Real fluid flows the flow pattern changes and boundary
layers and thin layers of fluids in which viscosity dynamics are formed along the surfaces of the object. o The behavior of these boundary layers under the influence of pressure gradient can drastically alter the flow. o The flow of the streamline can be predicted from the inviscid flow theory the Reynolds number are influences of the viscosity are confined to a narrow region close to the surface of the object. What are the causes the boundary flow, effects of boundary layer. o The flow of the fluid closer to the surface, the velocities are much lower and thus vorticity is present in the narrow boundary layer region adjacent to the plate the shearing forces and inertia forces are equally important in determining the motion of the fluid element outside. o This thickness of the boundary layer increase along the length of the plate and fluid deceleration id transferred from one fluid layer to another by viscosity moving o The velocity in the boundary layer is less than that in the free stream there is no slip between the plate anf the layer of fluid immediately adjacent to it. o At the plate the relative velocity is zero and this is the no slip boundary condition of the viscous flow. The displacement of the bubbles corresponds closely to the velocity profile in the boundary layer. The thickness of the boundary layer is sometimes defined as distance delta from the surface to where the velocity U reaches some fixed percentage of the freestream value. o We consider from 95% to 99% of the pre-screen velocity to define the thickness of the boundary layer. u o Gradient of the velocity where = is the skin y
friction or the shear stress on Tau.
Greater the velocity gradient normal to the wall greater the shear stress For the upstream the velocity gradient is large than the down stream o Stokes theorem state that the area integral of the vorticity Omega founded by a close contour is equal to the line integral of the velocity around the bounding contour. d a= V d s=
Separation point - when the laminar flow occurs the flow after the boundary layer tends to reverse the flow while the turbulent flow, the velocity gradient makes the layer to move continuously. Molecular diffusion is more effective in the turbulent flow than the laminar flow, thus there is no slip separation but in the laminar flow due to the slip, and low molecular diffusion the boundary layer tends to slip and thus have a reverse flow near the surface unitll the very high angle of attack.
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