw + C f
[ o o ] B oi p
1 Sw
N p Bo
N = (2)
B oi C e p
Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
1 dV
Pi Co = .
P = Pi P V oi dP
Pi
B Boi 1 V Vi
Co = o = .
Boi P V oi P Pi
1 ( B o B oi )
Vo = .

Voi B oi P

C f = f ( ) Rs
C w = f ( P , T , r s and salinity )
From the following charts

Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
Example: 9
Solve
l example
l (8)
( ) considering
d the
h effect
ff of
f Cw and
d Cf
Solution fresh water
B o B oi
P P=(Pi P) C o =
P=(Pi-P) Cwp(Fig.4)
(Fig 4) rsf(Fig.1)
(Fig 1) R1(Fig 2)
R1(Fig.2)
B oi p
4000 2.9x10-6 18
3800 200 7.143x10-5 2.93 17.2
3600 400 8.928 2.95 16.8 0.85
3400 600 10.714 2.98 16
3200 800 12.500 3.00 15.2

Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
Continue
fresh without salt
correction for Rs Correction for comp. and gas
Co So + Cw S w + C f
P rs= rsf x R1 R2 (Fig.3) Cw=CwpxR2
1 Sw
4000 15.3 1.4 3.30x10-6
3800 14.62 1.13 3.311 7.725x10-5
3600 14.28 1.11 3.247 9.570
2400 13.60 1.104 3.289 13.569
3200 12.92 1.09 3.17 13.143

Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
Continue
N p Bo
N=
BoiCe p
P NpBo NBoiCeP N
4000
3800 2.179x016 0.0218 108.2x106 N C

3600 5.359 0.0536 107.9
3400 11.389 0.1131 106.5
3200 14 699
14.699 0 1470
0.1470 105 1
105.1
Calculation
i i l oil
il iin place
l b
by MBE
Use MBE as a straight line as follows:
N p Bo = NBoi Ce P
F = N p Bo
F = NEo
Plot the fig.

fig N = 100 10 6
N = 100 106 STB

Eo = Boi Ce
P
P

110*10^6
U d
Undersaturated
t t d oil
il reservoir
i with
ith b
bottom
tt water
t
Np
Wp
(N-Np)Bo
NBoi
Pi>Pb P>Pb
Assuming (We) is known and neglect Cw+Cf
NBoi = (N N p )Bo + (We w p Bw )

N p Bo (We w p Bw )
N =
Bo Boii
Assuming We=0 will cuse an increase in (N)
U d
Undersaturated
t t d oil
il reservoir
i with
ith b
bottom
tt water
t
Example 11 :
Using the following data in the undersaturated oil reservoir with a

known (We), neglecting Cw & Cf calculate (N): wp= 0
P Np Bo We
4000 x106 1.40 x106
3800 2.334 1.45 1.135
3600 5 362
5.362 1 42
1.42 2 416
2.416
3400 10.033 1.49 3.561
3200 12 682
12.682 1 54
1.54 4 832
4.832
U d
Undersaturated
t t d oil
il reservoir
i with
ith b
bottom
tt water
t
Solution :
N p Bo (We w p Bw )
N=
Bo Boi
P NpBo Bo-Boi N
4000 106
x10 106
x10
3800 3.314 0.02 108.5
3600 7 775
7.775 0 05
0.05 107 1
107.1 NC
3400 14.950 0.09 126.5

3200 19 531
19.531 0 14
0.14 105 0
105.0
U d
Undersaturated
t t d oil
il reservoir
i with
ith b
bottom
tt water
t
Rearrange MBE as a straight line F

Eo
N p Bo + W p Bw = N [Bo B0i ] + We
45 o
F = N Eo + We
F Eo = N + We Eo N = 110
We Eo
p E o = [B o B 0 i ] F = N p Bo F Eo We Eo
4000 x10-6 x10-6
3800 0.02 3.314 165.7 56.75
3600 0 05
0.05 7 775
7.775 155 5
155.5 48 32
48.32
3400 0.09 14.980 166.4 39.56
3200 0.14 19.531 139.5 34.51
Undersaturated oil reservoir with bottom water

Example 11 :
Solve examole (10) considering Cw and Cf effect
Solution
So ut on :
Cw, Co, Cf and Ce are the same as example (9)
F N P Bo We We
P Ce P Boi C e P
Eo
=
B oi C e P
=
Eo B oi C e P
4000 x10-5
3800 7.785 200 0.0218 152.01 x106 52.06 x106
3600 9.570 400 0.0536 145.06 45.07
3400 13.568 600 0.1139 131.25 31.26
3200 13.143 800 0.1470 132.86 32.87
F
Eo
F N P Bo We We
Plot = vs = 45 o
E o Boii C eP E o Boii C eP
As in Fig. N = 100106 N = 100 10 6

We E o
B S
B. Saturated
t t d oil
il reservoirs
i
1 Depletion
1. D l ti d drive
i reservoirs
i
Characteristics
P Pb

Wp = 0
R p increases rapidly producing gas oil ratio
low R.F
Rp : producing /
GOR ( Rp ) instantaneous
Rs
Calculation of original oil in place by MBE

Np
Gp
NBoi T
(N N )B p o
SCF/ STB Free gas

P
i P
p
b :

NBoi = (N N p )Bo + free gas

free gas = Nr si (N N )r
gas cap
p s N pRp SCF

[
NBoi = (N N p )Bo + Nrsi (N N p )rs N p R p Bg ]

N =
[
N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg ]

Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg
critical
saturation

Example 12 :
Calucaltion (N) for a depletion drive reservoir has the following data : Swi=30%
P NP RP Bo Bg rs N
4000 x106 718 1.492 0.001041 718 x106
Solution
3800 3 87
3.87 674 1 423
1.423 0 001273
0.001273 614 91 50
91.50
3600 5.26 1937 1.355 0.001627 510 96.02
3400 6.44 3077 1.286 0.002200 400 96.01
As shown N const., so rearrange MBE as a straight line

saturated
[ ] [
N p B o + (R p rs )B g = N B o B oi + (rsi rs )B g ]
F =N Eo
Solution :
P F Eo F
4000 106
00x10 0
N = 96 10 6
3800 5.802 0.0634
3600 19 339
19.339 0 2014
0.2014
3400 46.124 0.4804
Eo
From Fig : N = 96 10 STB6
N p B o B oi + (r si r s )B g
R .F = =
N B o + (R p r s )B g
R . F = f (P & R P )
production data
R.F 1 RP

To increase R.F:
secondary recovery
Working over high producing GOR wells

Shut-in ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
Reduce (q) of ,, ,, ,, ,,
R i j t some of
Reinject f gas produced
d d

depletion drive

artificial gas cap

secondary gas cap

gas cap

critical saturation
pvt

Example 13 : gas injection
For example 12,

12 at P
P=3400
3400 psi calculate: Sg and R.F
R F without Gi and
with Gi=60 Gp
%
Solution : free gas
Sg = critical gas
pore volume
saturation

[
free gas = Nrsii (N N p )rs N p R p B g ]
96 10 6 718 (96 6.44 ) 10 6 406
= 0 . 0022 = 28 . 05 10 6
bbls
6.44 10 3077
6
NB oi 96 10 6 1.492
pore volume = = = 204 .62 10 6 bbls
(1 S w ) (1 0.3)
28 . 05 10 6
Sg = = 0 . 137 = 13 . 7 %
204 . 62 10 6

critical gas saturation = ...

Rp

B o B oi + (rsi rs )B g
R . F without =
B o + (R p rs )B g
Gi
1 . 286 1 . 492 + (718 406 ) 0 . 0022

=
1 . 286 + (3077 406 ) 0 . 0022
= 0 . 067 = 6 . 7 %

R.Fwith 60% Gi =
Bo + (R p rs )Bg
1.286 1.492 + (718 406 ) 0.0022
60 % =
1.286 + (0.4 3077 406 ) 0.0022
40%
= 0.1549 = 15.49%
2 Gas Cap reservoir

2.
Characteristics
P falls slowly
No Wp
High GOR for high structure wells
R.F > R.Fdepletion
Ultimate R.F Kv, gas cap size, 1/o, 1/qo
Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Np
Gp
GB gi
G B
gi
free gas
m=
NBoi
NBoi (N-Np)Bo
Pi P>Pb
GBgi + NBoi = (N N p ) Bo + free gas
free gas = [Nr si + G ] (N N p )r s N p R p
N =
[
N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg ]
Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg + m oi (Bg Bgi )
B
Bgi

NBoi + NBoi = (N N p ) Bo + p Nr (N N p )rs N p R p Bg
mNBoi
mNB N si +
Bgi
This equation contains two unknown (m and N)
y MBE

Rearrange MBE to give a straight line equation
[ ] [
N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg = N Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg + ] mNBoi
Bgi
(Bg Bggi )
F
Eo
F = NEo + GE g
G
2
F Eg
= N +G
Eo Eo N
Eg Eo
y MBE
Example 14 :
Calculate (N) and (m) for the following gas cap reservoir
P Np Rp Bo rs Bg
4000 x106 510 1.2511 510 0.00087
3900 3.295 1050 1.2353 477 0.00092
3800 5 905
5.905 1060 1 2222
1.2222 450 0 00096
0.00096
3700 8.852 1160 1.2122 425 0.00101
3600 11.503 1235 1.2022 401 0.00107
3500 14.513 1265 1.1922 375 0.00113
3400 17.730 1300 1.1822 352 0.00120
y MBE
Solution :
E
F = N + G g
Eo Eo
P F Eo Eg F/Eo Eg/Eo
4000 x106 0 0 x106
3900 5.807 0.0145 0.00005 398.8 0.0034
3800 10.671 0.0287 0.00009 371.8 0.0031
3700 17.302 0.0469 0.00014 368.5 0.0029
3600 24.094 0.0677 0.00020 355.7 0.0028
3500 31.898 0.09268 0.00026 340.6 0.0027
3400 41 130
41.130 0 1207
0.1207 0 00033
0.00033 340 7
340.7 0 0027
0.0027
y MBE
F
Eo
From Fig.
N = 115 x 106 STB G = 826 10 9
N = 115 10 6
E g Eo
mNB m 115 10 6
1.2511
G = 826 10 =
9 oi
=
Bgi 0.00087
= 0.5
m
y MBE
Another solution
Assume several values of (m) until the straight line going

through the origin as follows:
F = NEo + GE g
mNBoi
= NEo + Eg
Bgi
mBoi
F = N Eo + Eg m
Bgi
y MBE
mB oi
Eo + Eg
P F B gi
m = 0.4 m = 0.5 m = 0.6
4000 0x106 0 0 0
3900 5.807 0.043 0.051 0.057
3800 10 671
10.671 0 081
0.081 0 093
0.093 0 106
0.106
3700 17.302 0.127 0.147 0.167
3600 24 094
24.094 0 183
0.183 0 211
0.211 0 240
0.240
3500 31.898 0.243 0.244 0.318
3400 41.130 0.311 0.358 0.405
y MBE
From Fig.
m = 0.5
05
N = 115 x 106 STB

mB oi
Eo + Eg
B gi

3. Water drive reservoirs
Edge water Bottom water
Finite Infinite Finite Infinite
Oil Oil
Water
W W
3. Water drive reservoirs
Characteristics
-P decline very gradually

-Wp high for lower structure wells
-Low GOR
-R.F > R.Fgac cap > R.Fdepletion
y MBE
(N-Np)Bo
NBoi free gas
NBoi = (N N p )Bo + (We w p Bw ) + free gas

free gas = Nrsi (N N p )rs N p R p
[
NBoi = (N N p )Bo + (We w p Bw ) + Nrsi (N N p )rs N p R p Bg ]
N =
[ ]
N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg (We w p Bw )
y MBE
Rearrange MBE as an equation of a straight line:
[ ] [
N p Bo + (R p rs )B g + w p Bw = N Bo Boi + (rsi rs )B g + We ]
F = N Eo +We
F We
=N+
Eo Eo
y MBE
Example 15 :
Calculate (N) for the following bpttom water drive reservoir of

known (We) value:
P Np Bo Rs Rp Bg We
4000 0x106 1.40 700 700 0.0010 0x106
3900 3.385 1.38 680 780 0.0013 3.912
3800 10.660 1.36 660 890 0.0016 13.635
3700 19.580 1.34 630 1050 0.0019 23.265
3600 27.518 1.32 600 1190 0.0022 44.044

y MBE
Solution : F =N+
We
Eo Eo
P F Eo F/Eo We/Eo
4000 x106 x106 x106
3900 5.111 0.006 851.89 652
3800 18.420 0.024 767.52 568
3700 41.862 0.073 573.45 373.5
3600 72.042 0.140 514.38 314.6
F
Eo
From Fig. 45 o
N = 200 x 106
N = 200 10 6
We E o
4. Combination drive reservoir
Characteristics:
-Increase
I Wp from
f llow structure
t t wells
ll
-Increase GOR from high structure wells
y rapid
-Relativity p decline of
fP
-R.F > R.Fwater influx
y MBE
GBgi free gas

GBgii
m= (N-Np)Bo
NBoi
NBoi
Pi P<Pi
NBoi + GBgi = (N N p )Bo + (We w p Bw ) + free gas
N si (N N p )rs N p R p
f gas = G + Nr
free
NBoi + mNBoi = (N N p )Bo + (We w p Bw )

[ ]
+ Nrsi (N N p )rs N p R p Bg
N =
[ ]
N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg (We w p Bw )
Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg +

mBoi
Bgi
(Bg Bgi )
y MBE
This equation includes 3 unknown (We, m & N)

Rearange
g this equation
q as a straight
g line equation
q
mBoi
[ ] [ ]
N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg + w p Bw = N Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg + N (Bg Bggi ) + We
Bgi
mBoi
F = N Eo + E g + We
Bgi F
mBoi
F We Eo + Eg
=N+ Bgi
mBoi mBoi 45 o
Eo + Eg Eo + Eg
Bgi Bgi
N
If We is assumed to be known and m is calculated We
by geological dat. N can be obtained mB oi
Eo + Eg
B gi
y MBE
Example 16 :
Calculate the original oil in place (N)for the following combination drive
reservoir assuming that m=0.5 and values of (We) are given:
P Np Bo rs Rp Bg We
4000 0x106 1 351

1.351 600 600 0 00100
0.00100 0x106
3800 4.942 1.336 567 1140 0.00105 0.515
3600 8.869 1.322 540 1150 0.00109 1.097
3400 17.154 1.301 491 1325 0.00120 3.011

y MBE
Solution :
F We
mB oi
P F Eo Eo + Eg E +
mB oi
Eg Eo +
mB oi
Eg
B gi o
B gi B gi
4000 0x106
3800 9.576 0.0196 0.0533 179.66x106 9.66x106
3600 17.622 0.0364 0.0972 181.29 11.29
3400 39 715
39.715 0 0808
0.0808 0 2159
0.2159 183 95
183.95 13 95
13.95
F
mBoi
Eo + Eg
Bgii
F
From Fig.
F 45 o
N = 170106 STB
N = 170 10 6
We
mB oi
Eo + Eg
B gi
Uses of MBE
Calculation of (N), (G) and (We)
Prediction of future performance
Difficulties of its application
Lackof PVT data

