Anda di halaman 1dari 16

Chapter 11

Measurement

51. What are the four characteristics of mapping rules? Which of the four types of data
corresponds with the possible combinations of these characteristics? Provide an
example for each.

52. Name the four sources of error in measurement and provide an example for each.

53. Explain the three characteristics of a good measurement tool.

11-1
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
54. What are the three dimensions of reliability? For each dimension, explain its meaning.
What type of test can be used to assess each dimension?

11-2
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 11 Measurement Answer Key

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Measurement in research consists of assigning numbers to _____ in compliance with


a set of rules.

A. events
B. objects
C. properties
D. activities
E. all of the above

Level: Easy

2. A _____ is a scheme for assigning numbers of symbols to represent aspects of the


event being measured.

A. measurement tool
B. mapping rule
C. ruler
D. scale
E. property

Level: Easy

3. What is the goal of measurement in research?

A. To reflect both quantitative and qualitative concepts


B. To provide the highest-quality, lowest error data for data analysis
C. To describe, explain, and make predictions based on the information
D. To attach meaning to symbols
E. To specify the empirical information needed

Level: Moderate

11-3
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
4. A(n) _____ defines a variable in terms of specific measurement criteria.

A. operational definition
B. empirical definition
C. measurement rule
D. mapping rule
E. conceptual definition

Level: Moderate

5. Which of the following is not an example of an object?

A. Attitude
B. Furniture
C. Dog
D. Class affiliation
E. Weight

Level: Easy

6. Weight, height, and temperature are all types of _____.

A. objects
B. physical properties
C. psychological properties
D. constructs
E. mapping rules

Level: Moderate

7. Attitudes are a type of _____.

A. object
B. physical property
C. psychological property
D. social property
E. mapping rule

Level: Easy

8. Socioeconomic class affiliation is a type of _____.

A. object
B. physical property
C. psychological property
D. social property
E. mapping rule

Level: Easy

11-4
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
9. Which characteristic of mapping rules refers to the numbers used to group or sort
responses when no order to the numbers exists?

A. Classification
B. Order
C. Distance
D. Origin
E. Exclusivity

Level: Moderate

10. Which characteristic of mapping rules refers to ordered numbers in which one
number is greater than, less than, or equal to another number?

A. Classification
B. Order
C. Distance
D. Origin
E. Exclusivity

Level: Moderate

11. Order, one of the four characteristics of mapping rules, refers to _____.

A. the use of ordered numbers such that two is less than three but greater than
one
B. the use of numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the
numbers exists
C. the use of a series of numbers in which each number is an equal distance from
the next
D. the use of a series of numbers with a unique origin indicated by the number
zero
E. the use of a number that is not used again

Level: Moderate

12. Which characteristic of mapping rules refers to a series of numbers in which each
number in the series is an equal distance from the next number?

A. Classification
B. Order
C. Distance
D. Origin
E. Exclusivity

Level: Moderate

11-5
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
13. Distance, one of the four characteristics of mapping rules, refers to _____.

A. the use of ordered numbers such that two is less than three but greater than
one
B. the use of numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the
numbers exists
C. the use of a series of numbers in which each number is an equal distance from
the next
D. the use of a series of numbers with a unique origin indicated by the number
zero
E. the use of a number that is not used again

Level: Moderate

14. Origin, one of the four characteristics of mapping rules, refers to _____.

A. the use of ordered numbers such that two is less than three but greater than
one
B. the use of numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the
numbers exists
C. the use of a series of numbers in which each number is an equal distance from
the next
D. the use of a series of numbers with a unique origin indicated by the number
zero
E. the use of a number that is not used again

Level: Moderate

15. Which characteristics of data are exhibited by the variable, gender?

A. Classification only
B. Classification and order
C. Classification, order, and distance
D. Classification, order, distance, and origin
E. Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

Level: Moderate

16. LeBron James wears the number 23 on his jersey. Which of the following
characteristics is exhibited by this number?

A. Distance
B. Order
C. Classification
D. Origin
E. Exclusivity

Level: Moderate

11-6
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
17. To ride the roller coaster ride at an amusement park, customers must report their
weight to the ride attendant. Which of the following characteristics are exhibited by
weight?

A. Classification only
B. Classification and order
C. Classification, order, and distance
D. Classification, order, distance, and origin
E. Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

Level: Moderate

18. Attendance at raceways most recent two races have hit attendance records with
60,000 present at one and 65,000 present at another. Which of the following
characteristics are exhibited by these attendance measures?

A. Classification only
B. Classification and order
C. Classification, order, and distance
D. Classification, order, distance, and origin
E. Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

Level: Moderate

19. The record low in Buffalo, New York for February 16 this 20 degrees below 0. Which
of the following characteristics are exhibited by this temperature?

A. Classification only
B. Classification and order
C. Classification, order, and distance
D. Classification, order, distance, and origin
E. Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

Level: Moderate

20. The New York Times Dining Section rates the restaurants it reviews using a system
such that one star means good, two stars means very good, three stars means
excellent, and four stars means extraordinary. Which of the following characteristics
are exhibited by this rating scheme?

A. Classification only
B. Classification and order
C. Classification, order, and distance
D. Classification, order, distance, and origin
E. Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

Level: Difficult

11-7
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
21. A nominal scale contains _____.

A. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property


of order, but not distance or unique origin
B. the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no
unique origin
C. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the
properties of order, distance, and origin
D. the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin
E. the four major sources of error

Level: Easy

22. In a survey of football fans, each respondent is asked to indicate whether they have
ever attended an NFL game. This question can be categorized as a(n) _____ scale.

A. ratio
B. interval
C. ordinal
D. nominal
E. semantic differential

Level: Moderate

23. When the groups are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, nominal scales
must be limited to _____ groups.

A. two
B. three
C. five
D. ten
E. there is no limit

Level: Moderate

24. When analyzing nominal data, which measure of central tendency is appropriate?

A. mean
B. mode
C. median
D. range
E. dispersion

Level: Moderate

11-8
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
25. _____ describes how scores cluster or scatter in a distribution.

A. Mode
B. Mean
C. Median
D. Dispersion
E. Range

Level: Easy

26. An ordinal scale contains _____.

A. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property


of order, but not distance or unique origin
B. the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no
unique origin
C. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the
properties of order, distance, and origin
D. the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin
E. the four major sources of error

Level: Easy

27. The New York Times Dining Section rates the restaurants it reviews using a system
such that one star means good, two stars means very good, three stars means
excellent, and four stars means extraordinary. This is a type of _____ scale.

A. ratio
B. interval
C. ordinal
D. nominal
E. semantic differential

Level: Moderate

28. The appropriate measure of central tendency for an ordinal scale is the _____.

A. mode
B. mean
C. median
D. range
E. dispersion

Level: Moderate

11-9
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
29. An interval scale contains _____.

A. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property


of order, but not distance or unique origin
B. the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no
unique origin
C. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the
properties of order, distance, and origin
D. the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin
E. the four major sources of error

Level: Easy

30. Calendar time is expressed on a(n) _____ scale while minutes, hours, and days are
expressed on a(n) _____ scale.

A. nominal; ordinal
B. ordinal; interval
C. interval; ratio
D. ordinal; ratio
E. nominal; interval

Level: Difficult

31. Which measure of central tendency is appropriate for interval scales?

A. Mode
B. Mean
C. Median
D. Range
E. Dispersion

Level: Easy

32. The _____ is the midpoint of a distribution.

A. mode
B. median
C. mean
D. range
E. dispersion

Level: Easy

In the results of the most recent exam taken in the business research class, the
average score was a 74.4. More students earned a 78 than any other score and half
the grades were above 72 and half the grades were below 72.

11-10
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
33. What is the mode for the business research exam scores?

A. 74.4
B. 78
C. 72
D. 50
E. Between 50 and 100

Level: Easy

34. What is the median for the business research exam scores?

A. 74.4
B. 78
C. 72
D. 50
E. Between 50 and 100

Level: Easy

35. What is the arithmetic mean for the business research exam scores?

A. 74.4
B. 78
C. 72
D. 50
E. Between 50 and 100

Level: Easy

36. A ratio scale contains _____.

A. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property


of order, but not distance or unique origin
B. the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no
unique origin
C. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the
properties of order, distance, and origin
D. the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin
E. the four major sources of error

Level: Easy

11-11
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
37. The population of a city is an example of _____ data.

A. ratio
B. interval
C. nominal
D. ordinal
E. dispersed

Level: Moderate

38. Random error in measurement is the error that occurs _____.

A. erratically
B. due to bias
C. systematically
D. due to sampling
E. none of the above

Level: Moderate

39. The effects of fatigue, boredom, and social class on the measurement of an object
are all errors originating from the _____.

A. situational factors
B. respondent
C. interviewer
D. instrument
E. sample

Level: Easy

40. Differences in respondent responses associated with where the interview took
place, such as at the mall, in a home, or over the telephone are errors originating
from the _____ associated with the study.

A. situational factors
B. respondent
C. interviewer
D. instrument
E. sample

Level: Easy

11-12
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
41. _____ is the extent to which a measurement tool actually measures what we wish to
measure.

A. Reliability
B. Validity
C. Practicality
D. Significance
E. Standardization

Level: Moderate

42. _____ is the extent to which a measurement is accurate and precise.

A. Reliability
B. Validity
C. Practicality
D. Significance
E. Standardization

Level: Moderate

43. Which of the following types of validity refers to the extent to which measurement
scales provide adequate coverage of the investigative questions?

A. External
B. Content
C. Criterion-related
D. Construct
E. Discriminant

Level: Moderate

44. An attitude scale that correctly forecasts the outcome of a purchase decision has
_____ validity.

A. discriminant
B. content
C. face
D. concurrent
E. predictive

Level: Difficult

11-13
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
45. Convergent validity and discriminant validity are components of _____ validity.

A. external
B. internal
C. criterion-related
D. construct
E. content

Level: Moderate

46. Which type of validity refers to the degree to which scores on one scale correlate
with scores on other scales designed to assess the same construct?

A. Predictive
B. Concurrent
C. Convergent
D. Discriminant
E. Content

Level: Moderate

The U.S. News and World Report is assessing the reliability of its measure of
academic reputation used in its annual ranking of colleges and universities. To do
so, it administers the same questions on academic reputation to its sample of
academic administrators in March and again in June.

47. Which type of test is used in the U.S. News and World Report example to assess
reliability?

A. Split-half
B. Test-retest
C. Cronbach's alpha
D. Parallel forms
E. None of the above

Level: Moderate

48. Which statistical technique listed below would be used to compare the results of
the March survey to the results of the June survey in the U.S. News and World
Report's assessment of reliability?

A. Mean
B. Dispersion
C. Correlation
D. Regression
E. ANOVA

Level: Difficult

11-14
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
49. If the U.S. News and World Report seeks to assess equivalence of alternate forms of
measuring academic reputation, it should utilize a _____ type of test.

A. test-retest
B. Cronbach's alpha
C. parallel forms
D. split-half
E. KR20

Level: Moderate

50. In the U.S. News and World Report study of school rankings, academic reputation is
measured with five questions about each university. Which test will assess the
extent to which those five items reflect academic reputation?

A. Test-retest
B. Cronbach's alpha
C. Parallel forms
D. Split-half
E. KR20

Level: Moderate

Essay Questions

51. What are the four characteristics of mapping rules? Which of the four types of data
corresponds with the possible combinations of these characteristics? Provide an
example for each.

The four characteristics of mapping rules are classification, order, distance, and
origin. The four types of data are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal data
have the characteristic of classification. Gender (male or female) is an example of
nominal data. Ordinal data have the characteristics of classification and order. The
ratings of restaurants is an example of ordinal data. Interval data have the
characteristics of classification, order, and distance. Temperature is an example of
interval data. Ratio data have the characteristics of classification, order, distance,
and origin. Age, in absolute terms, is an example of ratio data.

Level: Moderate

11-15
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
52. Name the four sources of error in measurement and provide an example for each.

The four sources of error are the respondent, situational factors, the measurer and
the instrument. The respondent can create error due to stable characteristics like
personality and due to temporary factors such as boredom. The situation can also
affect measurement. For instance, one concern in conducting telephone interviews
with mobile telephones is that the location of the respondent cannot be controlled.
The interviewer can also distort responses by rewording, paraphrasing, or
reordering questions. Finally, the instrument itself may be defective.

Level: Moderate

53. Explain the three characteristics of a good measurement tool.

The three characteristics of a good measurement tool are validity, reliability, and
practicality. Validity means that the test measures what we actually want to
measure. Reliability has to do with the accuracy and precision of the measurement
procedure. Practicality has to do with the economics, convenience, and
interpretability of the measurement tool.

Level: Easy

54. What are the three dimensions of reliability? For each dimension, explain its
meaning. What type of test can be used to assess each dimension?

The three dimensions of reliability are stability, equivalence, and internal


consistency. Stability refers to the consistency of results over repeated measures.
Equivalence refers to the degree of consistency in results when measures are made
by different investigators or with different samples or instruments. Internal
consistency ensures that the items used in measurement are homogeneous. To
assess stability, one uses the test-retest technique. Equivalence is assessed using a
parallel forms examination of alternate forms of the same measure. Cronbach's
alpha is used to assess internal consistency.

Level: Difficult

11-16
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai