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LINEAR ELECTROSTATIC WAVES IN ELECTRON

POSITRON PLASMAS

Bachelor of Studies
In
Physics

Submitted By:
MUHAMMAD SHAFI
Class No. 4273

Supervised By:

DR. ATA-UR-REHMAN

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
ISLAMIA COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, PESHAWAR
Session: 20112015
1
Chapter 1

Introduction

Any ionized gas cannot be called a plasma, of course; there is always some small degree
of ionization in any gas. A useful definition is, A plasma is a quasi-neutral gas of charged and
neutral particles which exhibits collective behavior.

A plasma is an ionized gas consisting of positively and negatively charged particles with
approximately equal charge densities. Plasmas can be produced by heating an ordinary gas to
such a high temperature that the random kinetic energy of the molecules exceeds the ionization
energy. The definition of a plasma requires that any deviation from charge neutrality must be
very small. For simplicity, unless stated otherwise, we will assume that the ions are singly
charged. The charge neutrality condition is then equivalent to requiring that the electron and ion
number densities be approximately the same. Below are some familiar examples of plasmas:

1. Lightning, Aurora Borealis, and electrical sparks. All these examples show that when an
electric current is passed through plasma, the plasma emits light (electromagnetic
radiation).
2. Neon and fluorescent lights, etc. Electric discharge in plasma provides a rather efficient
means of converting electrical energy into light.
3. Flame, The burning gas is weakly ionized. The characteristic yellow color of a wood
flame is produced by 579nm transitions (D lines) of sodium ions.
4. Nebulae, interstellar gases, the solar wind, the earths ionosphere, the Van Allen belts.
These provide examples of a diffuse, low temperature, ionized gas [1-3].
1.1 Plasma as the fourth state of matter
Plasma is the fourth state of matter. The basic distinction among solids, liquids, and gases
lies in the difference between the strength of the bonds that hold their constituent particles
together. These binding forces are relatively strong in a solid, weak in a liquid, and essentially
almost absent in the gaseous state. Whether a given substance is found in one of these states
depends on the random kinetic energy (thermal energy) of its atoms or molecules, i.e., on its
temperature. The equilibrium between this particle thermal energy and the inter particle binding
forces determines the state.

2
By heating a solid or liquid substance, the atoms or molecules acquire more thermal
kinetic energy until they are able to overcome the binding potential energy. This leads to phase
transitions, which occur at a constant temperature for a given pressure. The amount of energy
required for the phase transition is called the latent heat.
If sufficient energy is provided, a molecular gas will gradually dissociate into an atomic
gas as a result of collisions between those particles whose thermal kinetic energy exceeds the
molecular binding energy. At sufficiently elevated temperatures an increasing fraction of the
atoms will possess enough kinetic energy to overcome, by collisions, the binding energy of the
outermost orbital electrons, and an ionized gas or plasma results [4].

1.2 Criteria for the definition of plasmas


1.2.1 Quasi-neutrality
In the absence of external disturbances a plasma is macroscopically neutral. This
means that under equilibrium conditions with no external forces present, in a volume of the
plasma sufficiently large to contain a large number of particles and yet sufficiently small
compared to the characteristic lengths for variation of macroscopic parameters such as density
and temperature, the net resulting electric charge is zero.
Plasma is electrically neutral to the outside, if the number of positive and negative
charges equals in a sufficiently large volume and for a sufficiently long interval of time. This
balance is referred to as quasi-neutrality.
In the interior of the plasma the microscopic space charge fields cancel each other and no
net space charge exists over a macroscopic region. If this macroscopic neutrality was not
maintained, the potential energy associated with the resulting coulomb forces could be enormous
compared to the thermal particle kinetic energy.
1.2.2 Debye shielding
The Debye length is an important physical parameter for the description of a plasma. It
provides a measure of the distance over which the influence of the electric field of an individual
charged particle is felt by the other charged particles inside the plasma. The charged particles
arrange themselves in such a way as to effectively shield any electrostatic fields within a distance
of the order of the Debye length. This shielding of electrostatic fields is a consequence of the

3
D
collective effects of the plasma particles. If is Debye length, T is temperature and n e is
electron number density then,
1
kT 2
D 0 2
ne e

When a boundary surface is introduced in a plasma, the perturbation produced extends

D
only up to a distance of the order of from the surface. In the neighborhood of any surface

D
inside the plasma there is a layer of width of the order of , known as the plasma sheath, inside
which the condition of macroscopic electrical neutrality may not be satisfied. Beyond the plasma
sheath region there is the plasma region, where macroscopic neutrality is maintained. Generally,

D
is very small. For example, in a gas discharge, where typical values for T and n e are around

D
4 16 -3
10 K and 10 m , respectively, we have =10-4. For the Earth's ionosphere, typical values can

D
12 -3 3
be taken as ne = 10 m and T = 10 K, yielding =10-3 m.
1.2.3 The plasma frequency
An important plasma property is the stability of its macroscopic space charge neutrality.
When a plasma is instantaneously disturbed from the equilibrium condition, the resulting internal
space charge fields give rise to collective particle motions that tend to restore the original charge
neutrality. These collective motions are characterized by a natural frequency of oscillation known
as the plasma frequency. Since these collective oscillations are high-frequency oscillations, the
ions, because of their heavy mass, are to a certain extent unable to follow the motion of the
electrons.

4
t
If is the frequency of typical plasma oscillations and is the mean time between collisions

t 1
with neutral atoms, we require for the gas to behave like a plasma rather than a neutral
gas [4].

1.3 Occurrence of plasma in nature


1.3.1 The sun and its atmosphere
The sun is a plasma phenomenon. There is no sharp boundary surface to the sun. Its
visible part is known as the solar atmosphere. Its energy output is derived from thermonuclear
fusion reactions of photon, where temperatures exceed 1.2 x 10 7 K. The high temperature of its
interior and the thermonuclear reactions keep the entire sun gaseous.
1.3.2 The solar wind
Highly conducting tenuous plasma called the solar wind, composed mainly of protons
and electrons. It emitted continuously by the sun at very high speeds into interplanetary space, as
a result of the supersonic expansion of the hot solar corona.
1.3.3 The magnetosphere
The inner region, from which the solar wind is excluded and which contains the
compressed Earth's magnetic field, is called the magnetosphere. Inside the magnetosphere we
find the Van Allen radiation belts, in which energetic charged particles (mainly electrons and
protons) are trapped.
1.3.4 The ionosphere
The large natural blanket of plasma in the atmosphere, which envelopes the Earth from an
altitude, is called the ionosphere The Earth's magnetic field exerts a great influence on the
dynamic behavior of the ionospheric plasma. An interesting phenomenon that occurs in the
ionosphere is the aurora.
1.3.5 Plasmas beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system we find a great variety of natural plasmas in stars, interstellar
space, galaxies, intergalactic space, and far beyond to systems quite unknown before the start of
astronomy from space vehicles. Natural plasma exists in some cosmic objects like atmosphere of
hot stares, planetary nebulae, regions of ionized hydrogen and upper atmosphere of the earth [1,
3].