Assume constant gas composition
Production data (NP, GP and WP)
Pi and We calculations
Limitation of MBE application

Thick formation
High permeability
Homogeneous formation
Low oil viscosity
N active
No ti water
t d drive
i
No large gas cap
S l ti of
Selection f PVT d
data
t ffor MBE applications
ppli ti s
Depletion drive flash

Gas cap drive differential
rs
C bi ti
Combination (fl
(flash
h + diff.)
diff )
Water drive flash
Low volatile oil differential
High volatile oil flash
Moderate volatile (flash + diff.)

p
flash
f dif
f
Water in flux
Due to: Cw, Cf and artesian flow
We
Bottom water Edge water Linear flux
Oil
Oil
water
W W
Flow regimes
Steady state semi-steady state Unsteady state
Outer boundary condition
Infinite Limited
Steady state water influx

- Open external boundary
- P/r = C with time
- qe=qw=C with time
- Strong We
- Steadyy state equation
q (Darcy
( y law))
pe
qw qe
pw
rw
r re
Hydraulic analog
q P Pi
dWe dt (Pi P )
Pw
dWe dt = k (Pi P )
We = k (Pi P )t
x q
screen sand
k : water influx constant
(P P )t : area under (Pust) curve
i
Calculation
C l l of
f K:
K
Water influx rate = oil rate + gas rate + water prod. rate
dWe dN P dN P dWP
= Bo + ( R p rs ) Bg + Bw = k ( Pi P )
dt dt dt dt
Example :
Calculate
C l l t K using
i the
th f
following
ll i d data:
t Pi=3500
3500 psi,
i PP=3340
3340
(Bo=0.00082 bbl/SCF), Qw=0, Bw=1.1 bbl/STB and Qo=13300 STB/day
Solution :
dWe dt = 13300 1.4 + 13300 (900 700) 0.00082 + 0 = 20800 bbl / day
20800
k = = 130 bbl / day / psi
(3500 3340)
t1 t1 t2 t2 t3 t3 t4 t4
Pi
Calculation of (P P )t
i
A1 A2 A3 A4
(P P )t = A
i 1 + A2 + A3 + A4
=
(Pi P1 ) t
2
1
P1
(P P1 ) + (Pi P2 ) t
+ i 2
2 P2
(P P2 ) + (Pi P3 ) t
+ i P3
P4
3
2
(P P3 ) + (Pi P4 ) t
+ i 4
2
Example :
The pressure history of a steady-state water drive reservoir is

given as follows:
Tdays : 0 100 200 300 400

Ppsi : 3500 3450 3410 3380 3340
If k=130 bbl/day/psi,
calculate We at 100,, 200,300
, & 400 days
y
100 100 100 100 t
Solution : 50
90
P
120
160
3500 3450
Wee100
100 = 130 (100 0 ) 325,000 bbls
2
50 50 + 90
We 200 = 130 100 + 100 = 1235000
2 2
50 50 + 90 90 + 120
We 200 = 130 100 + 100 + 100 = 2606 10 3
2 2 2
50 50 + 90 90 + 120 120 + 160
We 200 = 130 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 = 4420 10 3 bbls
2 2 2 2
Semi--steady
Semi steady--state water influx
As the water drains from the aquifer, the aquifer radius (re)
increases with time, there for (re/rw) is replaced by a time
dependent function (re/rw)at
3
dWe 7.0810 kh(Pe Pw ) C(Pe Pw ) C(Pi P)
= =
dt ln(re rw ) ln(re rw ) ln(at)
dWe C(Pi P)
=
dt ln(at)
(Pi P)
We = C t
ln(at)
The two unknown constants (a and C) are determined as:
( Pi P ) 1
= ln (at)
(dWe dt ) C (Pi P)
We dt)
(dW
( Pi P) 1 1
= ln a + ln t
(dWe dt ) C C
1
C
Plott this equation as a straight line:
1 1 ln t
Gives slop = and intercept = ln a
C C
Example 18:
Using the following data calculate (a) and (c)
Tmonth P We MBE We (Wen+1-Wen-1) We/ t (Pi-P)
0 3793 0x103 0 0 0
3 3788 4.0 12.4 136 5
6 3774 24.8 35.5 389 19
9 3748 75.5 73.6 806 45
12 3709 172 116.8 1279 84
Soluttion
15 3680 309 154 1687 113
18 3643 480 197 2158 150
21 3595 703 249 2727 198
24 3547 978 291 3187 246
27 3518 1286 319 3494 275
30 3485 1616 351 3844 308
33 3437 1987 386 4228 356
36 3416 2388 407 4458 377
tmonth tdays We/ t (Pi-P) Ln t (Pi-P)/ dWe/ dt

