CHAPTER I
In order to design a fixed bed reactor, below is the algorithm of the steps taken for
chemical design of fixed bed reactor.
1-1
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
1-2
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
From the differences above, it has been decided that fixed bed reactor is
better for hydroformylation process because it is efficient but easy to conduct, to
maintain and cheaper than others reactor. Besides that, it is also because catalyst
that has been used is in solid phase.
1-3
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Generally, the fixed bed is design to produce propanal with rhodium as catalyst at
temperature 100oC and pressure 1000 kPa respectively. The reactor is catalytic
reactor with rhodium as catalyst in the tubes and water as a cooling on the shell
side. This reactor operated at vertical position. Table below shows conditions of the
hydroformylation process.
1-4
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Table 1.3 Components mole flows and mass flows of inlet and outlet streams.
Inlet Outlet
Components Mole flows, Mass flows, Mole flows, Mass flows,
kmol/h kg/h kmol/h kg/h
Ethylene 641.93 18 008.58 192.58 5402.60
Carbon
2888.60 80912 2503.40 70124
monoxide
Hydrogen 2889 5824.22 2439.60 4918.30
Propanal - - 385.16 22370
Ethane - - 64.19 1930.30
1.2 REACTION
1.2.1 Reaction Rate
The reaction invoved in the fixed bed reactor:
C2 H 4 CO H 2 C3 H 6 O C2 H 6
(1.2)
C A C B CC C D C E
(1.3)
To ensure the validity of the reaction and equations used in designing the reactor,
this assumption has been made:
The reaction is in steady state.
The reaction order is valid for the reactions above like in the journal.
Irreversible reaction.
The general reaction rate for this reaction is like equation below.
dCA
rA kCACBCC
dt (1.4)
1-5
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
From the in formations given, reaction rate of the process will become;
dC A
For propanal : rA kC1A.1C B0.5 C C0.8
dt (1.5)
dC A
For ethane : rA kC1A.1C B1.3 CC0.8
dt (1.6)
1-6
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Arrhenius equation
Ea
k exp k o exp RT
(1.7)
Where:
Ea = activation energyfor components, cal/mol
R = constant, 1.987 cal/mol.K
T = temperature of the components,K
The results of the calculation recorded in the table below.
Density of the reactants at the initial streams must be treated as mixture not by
single component density.
mixture a xa b xb c xc
(1.8)
(References: www.wikibook.org)
In order to calculate volume flow rate of the reactants, total mass flow rate is divided
by density mixture.
1
Flow rate in total mass flowrate , kg / hr
mixture density
(1.9)
1-7
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
1 m3
Flow rate in (18008.576 80912 5824.2241) kg / hr
1.11704 kg
93769.96 m 3 / hr
1 hr
C BO 2888.6 kmol / hr 3
0.0308052 kmol / m 3
93769.96 , m
1 hr
C CO 2889 kmol / hr 3
0.030809 kmol / m 3
93769.96 , m
The reaction between syn gas and ethylene will produce two products which are
propanal and ethane. In order to find the volume of the reactor for the reaction,
reaction rate of both products should be calculated and a graph of 1/reaction rate
versus conversion should be draw. The area under the graph represent the value of
volume of reactor divide by initial ethylene molar flowrate like shown
below.(Sources:Hiromichi Arai)
Volume of reactor , V
Area under the graph
Initial molar flowrate of ethylene , FAO
(1.11)
1-8
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Sample of calculation:
Concentaration of propanal at X a = 0.2 by adapting equation 1.5.
dC A
rA kC1A.1C B0.5 C C0.8
dt
rA (926.78)(5.48)1.1 (26.62) 0.5 (24.65) 0.8 15.736 kmol / m 3 .hr
Reaction rate of every product is calculated by using equation 1.5 and 1.6. The
results are shown in the Table 1.8 below.
1-9
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
fx1 ( fx 2 fx 3 ) fx 4
Area under the graph (b a)
8 (1.12)
Based on the facts that volume of reactor is area under the graph times initial
concentration of ethylene, thus the volume of reactor is
25.47
D3
D2 m
1-10
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Height reactor 8m
Diameter reactor 2m
1.3 CATALYST
1.3.1 Catalyst Selection
1-11
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
For the fixed bed, the common catalyst size is between 0.1 to 10 mm and it
preferrable if the size is between 0.5 to 5 mm. (Reference: Smith J.M, Chemical
Engineering Kinetics, 1981). Below are the properties of the rhodium catalyst
Items Values
Particle density, p 12.41 g/cm3 or 12 410 kg/m3
Bulk density, b 573 kg/m3
Diameter particle, d 5 mm or 5 x 10-3 m
Surface area, SA 150 m2/g or 1.5 x 105 m2/kg
Pore volume 0.55 ml/g or 5.5 x 10-4 m3/kg
(Reference: www.en.wikipedia.org/rhodium)
1-12
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
be absorb the heat flow out at 50 oC. Fluid allocation in the tube and shell is
summarized in the table 1.11 below.
Temperature
t1 t2 T1 T2
symbol
Temperature,
o
100 100 25 50
C
T1 t 2 T2 t1
Tlm
T t
ln 1 2
T2 t1 (1.19)
Tlm
25 100 50 100
ln
25 100
50 100
Tlm 61.66
1-13
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
T1 T2
R
t 2 t1 (1.21)
25 50
R 0
100 100
t 2 t1
S
T1 t1 (1.22)
100 100
S 0
25 100
Thus,
Tm 1 61.66 61.66
As mention above, to keep the temperature maintained, heat released from the
reaction need to be transferred outside the reactor and it is related to the amount of
heat transfer area available or needed in the reactor. Total area needed for heat
transfer is calculated using equation given. (Reference: Coulson &
Richardson,1999)
Q UATlm (1.23)
Q
A
UTlm
Where
(Sources: www.engineeringtoolbox.com)
1-14
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Cooling water amount needed in order to control the temperature in the reactor to
13102.78
m 122.6 kg / s
4.2736 (50 25)
Items Values
1.5 TUBES
To calculate the number of tube there are certain calculations needed to be done.
As refer to Table A.1(Appendix A), the standard dimensions of tube used in the
industry was given. (Coulson & Richardsons,1999). Assume that;
Length, L (m) 8
1-15
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Length of the tubes is the same as length of the reactor. (Coulson & Richardsons,
1999). The diameter of fixed bed reactor should be less than 5 or 7 cm in other to
give stable thermal stability and efficient heat removal from the tubes. (Sources:
Heat Exchanger for Carrying Out An Exothermic Reaction, Anne Boer 2007)
From the information on the Table 1.13, surface area of one tube, A s can be
determined using equation given:
A Do L (1.25)
A 0.05 8 1.26 m 2
312.5
Nt 248 tubes
1.26
Tube pitch, Pt is a length of distance between two tubes. The recommended tube
pitch is 1.25 times the tube outside diameter, D o.(Coulson & Richardsons, 1999). A
larger tube pitch leads to a larger overall shell diameter which leads to a more
expensive heat exchanger. (Sources: wikipedia.com)
Pt 1.25 Do
(1.27)
Pt 1.25 0.05 0.0625 m
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
1-16
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
There are four patterns that can be use in order to arrange the tubes which are
triangular (30), rotated triangular (60), square (90) and rotated square (45) like
figure shown above. Triangular and rotated square arrangement gives higher heat
transfer compared to square arrangement. Meanwhile, square patterns are
employed where high fouling is experienced and cleaning is more regular. Because
of the reaction involve in hydroformylation process is very exothermic, it is the best
to choose triangular arrangement. (Figure 12.9, Coulson & Richardsons, 1999).
Pressure drop in the tube side is calculated using equation below which is known
as Ergun equation.
L
m
u 2
Pt N p 8 j f 2.5 t
Di w 2
(1.28)
Where
Np = Number of pass,1
L = Length of tube, 8m
1-17
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
mixture a xa b xb c xc
(1.29)
mixture (1.178 0.17) (1.184 0.77) (0.085 0.06)
1.117 kg / m 3
Area of one tube 0.046 0.0361 m 2
4
29.096
Mass velocity 3.25 kg / m 2 s
8.96
Mass velocity
Linear velocity , u t
Mixture density
(1.33)
3.25
Linear velocity , u t 2.91 m / s
1.117
1-18
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
mix i xi j x j k xk
(1.34)
u t Di
Re
(1.35)
From the Figure A.2 (Appendix A) (Coulson & Richardsons, 1999), friction factor at
Reynold number 1.08349 x10 4 is
jF = 4.5 x 10-3
m
Value is neglected
w
L
m
u 2
Pt N p 8 j f 2.5 t
Di w 2
3 8 1.117 2.91
2
Pt 18(4.5 10 )
2.5 41 Pa
0.046
2
The flow of the fluid can be design whether single passes(1-1 parallel flow), 2
passes tube side (1-2 crossflow) or 2 passes tube side). Cocurrent flow is when both
fluid are in the parallel and countercurrent when the flow is from opposite end.
(Coulson & Richardsons, 1999) For this reactor, single pass tube and single pass
shell are used.
1-19
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
1
N n1
Db Do t
k1 (1.36)
Where k1 and n1 are constant and value of Do and Db in millimeter,mm. (Coulson &
Richardsons, 1999). Value of k1 and n1 get from Table A.2 (Appendix A). From the
table the chosen value of k1 and n1 are 0.319 and 2.142 respectively for triangular
pitch. Thus bundle diameter can be calculated.
1
248 2.142
Db 50
0.319
Db 1118.11 mm 1.12 m
The number of tubes in the centre row can be calculated using given equation.
(Coulson & Richardsons, 1999)
Db 1.12
Tubes in center row 17.92 18 tubes
Pt 0.0625 (1.37)
1.5.10 Baffles
Baffles are used in the shell to direct the fluid stream across the tubes, to increase
the fluid velocity and so improve the rate of transfer. It also to hold the tubes from
bend when the heat is released from the reaction in the tubes. Baffles spacing is no
closer than 20% of shells inner diameter. The optimum spacing is 0.3 to 0.5 times
the shells inner diameter. The space between them cannot be too closed because it
will cause increase in pressure change, P and can cause redirection of the flow.
(Coulson & Richardsons, 1999)
1-20
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
L
Nb 1
Bs (1.38)
Where;
Nb = number of baffles
L = length or height of reactor, 8 m
Bs = baffles spacing, 0.5 from shell diameter, 2 m
8
Nb 1 7 baffles
0.5 2
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
1.6 SHELL
1.6.1 Shell Diameter, Ds
The diameter of shell is calculated using equation below.
Shell side equivalent diameter is calculated based on the tube arrangements choose
for the reactor which is square arrangement. The equation is shown below.
P 1 Do2
4 t 0.86 Pt
De 2 2 4
Do
2 (1.40)
0.0625 1 (0.05)
2
4 (0.86 0.0625)
2
2 4
De
(0.05)
2
De 8.88 mm
1-21
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Because of the inlet and outlet temperature of cooling water is not the same the
properties should be taken at the mean temperature.
25 50
Mean temperatur e 37.5 C
O
(1.41)
2
The density and viscosity of water at 38 oC is get by interpolation and the result
shown in the following table.
( Pt Do ) Ds Bs
Area, As (1.42)
Pt
(0.0625 0.05)(2)(1)
As 0.4 m 2
0.0625
Mass flowrate , Ws
Mass velocity , G s (1.43)
Area, As
1-22
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
122.6
Gs 306.5 kg / m 2 .s
0.4
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
Mass velocity , G s
Velocity , u s (1.44)
Density ,
306.5
us 0.3987 m / s
992.8
Reynold number is determined in order to determine shell side friction factor at the
Appendix A.
u s Di
Re
(1.45)
(992.8 0.3087 2)
Re 3
8.98 10 5
0.682 10
Based on the Table A.4 (Appendix A) the friction factor, jF is 2.5 x 10-2.
Pressure drop in the shell side can be determining using equation below.
(Coulson and Richardsons, 1999)
m
D L water u s2
Ps 8 j f s
De Bs 2 w (1.46)
m
Since w thus is neglected and equation becomes
w
D L wateru s2
Ps 8 j f s
De Bs 2
1-23
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
1.138 8 (992.8)(0.3087)
2
Ps 8(2.5 10 2
3
9787 Pa 9.787 kPa
8.88 10 1 2
Items Values
Volume of reactor, Vr 25.47 m
Height of reactor 8m
Diameter of reactor 2m
Residence time, 0.986 s
Volume of catalyst, Vc 12.735 m3
Weight of catalyst, W c 7297.16 kg
Mass of cooling water 122.6 kg/s
Outside diameter of tube, Do 0.05 m
Thickness tube, t 0.002 m
Number of tubes, Nb 248
Tubes pitch, Pt 0.0625 m
Tubes pressure drop, Pt 41 Pa
Bundle diameter, Db 1.12 m
Number of Baffles, Nb 7
Shell diameter, Ds 1.138 m
Shell side equivalent diameter, De 8.8 x 10-3 m
Shell pressure drop, Ps 9.79 kPa
1-24
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
1.7.1 Introduction
In the mechanical design chapter, the vessel is design based on the functions of the
vessel, process materials and services, operating temperature, operating pressure,
materials of constructions, vessel dimensions and orientation, types of vessel heads
to be used, opening and connections required and specifications of heating and
cooling jackets or coils.(Coulson and Richardson, 1999)
1-25
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
many more. Factors that affect the material should be considered in order to choose
the best material for the construction. Characteristics that must be observed like
mechanical properties, effect of high and low temperatures, corrosion resistance,
ease of fabrication, availability in standard sizes and most important one is cost of
the material. The most economical material always been chosen because it satisfies
both process and mechanical requirements. This material will give the lowest cost
over the working life of the plant, allowing for maintenance and replacement. Other
factors that taken into consideration such as product contamination and process
safety. For the fixed bed reactor, the material use is stainless steel due to the
exothermic process, corrosive and reactive reaction involves. There are three types
of stainless steel which are SS 304, SS321 and SS 316. Stainless steel 304 will be
used based on commonly used in the industry and economic saves.
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
Where
Pi = Internal pressure
f = Design stress
1-26
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Torisphere Head
Crown radius, RC = Di = 2 meter
Knuckle radius, Rk = 6 percent Rc = 0.12 meter
A head of this size would be formed by pressing: no joints, so J=1
1 RC
CS 3
4 RK
(1.49)
1 2
C S 3
4 0.12
C S 1.77
e
1.120001.77
2(145) 1.1(1.77 0.2)
e 13.508 mm
1-27
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Ellipsoidal head
For the ellipsoidaal head, the calculation shown below.
Pi Di
e
2 Jf 0.2 Pi (1.51)
(1.1)(2000)
e
2(145) (0.2)(1.1)
e 7.60 mm
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
From the proof of the calculation, ellipsoidal head has been chosen as the head of
the reactor. This is due to the cost, strength and the thickness required for the head.
Ellipsoidal head is commonly used for the vessel having operating pressure above
15 bar. The calculation shows ellipsoidal head is the most saving cost with the small
thickness needed. The thickness of the domed head for the vessel taken will be the
same as the wall thickness which is 12 mm.
1-28
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
For this section, to get the rough estimate of weight of this vessel the average of
thickness is found by using five different section in the column increasing with 2 mm
per section. The value of 10, 12, 14, 16, until 18 mm . Average thickness 14 mm is
estimated as the thickness of the weight of the vessel.( Coulson & Richardson,
1999)
2401.152.0148.0 0.82.01414
74795.28 N
Wv 74.795 kN
Where
Nt = Number of tubes
Do = Outer tube diameter
Di = Inner tube diameter
L= Length of tube
m = Density of vessel material, Stainless steel
g = Gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/s2
1-29
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Wcw Vg (1.55)
Thus,
Wcw 7.41 9.81 992.8
Wcw 72162.36 N
1.7.8.5 Insulator
Weight of insulation
For the insulation purpose mineral wool material is chose. Density of wool is
130 kg / m 3 (Coulson & Richardsons, 1999). By taking the thickness of wool use for
Winsulator vg
Winsulator 3.77 130 9.81 (1.57)
Winsulator 4807.77 N
1-30
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Wtotal vessel weight vessel weight tubes weight catalyst weight insulation
WT Wv Wt Wc Wins
WT 74795.28 188541.66 71585 4807.77 339.73 kN
1.7.8.6 Wind
A vessel installed in the open must be designed to withstand the weight bending
stress caused by wind loading. The wind loading is a function of the wind velocity,
air density and the shape of structure. A wind speed of 160 km/hr is used for
preliminary design.
For a cylindrical column, the following semi-empirical equation can be used to
estimate the wind pressure.
Pw 0.05U w
2
(1.58)
Where
Pw = Wind pressure
Uw = Wind speed, 160 km/h
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
Pw 0.05(160) 2 1280 N / m 2
Then, Deff must be calculate before determine the F w which is loading per linear
meter.
Deff Di 2t t insulation (1.59)
Deff 2 20.014 0.075
Deff 2.178 m
Loading, (per linear meter), Fw Pwind Deff (1.60)
Where
Pwind = 1280 N/m2
1-31
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
It will become,
Fw Pwind Deff
Fw 1280(2.178)
Fw 2787.84 N / m 2
Fw
Bending moment at bottom tangent line M x H v 2
2 (1.61)
Where
Fw = Loading per linear meter
Hv = Height or length between tangent lines
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
From equation 1.61, bending moment is
Fw
Mx H v 2
2
2787.84 2
Mx (8)
2
M x 89210.06 N .m
28.57 N / mm 2
Where
Pi = Internal diameter
Di = Internal diameter of shell
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
Pi Di
H (1.63)
4t
1.12000
414
39.29 N / mm 2
1-32
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Iv
64
Do
4
Di
4
(1.66)
Where
Iv = Second bending moment
Do = Outer diameter
Di = Inner diameter
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
Iv
64
2028 4
2000 4
I v 4.49 x1010 mm 4
M D
b x i t (1.67)
I v 2
Where
Mx = Bending moment
Iv = Second bending moment
Di = Internal diameter
1-33
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
89210.06 10 3 2000
b 14 2.015 N / mm 2
4.49 10 2
9
Because of this value smaller than design stress, 145 N/mm2 it means the design is
satisfactory.
1-34
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
temperature, design pressure , vessel location and internal and external fittings and
attachment. Besides the supports should be designed to allow easy access to the
vessel and fittings for inspection and maintenance.
Skirt supports for reactor at ambient temperature:
Type of support : Straight cylindrical skirt ( s 90 0 )
Approximate weight, W Approx Di H v L g (1.70)
4
Where
Di = Internal diameter
Hv = Height or length between tangent lines
L = Density water,992.8 kg/m3
g = Gravitational accelaration, 9.81 m/s
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
W Approx 22 992.889.81
4
WApprox 122388 N 122.39 kN
M s Fw H v H s / 2
2
(1.72)
1-35
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Where
Ms = Bending moment at base of the skirt
Fw = Loading per linear meter
Hv = Height or length between tangent lines
Hs = Skirt height
(Source: Coulson & Richardson, 1999)
M s 2787.8 8 3 2
2
M s 168661.9 N / m
M s 168.67 kN / m
b skirt
4 168664.32 10 3
2000 14200014
b skirt 3.81N / mm 2
1-36
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
By following Scheiman rules for selection of anchor bolts, number of bolt required, at
minimum recommended bolt spacing determine by
D Approx (2178)
Number of bolts required 11.4 12 bolts
600 600 (1.75)
Closet multiple of 4 = 12 bolts
Bolt design stress for design value is 125 N/mm2 (Coulson & Richardsons, 1999)
At W opert = 462.12 kN and the anchor bolts is calculated using below formula.
1 4M s
Ab W
N b f b Db (1.76)
Where
Nb = Number of bolts
1 4M s
Ab W
N b f b Db
1 4(168662771.2)
Ab 339730
(12 x125) 2178
Ab 85.3219 mm 2
4 Ab 4(85.3219)
10..4228 mm
(1.77)
As area of one bolt at the root of the thread is 85.3219 mm 2 from Figure A.4
(Appendix A) bolt size use is M24 bolts (BS 4190: 1967) .
1-37
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
4M s W
Fb (1.78)
Ds
2
Ds
Where
Fb = Compressive load on the base ring per unit length
Ds = Skirt diameter
(Sources:Coulson & Richardsons, 1999)
4168662.77 339730
Fb
22 2
Fb 107.76kN / m
Fb 1
Lb 3
f b 10 (1.79)
Where
Lb = Base ring width
Fb = Compressive load on the base ring per unit length
107.76 10 3
Lb
5 10 3
Lb 21.55mm
Therefore, the actual width (all the characteristic find at Appendix A (Table A.5
Anchor Bolt Chair Design) bolt size use is M24 bolts (BS 4190: 1967)
Ls t s 50
64 14 50
128 mm
(1.80)
Actual bearing pressure on concrete foundation
107.76 10 3
f c' 0.84 N/mm2 (1.81)
128 10 3
1-38
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
3 f c'
t b Lr
140
30.0.84
(1.82) t b 64 8.58mm
140
Round off to = 10 mm
where
d = optimum diameter of the pipe, mm
G = flow rate of fluid in the pipe, kg/s
= density of fluid, kg/m3
1-39
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
For the flanges, there several types of flanges that can be used for various
applications which are:
In this design, the flanges measurement is taken at the standard flanges (BS 4504)
that based on the nominal pressure and outer diameter of pipe. The measurement
of the flanges can be referring at the Appendix A (Table A.6 Standard Flanges (BS
4504). Summarization of the dimension is shown on the table below. Meanwhile for
the manholes, the standard size is applied which is 800 mm. Manholes is important
for maintenance purposes.
1-40
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
1-41
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Plate
Cylindrical Section 12 mm
Column Weight
Wind Loading
Vessel Support
Skirt Height 3m
1-42
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Thickness 18 mm
Anchor bolts
Bolts 12 bolts
Piping Sizing
Gas in 811 mm
Manholes 800 mm
1-43
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
REFERENCES
Froment J.F and Kenneth B.B. 1990.Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design 2 nd
Edition, Wiley Series, United States of America.
U.S. Pat. 20070053807 (8 March 2007). Boer A, Maria F.J, Schrauwen to Shell Oil
Company.
U.S. Pat. 7,005,456 (28 Feb 2006). Josephus J.H to BP Exploration Operating
Company Limited.
U.S Pat 7,588,739 (15 Sept 2009). Sugiyama.M, Ando.Y and Taniguchi.Y to
Mitsubishi Company Limited.
U.S Pat 7,771,674 (10 Aug 2010). Suzura.T, Mori.Y, Tanaka.T amd Abe.T to
Sumimoto Chemical Company Limited.
U.S Pat 7,705,060 (27 Apr 2010). Hoek.A and Kueh.P to Shell Oil Company.
U.S Pat 7,851,221 (14 Dec 2010). Garton R.D, Woods D.G, Korstem H.G,
Ossterrieth P.J and McClaine.B to Exxon Mobil Chemical.
1-44
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
1-45
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
APPENDIX A
1-46
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Figure A.1 Temperature Correction Factor: One Shell Pass; Two Or More Even
Tube Passes, Source Coulson & Richardsons, Chemical Engineering, Volume 6
1-47
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Figure A.2 Tube Side Friction Factor , Source Coulson & Richardsons, Chemical
Engineering, Volume 6
Figure A-3 Shell Bundle Clearance, Source Coulson & Richardsons, Chemical
Engineering, Volume 6
1-48
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Figure A-4 Shell Side Friction Factors, Segmental Baffles, Source Coulson &
Richardsons, Chemical Engineering, Volume 6
Table A.1 Standard Dimension For Steel Tubes, Source Coulson & Richardsons,
Chemical Engineering, Volume 6
1-49
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Table A.2 Constant Value, Source Coulson & Richardsons, Chemical Engineering,
Volume 6
Table A.3 Typical Design Stress for Plate, Source Coulson & Richardsons,
Chemical Engineering, Volume 6
Table A.4 Density of Insulating Material, Source Coulson & Richardsons, Chemical
Engineering, Volume 6
1-50
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Table A.5 Anchor Bolt Chair Design, Source Coulson & Richardsons, Chemical
Engineering, Volume 6
1-51
Production of n-propanol Chapter I
Table A.6 Standard Flanges ( BS 4504), Source Coulson & Richardsons, Chemical
Engineering, Volume 6
1-52