5
1.4 Application of plasma physics
The progress in plasma research has led to a wide range of plasma applications.
1.4.1 Controlled thermonuclear fusion
The most important application of man-made plasmas is in the control of thermonuclear
fusion reactions, which holds a vast potential for the generation of power. Nuclear fusion is the
process whereby two light nuclei combine to form a heavier one, the total final mass being
slightly less than the total initial mass. The nuclear fusion reaction is the source of energy in the
stars, including the sun. The confinement of the hot plasma in this case is provided by the self-
gravity of the stars. Plasma is more popular because they offer the possibility of
obtaining controlled thermonuclear fusion. That it would be a source of abundant energy and a
lot cleaner than nuclear fission, commonly used in nuclear power plants.
1.4.2 The Magneto hydrodynamic generator
The magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) energy generator converts the kinetic energy of
dense plasma flowing across a magnetic field into electrical energy. Natural MHD dynamos are
an active area of research in plasma physics.
1.4.3 Plasma propulsion
Plasma propulsion systems for rocket engines are based on a process that converts
electrical energy into plasma kinetic energy, that is, the reverse of the MHD generator process.
An important characteristic of plasma propulsion systems is that they are capable of generating a
certain amount of thrust (although small) over a very long time period, contrarily to chemical
propulsion systems.
1.4.4 Other plasma devices
Examples of applications involving gas discharges include the ordinary fluorescent tubes
and neon lights used for illumination and for signs, mercury rectifiers, spark gaps, a number of
specialized tubes like the hydrogen thyratrons and the ignitrons, which are used for switching,
and the arc discharges or plasma jets. Two major applications in the area of communications are
the long distance radio wave propagation by reflection in the ionospheric plasma and the
communication with a space vehicle through the plasma layer that forms around it during the
reentry period into the Earth's atmosphere [1, 4].

1.5 Layout of the thesis

6
Chapter 1 contains introduction to plasma physics and some basic relevant plasma
parameters such as macroscopic neutrality, the plasma frequency, Debye shielding as well as the
occurrence of plasma and applications of plasma physics. In chapter 2 we have the various
possible wave modes of plasmas such as electron plasma waves, ion acoustic waves and
electrostatic waves in magnetized plasmas. In chapter 3 we have presented the theoretical
background for understanding the linear electrostatic waves in electron-positron plasmas. Finally
in chapter 4, we have summarized the main findings of the thesis.

Chapter 2

Waves in plasma

2.1 General consideration

To consider the different possible normal modes of a plasma, we will usually begin by
assuming that there is an equilibrium in which the plasma parameters are uniform and constant in
time. We will then look at small perturbations away from this equilibrium, and investigate the
time and space dependence of those perturbations.
The usual notation is to label the equilibrium quantities with a subscript 0, e.g. n0, and the

n1
perturbed quantities with a subscript 1, e.g., . When the perturbations are small, we can
generally ignore squares and higher powers of these quantities, thus obtaining a set of linear.
These linear equations may be Fourier transformed in both space and time, thus reducing the
differential equations to a set of algebraic equations. Equivalently, we may assume that each
perturbed quantity has the mathematical form
n1 n exp i k .x t
2.1

7
Where the real part is implicitly assumed, this form describes a wave. The amplitude n is

k
in general complex, allowing for a nonzero phase constant 0. The vector , called the wave

k 2
vector, gives both the direction of propagation of the wave and the wavelength: = ; is
the angular frequency. There is a relation between and k that is determined by the physical

k
properties of the system. The function is called the dispersion relation for the wave.
A point of constant phase on the wave form moves so that
d
k .v 0
dt

Where the wave phase velocity is


^
v k
k

The phase speed of a wave may (and often does) exceed the speed of light, since no information

v
is carried at Information is carried by a modulation of the wave, in either amplitude or
frequency. For example, a wave pulse may have a Gaussian envelope. For any physical quantity
u,

u x, t A exp x 2 / a 2 exp ikx it


=
Thus can be Fourier transformed to yield a Gaussian in k-space.
A general disturbance of the system may be written as a superposition of plane waves.
With x-axis chosen along the direction of propagation for simplicity:
1
A k exp ikx it dk
u x, t 2

=
k
But is related to through the dispersion relation:

8
d
....
k 0 (k k 0 ) dk k0

k0 A k
Where is the wave number at which peaks. Then the integral becomes:
d
1
exp i k k0
A k exp ikx it t dk
u x, t 2
dk k0

=

1 exp i d
A k exp ik x
d
u x, t dk
0

t



dk
t dk

k0
2 k0
=
d d
exp i 0 t u x t , 0
u x, t dk k0


dk k0


=
Thus, apart from an overall phase factor, the disturbance propagates at the group speed;
d
dk
Vg =
Information travels at this group speed.
d n
n
dk
Additional terms we have neglected in the exponent (involving the higher derivatives
give rise to pulse spreading and other factors generally referred to as dispersion.
Our goal will be to identify the different wave modes that occur in plasmas, and to find

k
the dispersion relation for each mode. If the frequency has an imaginary part, that shows
damping or growth of the wave [5].

2.2 Electron plasma waves


In plasma oscillation, we assumed no thermal motions and found that the electrons
oscillate about their equilibrium positions with frequency p which is independent of k. When
thermal motions are included, it provides propagations of plasma oscillations. Electrons moving

9
with their thermal velocities into adjacent layers of plasma can carry information regarding the
happening in the previous oscillating region. Propagation of such information is known as the
electron plasma waves.
We shall derive an expression for the plasma frequency p in the simplest case, making the
following assumptions:
(1) The plasma has a quite large extent.
(2) There is no magnetic field.
(3) The ions are fixed in space in a uniform distribution.
x
(4) The electron motions occur only in the direction.
The equations of motion and continuity for an electron are;

dVe
me ne Ve . Ve ene E pe
dt

2.2

ne
. neVe 0
t

2.3
Here, we are assuming collision-less, homogenous and isotropic plasma. These are high
frequency oscillations which are generated due to deviation from neutrality and therefore, we can
use Poisson equation for one dimensional motion,

E
0 e ni ne
x

2.4
ne ni
Where and are densities of electron and ions, respectively. The amplitude of oscillation is
small, and terms containing higher powers of amplitude factors can be neglected. We first
separate the dependent variables into two parts, that is
ne n0 ni , Ve V0 Vi , E E0 Ei

Before displacement of electron, plasma is homogeneous and at rest, so that

10
n0 n0
V0 E0 0 0
x t

pe
The term for one dimensional space can be written as,
pe pe ne ne KTe ne n
KTe n0 ni KTe i
x ne x ne x x x

For one dimensional space we have,


2 2
1 1
N 1 3

Linearization of the equation of motion,


dVe
me ne Ve . Ve ene E pe
dt


me n0 n1 V0 V1 V0 V1 . V0 V1 e n0 n1 E0 E1 3KT n0 n1
t

V1
me n0 n1 V1. V1 e n0 n1 E1 3KT n1
t

V1
me n0 en0 E 3KT n1
t

Neglecting the quadratic and higher degree terms, we have


V1
me n0 en0 E 3KT n1
t



t i x ik
The time derivative can be replaced by and the gradient by

11
i me n0V1 en0 E1 3KTikn1

2.5
Linearization of the equation of continuity,
ne
. neVe 0
t


n0 n1 . n0 n1 V0 V1 0
t

n1
. n0V1 n1V1 0
t

n1
. n0V1 0
t

n1
n0.V1 0
t

i n1 n0 ikV1 0
2.6
Linearization of Poisson equation,
0.E e ni ne

0. E0 E1 e n0 n0 n1

0.E1 en1

0ikE1 en1
2.7
Rewrite equations 2.5, 2.6 and 2.7;
i me n0V1 en0 E1 3KTikn1

i n1 n0 ikV1 0

0ikE1 en1

12
ime n0 en0 3KTeik
n0ik 0 i 0
0 ik 0 e

ime n0 k 0 en0 n0ike 3KTeik n0ikik 0 0


me n0 2 ik 0 en02 ike 3KTe ik n0 k 2 0 0

me n0 2 0 en02 e 3KTe n0 k 2 0 0
me 2 0 e 2 n0 3KTe k 2 0
e 2 n0 3KTe k 2

2

0 me me

3 2 2
2 p2 k Vth
2
,

e 2 n0 2 KTe
p Vth2
0 me me
where and are, respectively, the plasma frequency and thermal
velocity [1].

2.3 Ion acoustic waves


In fully ionized plasma, in absences of collision, sound waves do not occur. Ions can still
transmit vibrations to each other because of their charge, however; and acoustic waves can occur
through the intermediary of an electric field. Since ions are massive particles, these vibrations
will be low frequency oscillation. In absence of magnetic field, from the Maxwell equation, we
have
E

The equations of motion and continuity for an ion are,

13
Vi
mi ni Vi . V i eni E pi
t

ni
. niVi 0
t

ni i ni KTi
pi i pi ni
ni pi ni pi i KTi ni
Where,

Hence equation of motion can be written as,

Vi
mi n Vi . V i en i KTi ni
t

ni ne n
We have used plasma approximation , and therefore, we shall not use the Poisson
equation. Before displacement of electron, plasma is homogeneous and at rest, so that,

n0
n0 V0 0 0
t

Linearization of equation of motion,

Vi
mi n Vi . V i en i KTi ni
t

V1
mi n0 n1 V1. V1 e n0 n1 1 KT n1
t

V1
mi n0 en01 KT n1
t
2.8

Neglecting the quadratic and higher degree terms, we have

14
V1
mi n0 en01 3KT n1
t



t i x ik
The time derivative can be replaced by and the gradient by ;
i mi n0V1 en0ik1 KTikn1
2.9

The density of mass less electrons is,

e1
ne n n0 exp
KTe

e
n n0 1 1 ...
KTe

e1
n n0 n0
KTe

e1
n n0 n0
KTe

e1
n1 n0
KTe
2.10

Substituting above value in 2.9 we get;

e1
i mi n0V1 en0 ik1 KTikn0
KTe
2.11

Linearization of the equation of continuity,

15
ni
. niVi 0
t


n0 n1 . n0 n1 V0 V1 0
t

n1
. n0V1 n1V1 0
t

n1
. n0V1 0
t

n1
n0 .V1 0
t

i n1 n0ikV1 0
2.12
Rewrite equation 2.10, 2.11 and 2.12;
e1
i mi n0V1 en0 1 KTikn0
KTe

i n1 n0ikV1 0

e1
n1 n0
KTe

n0 e
1 0
KTe
i en0ikTi
0 en0ik i mi n0 0
Te
i 0 n0ik

16
i en0 ikTi n0 e
en0ik n0ik i mi n0 i
Te KTe
+ =0

i en02Ti i 2 k 2 ne
en i k
2 2
0
2
2 mi n0 0 0
Te KTe

iTi i 2 k 2 mi 2
i2k 2 0
Te KTe

iTi k 2 mi 2
k 2 0
Te KTe

iTi k 2 mi 2
k2
Te KTe

Te k 2 iTi k 2 m 2
i
Te KTe

mi 2
Te k iTi k
2 2

K Te k 2 iTi k 2 mi 2

Kk 2
Te iTi 2
mi

12
KTe K iTi

k mi

17
12
KTe K iTi
Vs
k mi

2.13

Vs
This is the dispersion relation for ion acoustic waves. Here, is the sound speed in plasma.

Vs
Obviously, is equal to the phase velocity as well as the group velocity of the waves. When the

12
KTe
Vs
Ti mi
ion temperature tends to zero, ion wave still exist and its velocity is [1].

2.4 Validity of plasma approximation

ni ne
In deriving the velocity of ion waves, we used the neutrality condition while

E
allowing the value of electric field to be finite. It is in violation of Poisson equation. To see

ni ne
what error was produced in the process, let us assume and consider the Poisson equation

0.E e ni ne

E
We have

18
0 2 e ni ne

2.14
When amplitude of each oscillating quantity is small, let us linearize the Poisson equation by
neglecting the terms having two and higher powers of amplitude. For this, let us first separate the
variable parameters into two parts.
ni ni 0 ni1 ne ne 0 ne1 0 1
, ,
Substituting the value of above equations in 2.14 we get;
0 2 0 1 e ni 0 ne1 ne 0 ne1
2.15
Before displacement of electron, plasma is homogeneous and at rest, so that
0 20 e ni 0 ne 0
2.16
Subtracting equation 2.16 from 2.15, we get
0 21 e ni1 ne1
2.16(a)
B B
Fluid drift parallel to is the same as in absence of .The density of mass less electrons is
e1
ne n0 exp
KTe

e 0 1
ne 0 n01 n0 exp
KTe
2.17

e0
ne 0 n0 exp
KTe
2.18

Subtracting equation 2.18 from 2.17, we get

19
e 0 1 e0
ne1 n0 exp n0 exp
KTe KTe

e0 e1
ne1 n0 exp 1 ..... 1
KTe KTe

e1
ne1 ne 0
KTe

For convenience, we consider one-dimensional case and assume that the oscillating quantities

ei kx t
behave sinusoidaliy as .
e1
0 k 21 ene 0 en1
KTe
From equation 2.16(a) we get;
n e2 1
01 k 2 e 0 en1 0 k 2 en1
0 KTe D2

01 D2 k 2 1 en1D2
2.19
Rewrite equation 2.9, 2.12 and 2.19,
i mi n0V1 en0ik1 KTikn1

i n1 n0ikV1 0

01 D2 k 2 1 en1D2

eD2 0 D2 k 2 1 0
i ikKT n0 eik i mi n0 0
i 0 n0ik


e 2 D2 n02i 2 k 2 0 D2 k 2 1 n0i 2 i k 2 KT i 2 2 mi n0 0

20
2 2

e 2 D2 n02 k 2 0 D k 1 n0 i k KT mi n0
2 2

e 2 D2 n0 k 2
i k 2 KT 2 m i
0 k 1
2
D
2

e 2 D2 n0 k 2
i k 2 KT 2 mi
0 D k 1
2 2

2 1 e 2 D2 n0
KT
k 2 mi 0 D2 k 2 1
i

e n
2 2
i KT
2

D 0

k
0 D2 k 1 mi
2
mi

2.20

ni ne
Compare of equations 2.19 and 2.20 shows that in our plasma approximation , an error

k 2 D2 2D
2
D
of the order of is introduced. Since in comparison to is very small in
most of the cases, the plasma approximation is valid, except for the cases of the shortest
wavelengths [1].

2.5 Electrostatic waves in magnetized plasma

B0
We look at plasma that has a uniform magnetic field in the initial, unperturbed state.
The motion of the plasma particles is affected by the magnetic field when they try to move across

B B B
: Thus we expect to find that waves travelling along and waves travelling across will
behave differently. Electrostatic waves are longitudinal waves, and thus when electrostatic waves

21
B
propagate along the magnetic field, the particle motions are also along ; and these motions are
not affected by the magnetic force. Thus the previous dispersion relations for ion acoustic waves
(equation 2.19) are unaffected. We obtain interesting new effects when the waves propagate
perpendicular to the magnetic field.

2.5.1 High frequency electrostatic waves propagating perpendicular to B0

We assume that there are no thermal motions. The equations of motion and continuity for
an electron are;

dVe
me ne Ve . Ve ene E Ve B0
dt

ne
. neVe 0
t

2.21

These are high frequency oscillations which are generated due to deviation from neutrality and
therefore, we can use Poisson equation.

0.E e ni ne
2.22

ne ni
Where and are densities of electron and ions, respectively. The amplitude of oscillation is
small; the set of equations 2.21 and 2.22 can be solved by using the procedure of linearization.
Before displacement of electrons, plasma is homogeneous and at rest, so that

n0
n0 V0 E0 0 0
t

Linearization of the equation of motion,

22
dVe
me ne Ve . Ve ene E Ve B0
dt


me n0 n1 V0 V1 V0 V1 . V0 V1 e n0 n1 E0 E1 Ve B0
t

V1
me n0 n1 V1. V1 e n0 n1 E1 V1 B0
t

V1
me e E V1 B0
t



t i x ik
The time derivative can be replaced by and the gradient by ;
i meV1 eE1

2.23
The x, y and z component of equation 2.23 is
i meVx eE1 eVy B0
2.24
i meVy eVx B0
2.25

i meVz 0

eVx B0
Vy
i me
Rearranging equation 2.25 we get;

Substituting the above value in 2.24 we have

eVx B0
i meVx eE1 e B0
i me

23
eE1 e 2V B
Vx 2 x2 0 2 B0
i me i me

eE1 c2Vx
Vx
i me 2
,

Where

eB0
c
me

c2Vx eE1
Vx
2
i me

2 eE1
Vx 1 c2
i me

1
eE1 c2
Vx 1 2
i me
2.26

Now Linearization of the equation of continuity,

ne
. neVe 0
t


n0 n1 . n0 n1 V0 V1 0
t

n1
. n0V1 n1V1 0
t

n1
. n0V1 0
t

24
n1
n0 .V1 0
t

i n1 n0ikV1 0

n1 n0 kVx 0

2.27
Linearization of Poisson equation,
0.E e ni ne

0. E0 E1 e ne 0 ne0 ne1

0.E1 en1

0ikE1 en1
2.28
Rewrite equations 2.26, 2.27 and 2.28;
1
eE1 c2
Vx 1
i me 2

n1 n0 kVx 0

0ikE1 en1

1
e c2
1 0 1
i me 2
n0 k 0 0
0 e ik 0

25
1
e c2
ik 0 1 2 n0 ke 0
i me

1
e c2
ik 0 1 n0 ke
i me 2

c2 e
i 0 1 2 n0 e
i me

c2 e
1 2 2 n0 e
2
i me 0

2 c2 p
2 e 2 n0
2 p2
2 me 0
, Where

2 c2 2p

2 c2 p2

2 c2 p2 h2
, 2.29
h
where is the upper hybrid frequency. Thus we obtain a new oscillation frequency, called the
upper hybrid frequency. It is hybrid because it is a mixture of the plasma and cyclotron
frequencies. It is a higher frequency than either because the additional restoring force leads to a
higher oscillation frequency [1].
2.5.2 Electrostatic ion waves propagating perpendicular to B0

Here we must include the ion motion, but we expect to use the plasma approximation. We
have the two equations of motion, for the electrons.
Vi
mi ni Vi . V i eni Vi B0
t
2.30

26
ni
. niVi 0
t
2.31
Let us first separate the variable parameters into two parts;
ni ni 0 ni1
ne ne0 ne1
0 1

Before displacement of electron, plasma is homogeneous and at rest, so that


n0
0
n0 V0 0 0 t

Linearization of equation of motion,

Vi
mi ni Vi . V i eni Vi B0
t

V1
mi n0 n1 V1. V1 e n0 n1 1 Vi B0
t

V1
mi e1 eV1 B0
t



t i x ik
The time derivative can be replaced by and the gradient by ;

i mV
i 1 eik1 eV1 B0
2.32
The x, y and z component of above equation is,

i miVx eik1 eV y B0
2.33
i miVy eVx B0

2.34

27
i mV
i z 0

We know from equation 2.34;


eVx B0
Vy
i mi

Substituting the above value in 2.33, we have


eVx B0
i miVx eik1 e B0
i mi

eik1 eV B
Vx e 2 x2 02 B0
i mi i mi

ek1 e 2 B02
Vx V
mi 2 mi2 x

ek1 c2
Vx V
mi 2 x

c2 ek1
Vx V
2 x
mi

2 ek1
Vx 1 2c
mi

1
ek1 c2
Vx 1
mi 2
2.35
Linearization of the equation of continuity;

ni
. niVi 0
t


n0 n1 . n0 n1 V0 V1 0
t

28
n1 n1
. n0V1 n1V1 0 . n0V1 0
t t

n1
n0.V1 0
t

i n1 n0 ikV1 0
2.36
The density of mass less electrons is,

e1
ne n n0 exp
KTe

e
n n0 1 1 ...
KTe

e1
n n0 n0
KTe

e1
n n0 n0
KTe

e1
n1 n0
KTe
2.37

Rewrite equation 2.35, 2.36 and 2.37;

1
ek1 c2
Vx 1
mi 2

29
i n1 n0ikV1 0

e1
n1 n0
KTe

1
ek c2
1 0 1 2
me
n0 k 0 0
n0 e
0 1
KTe

1
ne ek c2
0 1 n0 k 0
KTe mi 2

1
ne ek c2
0 1 n0 k
KTe mi 2

1
KT k 2 2
e 1 2c
2

mi


c2 KTe k 2
1 2
2

mi

KTe k 2
2 c2
mi

KTe k 2
2 2
c
mi

2 c2 k 2Vs2
2.38

30
KTe
Vs2
mi
This is dispersion relation for electrostatic ion waves, where .

ni ne n0 ni1 ne1
We now employ the plasma approximation viz., which requires that . In
comparison with (2.35), a similar equation for electrons is

1
ek1 c2
Vex 1 2
me
2.39
and

n0 k
ne1 Vex

Comparing 2.35 and 2.39, we get

c2 c2
me 1 2 mi 1 2

mec2 mi c2
me 2 mi 2

mec2 mi c2
me mi 2 2

2 me mi mec2 mi c2

e 2 B02 e2 B02
2 me mi me mi
me2 mi2

31
e 2 B02 e2 B02
2 me mi
me mi

mi me 1
2 e 2 B02
me mi me mi

1
2 e 2 B02
me mi

2 cc cc

l
or

l
This frequency is known as lower hybrid frequency [1].

32
Chapter 3

Linear electrostatic waves in electron positron plasmas

3.1 Literature review

Theoretical studies on linear waves in electron-positron plasmas have largely focused on


the relativistic regime relevant to astrophysical contexts, [6-12]. This is largely due to the fact
that the production of these electron-positron pairs requires high-energy processes which are
more common in astrophysical conditions such as those which exist in the environments of
pulsars, active galactic nuclei, gamma-ray bursts, solar flares and black holes. The majority of
the reported studies have been primarily limited to single temperature electron-positron plasmas.
More recent studies have now focused on the non relativistic regime, given the cooling
by cyclotron emission of the electron-positron plasmas [13]. Stewart and Laing [14] researched
the dispersion properties of linear waves in equal-mass plasmas and found that due to the special
symmetry of such plasmas, well known phenomena such as Faraday rotation and whistler wave
modes disappear. Iwamoto [15] studied the collective modes in non relativistic electron-positron
plasmas using the kinetic approach. The author found that the dispersion relations for the

33
longitudinal modes in the electron-positron plasma for both unmagnetized and magnetized
electron-positron plasmas were similar to the modes in one-component electron or electron-ion
plasmas. The transverse modes for the unmagnetized case were also found to be similar.
However, the transverse modes in the presence of a magnetic field were found to be different
from those in electron-ion plasmas. In electron-ion plasma the extraordinary wave is known to
have two cutoff frequencies. However the mode is found to have just one in electron-positron
plasma. Moreover, the hybrid resonances present in the former are not found in electron-positron
plasma [16].
A study of wave propagation in electron-positron plasmas highlights the role played by
the equal mass of the electrons and positrons. For example, the low frequency ion acoustic wave,
a feature of electron-ion plasmas due to the significantly different masses of the electrons and
ions, has no counterpart in electron-positron plasma. The phenomena of Faraday rotation is
absent in such plasmas. In one such study, using the two fluid models with a single temperature,
Zank and Greaves investigated linear and nonlinear longitudinal and transverse electrostatic and
electromagnetic waves in non-relativistic electron-positron plasma in the absence and presence
of an external magnetic field [17]. They found that several of the modes present in electron-ion
plasmas also existed in electron-positron plasmas, but in a modified form, due to the symmetry
derived from the common mass of the electrons and positrons. On the other hand, it is noted that
the whistler and lower hybrid modes are nonexistent in electron-positron plasmas. A study of the
two-stream instability yielded similar results to the electron-ion case, except that the growth rate
was now substantially larger due to the equality in masses of the electrons and positrons. In their
nonlinear analysis, solitary waves are found to exist in the subsonic regime, and the width of the
soliton was found to be proportional to the wave speed, while in electron-ion plasmas, the
amplitude is related to the wave speed. Esfandyari-Kalejahi studied oblique modulation of
electrostatic modes and envelope excitations in pair-ion and electron-positron plasmas [18].
Their investigation showed the existence of two distinct linear electrostatic modes, namely an
acoustic lower mode and a Langmuir-type, optic-type upper mode. Shukla N and Shukla P K in
their strongly magnetized non-uniform electron-positron plasma derived a new dispersion
relation for low-frequency electrostatic waves [19]. They showed that the dispersion relation
admits a new purely growing instability in the presence of the equilibrium density and magnetic
field in homogeneities.

34
In this chapter, we extend the work of Zank and Greaves in magnetized two-component
electron-positron plasma to a magnetized four component, two-temperature plasma, having hot
electrons and positrons and cool electrons and positrons. Both fluid and kinetic approaches are
used to investigate the linear waves of the system [20-22].

3.2 Fluid theory approach

3.2.1 Basic theory

The model considered is a homogeneous magnetized, four component electron positron


plasma, consisting of cool electrons and cool positrons with equal temperatures and equilibrium

Tc n0c
densities denoted by and , respectively, and hot electrons and hot positrons with equal

Th n0h
temperatures and equilibrium densities denoted by and , respectively. Here, temperatures
are expressed in energy units and wave propagation is taken in the x-direction at an angle to the
ambient magnetic field B0, which is assumed to be in the x-z plane [23, 24].
The hot isothermal species are assumed to have a Boltzmann distribution. Their densities
are, respectively.
n jc
. n jcV jc 0
t

e
neh n0 h exp
Th
3.1
and

e
n ph n0 h exp
Th
3.2

35
neh n ph
Where = densities of hot electron, = densities of hot positron and = electrostatic
potential. The dynamics of the cooler species are governed by the fluid equations, namely, the
continuity equations,

n jc
. n jcV jc 0
t
3.3

The equations of motion

n jc e e T
V jc .V jc j j V jc B0 c n jc
t m m n jc m
3.4

j 1 j 1 je j p
for positron, for electron, for electron , for positron and = ratio of
specific heats.

n jc e e T
V jc .V jc j j V jc B0 c n jc
t m m n jc m

The system is closed by the Poisson equation.

2
0 e n pc nec n ph neh
x 2
3.5

It must be noted that the chosen plasma model is an extension of that used by Zank and Greaves.
Here the two additional hot species having Boltzmann density distributions have been included.
To determine the linear dispersion relation, equations (3.3)-(3.5) are linearzed. Hence
linearization of the continuity equation is;

n jc
. n jcV jc 0
t

OR

36
nec
. necVec 0
t


n0ec n1ec . n0ec n1ec V0ec V1ec 0
t


n1ec . n0 ecV0 ec n1ecV0ec n0 ecV1ec n1ecV1ec 0
t

n1ec
. n0 ecV1ec n1ecV1ec 0
t

n1ec
n0 ec .V1ec 0
t

i n1ec n0 eikVec 0
3.6
i nec n0 e ikVec
3.7
Linearizing the equations of motion,

Vec e e Tc
Vec .Vec e e Vec B0 nec
t m m nec m

e e
V0 ec V1ec e m e m V1ec V0ec B0
V1ec V0ec . V1ec V0ec
t Tc
n n0 ec
n n m ec
1ec 0 ec

Vec e e Tc
Vec .Vec e e Vec B0 nec
t m m n0 c m

Vec e e T n
e e Vec B0 sin c ec
t m m m n0c

37
e e T n
iVec e ik e Vec B0 sin c ik ec
m m m n0 c

e ek e e 3T n
Vec Vec B0 sin c k ec
m im m n0 c

e ek e e 3T n
Vec Vec B0 sin c k ec
m im m n0 c

Tc eB0
Vth
m m e 1
Put Substituting , and in the above equation, we obtain
ek 3Vtc2 nec
Vec Vec sin k
m i n0 c

3Vtc2 nec ek
Vec k Vec sin
n0c m i
or
3.8

The x, y and z component of equation 3.8 is;

ek 3V 2 nec
Vecx Vecy sin tc k
m i n0c
3.8a


Vecy i Vecz cos Vecx sin

3.9

38

Vecz i Vecy cos

3.10

Tc eB0
Vth j j j
m m
Where, is the thermal velocity of the cool species and is the gyro

eB0

m
frequency of the electrons and positrons with . Now from equation 3.9


Vecy i Vecz cos Vecx sin

Vecz
Substitution of the value of in above equation gives


Vecy i i Vecy cos cos Vecx sin

2
Vecy i 2 V cos 2 i Vecx sin
2 ecy

2
Vecy 2 Vecy cos 2 i Vecx sin

2
Vecy 1 2 cos2 i Vecx sin


i Vecx sin
Vecy 2

1 2 cos 2

39

i Vecx sin
Vecy 2
2 cos 2
2

iVecx sin
Vecy
2 2 cos 2

Vecx sin
Vecy i
2 2 cos 2

3.11

From Equation 3.8(a)


3Vtc2 nec ek
Vecx k Vecy sin
n0 c m i

Vecy
Inserting value of from 3.11 we get

3Vtc2 nec ek Vecx sin


Vecx k i sin
n0 c m i 2 2 cos 2

3Vtc2 nec ek i Vecx sin 2


Vecx k i
n0c m 2 2 cos 2

3Vtc2 nec ek 2Vecx sin 2


Vecx k
n0 c m 2 2 cos 2

2Vecx sin 2 3Vtc2 nec ek


Vecx k
2 2 cos 2 n0c m

40
2 sin 2 3Vtc2 nec ek
Vecx 1 2 k
2 cos 2 n0c m

nec
Putting value of from equation 3.7

n0 c kVec
2 sin 2 3Vtc2 ek
Vecx 1 2 k
2 cos 2 n0 c m

2 sin 2 3Vtc2 2 ek
Vecx 1 2 2
k Vec
cos
2
2
m

2 sin 2 3Vtc2 ek
Vecx 1 2 k 2
2 cos 2 2 m

2 2 2 cos 2 2 2 sin 2 3Vtc2 2 2 cos 2 k 2 ek


Vecx

cos
2 2 2 2


m

ek

Vecx m


2 2 2 2 2

cos sin 2 3Vtc2 2 2 cos 2 k 2
2




2
2
2
cos 2

ek 2 2
m

2 cos2

Vecx 2 2

2 cos 2 2 2 sin 2 3Vtc2 2 2 cos 2 k 2

41
ek 2 2
m

2 cos 2
Vecx 4

2 2 cos 2 2 2 sin 2 3Vtc2 2 2 cos 2 k 2

ek 2 2
m

2 cos 2
Vecx 4

2 2 cos 2 sin 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2

ek 2 2
m

2 cos2

Vecx 4
3Vtc2 k 2 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2
2 2

ek 2 2
m

2 cos 2
Vecx 4

2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2
3.12

Substituting the above into equation (3.7), the perturbed density of the electrons is determined to
be,
n0 e kVec
nec

ek 2 2
n0e k


m

2 cos 2


nec 4

2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2

n0 e k 2 2 2 cos 2 ek
nec 2 4
m 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2

nec
n0e k

2 2 cos 2 ek

m 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2

42
nec
n0 e k 2 e

2 2 cos 2

m 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2

3.13
Similarly, and by symmetry, the perturbed density of the positrons becomes,

n pc
n0 e k 2 e

2 2 cos 2

m 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2

3.14
From equations (2.1) and (2.2), the perturbed densities for the hot species are given by,
e
neh n0 h
Th
3.15
e
n ph n0 h
Th
3.16
Substituting equations (3.13), (3.14), (3.15) and (3.16), into Poissons equation (3.5), the general
dispersion relation for the two temperature electron positron plasma is found to be
2
0 e n pc nec n ph neh
x 2

n k 2 e
0 e

2 2 cos 2




2

m 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2


0 2 e
x n k 2 e
0e
2
2
cos 2
e e
n0 h n0 h


m 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2

T
h Th

2 n k 2 e

0 2 2e 0e
2 2 cos 2 e
n0 h
x m 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2 Th

43
2 n k2
0 2 2e
2 0 e

2 2 cos 2 1
n0 h

x

m 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2
Th

2 n
0 2 2e
2 0 h

n0 e k 2

2 2 cos 2




x Th

m 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2

2 2
0 2 2e

n0 h m 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2 n0 e k 2 2 2 cos 2 Th


x

4 2

Th m 3Vtc k 3k Vtc cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2


2 2e 2 0 h T
n 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2 n0e k 2 2 2 cos 2 h
m


x 2 0 4 2 2
2 2

Th 3Vtc k 3k Vtc cos 2 2 2 2

2
2

n T
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2 0e k 2 2 2 cos 2 h
n0 h m


x 0 Th

2
3Vtc k 3k Vtc cos
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
n0 h e 2

2

n
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2 0 e k 2 2 2 cos 2 Vth2
n0 h


2
0Th
x

2
3Vtc k 3k Vtc cos
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
n0 h e 2

2
2

4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2 Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos 2


x 2

Dh
2

4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2

44
i k 2
2 2

4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2 Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos 2




Dh
2

4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2

k 2

2 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc22 cos 2 2Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos 2
Dh
2

4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2


4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2
k 2 Dh
2

3k 2V 2 2 cos 2
2
3k 2V 2 2 cos 2
2Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos 2


tc tc

k 2 Dh
2

4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2
2

3k 2V 2 2 cos 2

3k 2V 2 2 cos 2
Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos 2


tc tc

k 2 Dh
2 4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2



4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2
Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos 2
2 3k 2V 2 2 cos 2 3k 2V 2 2 cos 2
tc tc


4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 k 2 2

3k 2V 2 2 cos 2

2
Dh
1 Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos 2
tc


4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2

Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos 2
3k 2V 2 2 cos 2 k 2 Dh
2

tc 2 1

Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos2
4
3V k
2 2 2 2
tc 3k V 2 2
tc cos
2 2
1 12 k 2 Dh
2

3.17
Vea2 k 2 2 Vea2 k 2 2 cos 2
4
3V k
2
2 2
tc
2
3k V cos
2 2 2

1 12 k 2 Dh
tc 2
2

1 12 k 2 Dh
2

Vea2 k 2 2 V 2 k 2 2 cos 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2 ea
1 1
1 k 2Dh 2
1 k 2 Dh2

2 2

45
V 2k2 V 2 k 2 2 cos2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 1ea 2 2 3k 2Vtc2 2 cos 2 ea 1 2 2 0
1 2 k Dh 1 2 k Dh

V 2k2 V 2k2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 1ea 2 2 2 cos 2 3k 2Vtc2 1ea 2 2 0
1 2 k Dh 1 2 k Dh
3.18

Vea n0 c
n0 h Vth
Where is the acoustic speed of the electron-positron plasma, analogous in form to
the electron acoustic speed in an electron-ion plasma [20].

Vth Th
m
Dh 0Th
n0 h e 2

Here, is the thermal velocity of the hot species and is the Debye length
of the hot species.
From equation 3.17

Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos2
4
2
2
3V k 2
tc
2
3k V cos
2 2
tc
1
2 2

1 k 2 Dh2


Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos 2
4
3V k 3k V cos
2 2 2
tc
2 2 2 2
tc
2 2
1
1 k 2 Dh
2

3V k cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos 2 0
tc
1 2 2
1 k Dh
2
3.19
= cos
For wave frequencies much lower than the gyro frequency, satisfying , one obtain for
the associated acoustic mode,
Vea2 k 2 2 Vea2 k 2 2 cos 2
3V k 3k V cos
4 2 2 2
tc
2 2

1 12 k 2Dh2
2 2
tc
2 2

Vea2 k 2 cos 2
3k 2Vtc2 cos 2
1 2 k Dh
1 2 2

3.20

46
k 2 Dh
2
? 1
In the short wavelength limit , the dispersion relation equation (3.19) reduces to,

Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos2
3V k cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
1 12 k 2 Dh
tc 2

Vea2 k 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 cos 2
1 2 2
2 2 cos 2 0
1 k Dh
2

n0 c
Vth k2
n0 h
3Vtc k 3Vtc k cos
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 12 k 2 Dh
2
2 2 cos 2 0

n0c
Vth k2
n0 h
3Vtc k 3Vtc k cos
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

k 0Th
2
2 2 cos 2 0
1
2n0 h e2

n0 c
Vth k2
n0 h
3Vtc k 3Vtc k cos
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2n0 h e k 0Th
2 2
2 2 cos 2 0
2n0 h e 2

n0 c 2n0h e 2
3V k 3V k cos k
4 2 2 2
tc
2 2 2
tc
n0 h
Vth
2 2 2 2

2n0 h e k 0Th
2 2
2 2 cos 2

47
2k 2 n0 cVth e 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 cos 2
2n0 h e2 k 2 0Th

2 2 cos 2

Th
2k 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 cos 2 m
0Th 2
2 cos 2
2n0 h e2 k 2
n0c e2

2k 2Th
Tm
3V k 3V k cos
4 2 2 2
tc
2 2 2
tc
2 2 2
2
2 cos 2
2n0 h e 2 m k 2 0 h
n0c e 2

2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 cos 2 2
2n0 h e m 1

2 2 cos 2
2
2
k Th pc

2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 cos 2
1 2
2 cos 2
0
pc
2

4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 cos 2 2 pc


2
2 2 cos 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 cos 2 2 pc
2
2 2 pc
2
2 cos 2

4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 pc
2
3Vtc2k 22 cos2 2 pc2 2 cos 2 0
3.21
The above equation may be rewritten as
4 2 3Vtc2 k 2 UH
2
3Vtc2 k 22 cos2 2 pc2 2 cos2 0
, 3.22
where

48
UH 2 pc
2

3.23

n0 c e 2
pc
2

0m
is the upper hybrid frequency associated with the cooler species [23], with as the
plasma frequency of the cooler species.

Case No 1: Pure perpendicular propagation

Considering the pure perpendicular ( = 900) limit, the general dispersion relation (3.19), reduces
to:

3V k cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos2 0
1 k
tc 1 2 2
2 Dh

Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos2 90
3V k cos 90
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
1 12 k 2 Dh
tc 2

Vea2 k 2 2
3V k
2 2 2 2 2 2
0
1 12 k 2 Dh
tc 2

Vea2 k 2 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 0
1 12 k 2 Dh
2

Vea2 k 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 1 2 2
0
1 2 k Dh
3.24
Hence the normal mode frequencies are,
=0 3.25
Which is a non-propagating mode and is consistent with that found by Zank and Greaves [16],
Vea2 k 2
2 2 3Vtc2 k 2
1 12 k 2 Dh
2

3.26

49
k 2 Dh
2
? 1
Taking the short wavelength limit ( ) of the above relationship, one obtains,
Vea2
2 2 3Vtc2 k 2
k 2 Dh
1 1 2

2Vea2
2 2 3Vtc2 k 2
Dh
2

2.27
Now we know

n0 c
2 Vth
V n0 h
ea

2 0Th
Dh
n0 h e2

Vea2 n0 c n0 h e 2 Vea2 e 2 n0c


V V
Dh n0 h 0Th Dh 0Th
2 th 2 th

Vea2 Th e2 n0c Vea2 e 2 n0 c



Dh
2
m 0Th Dh
2
m 0

Vea2
pc
2

Dh
2

3.28

Thus for the perpendicular case, in the short wavelength limit, the equation 3.27 become
2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2pc

3.29
This may be written in the form

2 UH
2
3Vtc2 k 2
3.30

50
k 2 Dh
2
=1
In the (opposite) long wavelength limit of the dispersion relation for perpendicular
propagation, equation (3.26) reduces to,
Vea2 k 2
2 2 3Vtc2 k 2
1 12 k 2 Dh
2

2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 Vea2 k 2

3.31

This is the cyclotron mode for the electron-positron plasma with contributions from both
the thermal motion of the adiabatic cooler species and the acoustic motion due to the two species
of different temperatures. It is noted that equation (3.31) differs from the cyclotron mode found
by Zank and Greaves [16]. Due to the introduction of the second species having a different
temperature in our model, there is now a contribution to wave dispersion of the acoustic motion.
To try and understand the physical implications
Case 2: Pure parallel propagation
Considering the limit of parallel propagation ( = 00), the general dispersion relation (3.19)
reduces to,

Vea2 k 2 2 2 cos2
3V k cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
1 12 k 2 Dh
tc 2

3V k
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Vea2 k 2 2 2 0
1 k
tc 1 2 2
2 Dh

Vea2 k 2 2 Vea2 k 2 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 0
1 12 k 2 Dh
2
1 12 k 2 Dh
2

51
V 2 k 2 2 Vea2 k 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 ea1 2 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2
0
1 2 k Dh 1 12 k 2 Dh
3.32

2
Vea2 k 2 2 Vea2 k 2 2 Vea2 k 2
3V k2
2
2
2
2
3V 2 2
k 2
4 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2
1 12 k 2 Dh 1 12 k 2 Dh 1 12 k 2 Dh
tc tc


2

2
Vea2 k 2 2 2 2 Vea2 k 2 2
3V k
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
3V 2 2
k 2 3V k 1 2 2
1 2 k Dh 1 2 k Dh
tc 1 2 2 tc tc
V 2 k 2 2
3V k ea1 2 2
2 2 2

1 2 k Dh
tc

Vea2 k 2 2 Vea2 k 2
2 2
1 2 2
4 3Vtc k 4
2 2 2 2

1 2 k Dh 1 12 k 2 Dh
2

2
Vea2 k 2 2
3V k 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2
2 2
2 2 2
1 2 2
Vea2 k 2 2
tc
1 k Dh
3V k
2 2 2
2

1 12 k 2 Dh
tc 2
Vea2 k 2 2 2 Vea2 k 2 2
2 3Vtc2 k 2 2 1 2 2
1 2 k Dh 1 2 k Dh
1 2 2
2
2

2
V 2 k 2 2 V 2 k 2 2
3V k ea1 2 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 ea1 2 2
2 2

1 2 k Dh
tc
2

1 2 k Dh


2
2

1 2 Vea2 k 2 2 Vea2 k 2 2
3Vtc k 1 2 2 3Vtc k 1 2 2
2

2
2 2

1 2 k Dh
2 2 2

1 2 k Dh

3.33

There exist two possible solutions. Taking the positive sign of the relevant term in equation
(3.33) as the first option yields,

52
2 2
3.34
This is constant frequency, non-propagating cyclotron oscillation also found by Zank and
Greaves.
Taking the negative sign of the term in equation (3.33) yields the normal mode frequency [25].

Vea2 k 2
2 3Vtc2 k 2
1 12 k 2 Dh
2

3.35

Chapter 4

Summary and conclusion

1 Result and discussion

53
Vth Th
m
Normalizing the fluid speeds by the thermal velocity , the particle density by

n0 n0c n0 h Th
the total equilibrium plasma density , the temperatures by , the spatial length by

n0 c e 2
2

Dh 0Th 1

0 m
pc
n0 he2
, and the time by in equation (3.18), yields the normalized
general dispersion relation,
V 2k2 Vea2 k 2
4 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 1ea 2 2 2 cos 2 3k 2Vtc2 2
0
1 2 k Dh 1 12 k 2 Dh

2Vea2 k 2 Vea2 k 2
4 2 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2
cos 2
3k 2 2
V 2
0
1 12 k 2 Dh 1 12 k 2 Dh
2 tc

4 2 2 2 3Vtc2 k 2 2Vea2 k 2 2 cos 2 Vea2 k 2


4 3k Vtc
2 2
2
0
p4 p4 4p p 1 12 k 2 Dh
2
4p 1 12 k 2 Dh

4 2 2 3 Tc m k n0c n0 h Vth2 k 2 n n0 h Vth2 k 2


2
2 cos 2
2 3k Tc m 0c 0
2


p4 p2 p2 p2 1 12 k 2 Dh
2
p4 1 12 k 2 Dh
2

p

54
2 2 2
1 3 Tc m k n0c n0 h Vth2k 2 cos 3k Tc m n0c n0 h Vth k 0
2 2

4 2
R2 p2 p2 1 12 k 2 0Th n0 h e 2 R2 p2 p2 1 12 k 2 0Th n 0 h e2

1 3 T m k 2 n0 cVth2 k 2 cos 2 3k Tc m
2
n0 cVth2 k 2
4 2 c
0
R2 n0 e2 0 m 2p n0 h 12 k 2 0Th e 2 R2 p2 2p n0 h 12 k 2 0T h e2

2

4 1

3Tc k 2
2

n0 c n0 Vth2 k 2 cos 3Tc k
2
n0c n0 Vth2 k 2 0
R 2 n0e 2 0 2 n0 h 1 k 2 0Th 2 R 2 n0e 2 0 p2 nn0 h 12 k 2 0Th n e2
p n0 n0 e 0
2
0

1 3T k 2 2 n0 cVth2 k 2 cos 2 3Tc k 2 D2 n0 cVth2 k 2


2
4 c 2
D
2 2 0
R Th p n0 h 12 k 2 D2 R2 Th p n0 h 12 k 2D2

1 3T k 2 n0 c Vth2 p2 k 2 cos 2 3Tc k 2 n0 c Vth p k


2 2 2

2
4 c
2
0
R Th n0 h 12 k 2 D2 R2 Th n0 h 12 k 2 D2

1 3Tc k 2 n0 c k 2 D2 cos 2 3Tc k 2 n0 c k 2 D2


4 2 0
R
2
Th n0 h 12 k 2 D2 R2 Th n0 h 12 k 2 D2

1 3Tc k 2 n0 c k 2 cos 2 3Tc k 2 n0 c k 2


4 2 0
R
2
Th n0 h 12 k 2 R2 Th n0 h 12 k 2

p k k D n0 h n0 h n0 n0 c n0c n0 R p /
Where , , , and is a measure of the plasma
densities and the strength of the magnetic field. Numerical solutions of the normalized dispersion
relation (3.43) are presented in figures (4.1)-(4.9) for a fixed value of R = 0.333. The value of R=
0.333 is chosen for easy comparison [16].
The investigation begins by focusing on waves that propagate perpendicular to the
magnetic field. Figure 2.1 and 2.2 shows the normalized real frequency as a function of the
normalized wave number for perpendicular propagation for various density and temperature

55
1 10
1

k Dh k D n0 n0 c n0
2
n0 h n0 h
9 n0 h
9
ratios, respectively. Since for we have

k Dh k D k D
and hence . Hence in the short wavelength limit, i.e. large (and therefore large

k Dh
) the mode in figure 4.1 correspond to the dispersion relation (3.30), satisfying the linear

3kVtc k 2Vtc2 ? UH
2

relation for . In this regard, since the temperatures are normalized

/ p 3k D Tc Th 2
1

Th Tc Th 0.01
relative to , in the normalized form one has , for which

k k D
could explain why for large the linear portions of the curves in figure 4.1 have a smaller
slope than the corresponding curves for the single temperature two component plasma in figure

k 2 DH
2
k 2 D2 =1
2(a) of Zank and Greaves[16]. In the opposite limit, (and ) the relevant

k 0, ,
dispersion relation is (3.31), from which when which in normalized form

/ p / p 1/ R R 0.333
corresponds to . For the fixed parameter of this implies that

1/ R 3.0 / p 3.0
.This explains why the curves in figures 4.1 and 4.2 start off with at

k D 0 k D Tc / Th 0.01
. For small values of and with a fixed value of there is a sharp rise in
the frequency curves in figure 4.1. This is a feature of our four component two temperature

noc noc
electron-positron model since the term involving disappears for = 0. Consequently this
behavior is not present in the results of Zank and Greaves [16] in their two component model

56
Tc / Th 0
(see their figure 2(a)). In figure 4.2 the (solid) curve corresponding to is introduced.

Tc / Th 0
The fact that the slope of this curve is different to those corresponding to can be

k 2 D2 ? 1 Tc 0 UH
understood from the dispersion relation (3.30) valid for , Setting yields .
This explains the frequency of the (solid) curve in figure 4.2 reaching a constant value for large

k D UH 9.2 3.03
values of at the normalized value of . The increase in the slope of the

Tc / Th k D
frequency curves with increasing values of for larger values of is in keeping with the

p 3 k D Tc / Th
1
2

dispersion relation . It must be emphasized that the behavior of the


curves in figure 4.2 is a characteristic of four component two temperature electron-positron
plasma and has not been reported in the literature before.
Figures 4.3 and 4.4 shows the normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized
wave number for parallel propagation for various density and temperature ratios respectively,
The figures show the constant frequency ( = ) non-propagating oscillation and the acoustic
mode (equation (3.35)), for which both the density ratios and temperature ratios contribute to the

k 2 DH
2
k 2 D2 =1
wave dynamics. For (and ) the curves satisfy the dispersion relation (3.40), which

p k D 3Tc / Th n0 c n0 h
1
2
Tc / Th
in normalized form corresponds to .For a fixed

n0 c n0 h
value, it is noted that the slope of the curves in figure 4.3 increases sharply when is
increased. This is once again a feature of the four component two temperature electron-positron

k 2 DH
2

plasma and is due to the contribution of the second species. In the opposite limit, i.e. (and

57
k 2 D2 ? 1
) , the curves satisfy the dispersion relation (3.41). It is noted that the behavior of the

k D n0 c n0 h Tc / Th
curves for both large and small values of as well as the variations of and are
similar to those for perpendicular propagation. As before, the patterns can be understood by an
examination of the relevant dispersion relations.
Having looked at perpendicular and parallel propagation, we now look at oblique
propagation. Figure 4.5 is a plot of the normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized
wave number, showing the acoustic and cyclotron branches, for a range of propagation angles. It
is noted that the slope of the curves are much smaller as compared to the single temperature
electron-positron model of Zank and Greaves [16] for the reasons outlined above. It is seen that
the acoustic mode vanishes for = 900. This can be understood from equation (3.20) where = 0

cos
for = 0.
Figure 4.6 (a)-(c) shows the normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave
number for increasing cool to hot density ratios. As pointed out earlier, as the mode initially

k D
begins (small values of ), the steepness of the slope of the curves increase when the density

Tc / Th k D
ratio is increased. It is also observed that for a fixed value, the value at which

n0c
decoupling of the acoustic and cyclotron modes takes place decreases when the density of the
cool species increases, which can be deduced from equation (3.42). Curves (a), (b) and (c) in
figure 4.7 shows increasing cool to hot temperature ratios for the normalized real frequency. The

k D
critical value at which the decoupling takes place is calculated from equation (3.42). As an
illustration, for the parameters corresponding to figures 4.7 (a)-(c), equation (3.42) yields

k D crit
= 17.1, 5.4 and 2.3, respectively, which agrees very well with the values in the curves,

58
k D crit k Dh
noting that (and therefore ) is not much larger than 1 for figure 4.7 (c). It is noted

n0 c n0 h k D
that for a fixed density ratio value, the value for which the two modes decouple

Tc / Th Tc / Th
decreases when is increased. This effect can be seen in equation (3.42). Also as

k D
is increased, the acoustic mode reaches a constant frequency at a smaller value.
Curves (a), (b) and (c) in figures 4.8 and 4.9 show the normalized real frequency for various
propagation angles for different density and temperature ratios respectively. As you move to
larger propagation angles, the separation between the modes become more distinct, with the
acoustic mode eventually disappearing as you go to perpendicular propagation, as shown in
figures 4.1 and 4.2, and which can be deduced from equation (3.20).

59
Figure 4.1: Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number. The fixed

Tc / Th 90
parameters are R = 0.333, = 0.01 and = . The curves represent different values of the

n0c n0 h
equilibrium density ratio = 0.11 (solid), 0.43 (dashed), 1.0 (dash dot), and 1.33(dotted)

. Figure
4.2: Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number. The fixedplasma

n0c n0 h 90
parameters are R = 0.333, = 0.11and = . The curves represent different values of the

Tc / Th
temperature ratio = 0.0 (solid), 0.01 (dashed), 0.02 (dashed dot), and 0.05 (dotted).

60
Figure 4.3: Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number. The fixed

Tc / Th
parameters are R = 0.333, = 0.01 and = 0 . The curves represent different values of the
o

n0c n0 h
equilibrium density ratio = 0.11 (solid), 0.43 (dashed), 1.0 (dashed dot), and 1.33 (dotted).

61
Figure
4.4:

Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number. The fixed plasma

n0 c n0 h
parameters are R = 0.333, = 0.11 and = 0 . The curves represent different values of the
o

Tc / Th
temperature ratio = 0.01 (solid), 0.02 (dashed), 0.05 (dot dashed), and 0.1 (dotted).

62
Figure 4.5: Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number showing the
acoustic and cyclotron branches for various angles of propagation = 0 (solid), 9 (dashed), 22.5
o o o

Tc / Th
(dot dashed), and 45 (dotted) . The fixed plasma parameters are R = 0.333,
o
= 0.01 and

n0 c n0 h
=0.1

(a)

63
(b)

(c)

Figure 4.6: Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number for various

n0 c n0 h
density ratios = (a) 0.11, (b) 0.30 and (c) 0.60. The fixed parameters are R = 0.333 and

64
Tc / Th
= 0.01. The curves represent different values of the propagation angles = 0 (solid), 9
o o

(dashed), 22.5 (dot dashed), and 45 (dotted).


o o

(a)

(b)

(c)

65
Figure 4.7: Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number for various

Tc / Th
temperature ratios = (a) 0.01, (b) 0.1 and (c) 0.5. The fixed parameters are R = 0.333 and

n0c n0h
= 0.11. The curves represent different values of the propagation angles = 0 (solid), 9
o o

(Dashed), 22.5 (dot dashed), and 45 (dotted).


o o

(a)

(b)

(c)

66
Figure 4.8: Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number for various

Tc / Th
propagation angles = (a) 15 , (b) 45 and (c) 80 . The fixed parameters are R = 0.333 and
o o o
=

n0c n0h
0.01. The curves represent different values of the equilibrium density ratio = 0.11 (solid),
0.43 (dashed), 1.0 (dot dashed), and 2.33 (dotted).
(a)

(b)

67
(c)

Figure 4.9: Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number for various
propagation angles = (a) 15o, (b) 45o and (c) 80o. The fixed parameters are R = 0.333 and

n0 c n0 h Tc / Th
= 0.11. The curves represent different values of the temperature ratio = 0.01 (solid),
0.02 (dashed), 0.05 (dot dashed), and 0.1 (dotted).

68
Figure 4.10: Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number. The fixed

Tc / Th n0 c n0 h
plasma parameters are = 0.01, = 0.11 and = 45o. The curves represent values for
R = 0.2 (solid), 0.33 (dashed), 0.5 (dot dashed), and 1.0 (dotted).

(a)

69
(b)

(c)

Figure 4.11: Normalized real frequency as a function of the normalized wave number for various

Tc / Th
values of R = (a) 0.2, (b) 0.5 and (c) 2.0. The fixed parameters are = 45o and = 0.01. The

n0 c n0 h
curves represent different values of the equilibrium density ratio = 0.11 (solid), 0.43

70
(Dashed), 1.0 (dot dashed), and 2.33 (dotted).

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