0 0 0 0
6 182.5 389 19 5.207 0.049
12 365 1279 84 5.900 0.066
18 547.5 2158 150 6.305 0.070
24 780 3187 246 6.593 0.077
30 912 5
912.5 3844 308 6 816
6.816 0 081
0.081
1 (Pi P)
From Fig. = 0 . 002
C (dWe dt)
C = 50
Using any point in the straight line

1
= 0 . 002
C
a = 0.064
Pi P
We = 50
ln(0.064t)
ln t
Example 18:
Using data of example (18) calculate the cumulative water influx (We)
after 39 months (1186.25 days) where the pressure equals 3379 psi
Solution :
P P P P
We39 = We36 + 50 i 36 + i 39 2 dt
ln a t1 ln a t 2
3793 3379 3793 3416

= 2388 103 + 50 + 2 [1186.25
- 1095]
ln (0.064 1186.25) ln (0.064 1095)
= 2388 103 + 420.508 103
= 2809103 bbls
Unsteady--state water influx

Unsteady
- P and q = C with time
- q = 0 at re, q=qmax at rw rw
- Closed extended boundry
- We due to Cw and Cf
Hydraulic analog
Pi
P2
P1
Pw
x q
screen sand sand
sand
Physical analog

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Applied Reservoir Engineering

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Sandstone Sand L.s Dolomit

Water Oil Gas

Salt Fresh Drey

Gas Oil Water

Applied reservoir Engineering Contents

1. Calculation of original hydrocarbon in place

2 Determination of the reservoir drive mechanism

3. Prediction of future reservoir performance

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original hydrocarbon in place by

Structural contour map

Calculation of original hydrocarbon in place by

Calculation of original hydrocarbon in place by

Calculation of ((BV)) using

1. Trapozoidal method: C.L Area inch2

Calculation of ((BV)) using

2. Pyramid or cone method C.L Area inch2

Calculation of ((BV)) using

Odd number of contour lines

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

Say : Scale 1 : 50000

1 inch = 50,000 inch

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

7758 258193.39 0.25 (1 0.3)

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

7758 256709.6 0.25 (1 0.3)

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

7758 258193.39 0.25 (1 0.3)

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

A gas cap has the following data : =25%, Swi=30%, oi=1.3

C.L : 0(WOC) 10 20 30 33(GOC) 40 50 60 70 76

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

7758 9280 63.77 0.25 (1 0.3)

Gas Oil Gas

PVT data for gas and oil reservoirs

PVT data for gas and oil reservoirs

Saturated oil reservoirs i\

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

PVT data for gas and oil reservoirs

Laboratory measurment of PVT data

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

1. Gas reservoir without bottom water drive

Pppsi G p SCF Bg bbl SCF Z G

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

MBE as an equation of a straight line

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

From Figgers G = 200106 STB

Calculation of original gas inAplace by MBE

Assuming =0 causes an increase in G continuously

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

MBE as a straight line

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

T years Ppsi G p SCF Bg bbl SCF We bbl

0 4000 0x109 0.00093 0x10-6

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

- Assume gas cap expansion = (G-Gpc).Bg-GBgi

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE