Industrial Crops and Products 33 (2011) 3034

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Industrial Crops and Products

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Characteristics, chemical composition and utilisation of Albizia julibrissin seed oil

I. Nehdi
King Saud University, College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh 1145, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions, DSC profile and UV/vis
Received 29 June 2010 spectrum of oil extracted from Albizia julibrissin seeds were determined in this study. The oil content
Received in revised form 17 August 2010 and the moisture of the seeds were 10.50% and 1.56%. The free fatty acid, the peroxide value, the p-
Accepted 20 August 2010
anisidine value, the saponification value, the iodine value were 2.54%, 6.61 mequiv. O2 /kg of oil, 1.98,
190.63 (mg KOH/g) and 111.33 (g/100 g of oil), respectively. The specific extinction coefficients K232 , K268
were 7.55 and 0.96, respectively. Linoleic acid (C18:2 , 58.58%), palmitic acid (C16 , 13.86%) and oleic acid
Keywords:
(C18:1 , 10.47%) were the dominant fatty acids in the A. julibrissin seed oil. LLL (36.87%), OLL (21.62%), PLL
Albizia julibrissin
Seed oil
(16.69%) and PLO + SLL (8.59%) were the abundant triacylglycerol representing > 83% of the seed oil (L:
Physicochemical properties linoleic, O: oleic, P: palmitic, S: stearic). The DSC melting curves reveal that: melting point = 14.70 C and
Fatty acids melting enthalpy = 54.34 J/g. A. julibrissin seed oil showed some absorbance in the UV-B and UV-C ranges.
Triacylglycerols The results of the present analytical study show that A. julibrissin is a promising oilseed crop, which can
DSC be used for making soap, hair shampoo and UV protectors. Furthermore, the high level of unsaturated
fatty acids makes it desirable in terms of nutrition.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The species Albizia julibrissin, commonly named mimosa,
powder-puff tree, silk tree, are widely distributed in Asia, Africa,
Australia, and tropical and subtropical America (Zheng et al.,
2004; Kim et al., 2007). It is native to Asia from Iran to Japan
(Cheatham et al., 1996). The genus Albizia (also Albizzia) belonging
to Fabaceae/Leguminosae family (Mimosoideae subfamily), consists
of approximately 150 species (Wang et al., 2006). Most species
are deciduous woody trees and shrubs. They are easily identified
by their bipinnately compound leaves. Its wood can be used for
building and furniture-making. The young leaves are edible (Zheng
et al., 2004). A. julibrissin is an umbrella-shaped tree growing to
6 m tall (Lau et al., 2007), with a broad crown of level or arching
branches. It resprouts quickly if cut or top-killed, and the A. julib-
rissin bark is dark greenish grey in colour and striped vertically as it
gets older. The leaves are bipinnate, 2045 cm long and 1225 cm
broad, divided into 412 pairs of pinnae, each with 1030 pairs of
leaflets; the leaflets are oblong, 612 mm long and 14 mm broad.
From June to July, a head inflorescence of attractive pink flowers is
produced at the top of the branch (Zheng et al., 2004). The sweetly
scented flowers are a good nectar source for honeybees. A. julibrissin
fruit consists of flat pods with bulging seeds, each pod 818 cm long,
1.52.5 cm wide and can be seen from June to February. Typically
Corresponding author. Tel.: +966 14697118; fax: +966 4675992.
E-mail address: inahdi@ksu.edu.sa.
510 oval-shaped seeds, about 1.25 in length, are produced per pod.
Seeds and seed pods may be dispersed by wind, gravity and water.
Because of its graceful flowers and umbrella-like canopy, A. julib-
rissin has been widely planted along roadways or in gardens for
ornamental purposes. It is also grown in sandy areas to prevent
erosion.
The bark and flowers of the A. julibrissin tree are used in China
as medicine (Lau et al., 2007). Bark extract is a sedative drug and
an anti-inflammatory for treating swelling and pain of the lungs,
skin ulcers, wounds, bruises, abscesses, boils, haemorrhoids and
fractures, and has displayed cytotoxic activity (Higuchi et al., 1992;
Ikeda et al., 1997; Pharmacopoeia, 2005). Asians administered A.
julibrissin bark extract to patients to treat insomnia, diuresis, sthe-
nia, and confusion (Zhu, 1998). The flowers have been commonly
used to treat anxiety, depression and insomnia (Kang et al., 2007).
The seeds are a source of oil (Wang et al., 2006) and furthermore
they are used as a food for livestock and wildlife. Similarly, the
seeds of the tree A. julibrissin have been shown to possess prote-
olytic enzymes which clotted milk readily, without developing any
bitterness in cheese after 3 months of ripening (Otani et al., 1991).
A. julibrissin is one of several energy crops being tested in
the Auburn University energy crop research program, showing an
annual forage yield of 4.5 dry tons acre1 (10.7 Mg ha1 year1 )
from four harvests per year, and an average total biomass yield of
37.3 Mg ha1 year1 from one harvest per year over a 4-year period
(Sladden et al., 1992).
To our knowledge, until now a physicochemical characteriza-
tion of the oil produced from the seeds of A. julibrissin has not

0926-6690/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.08.004
 I. Nehdi / Industrial Crops and Products 33 (2011) 3034
been reported. This investigation was undertaken to determine the
physicochemical properties, UV/vis spectra, fatty acid, triacylglyc-
erol and thermal profiles of seed oil extracted from A. julibrissin
grown in Tunisia, and to compare these results with those of the
common soybean oil which is the most imported and consumed oil
in Tunisia. This work also reports the possible uses of this new A.
julibrissin seed oil and it alternative of soybean oil.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Seed material
Mature pods of A. julibrissin were collected in February 2007
from two trees from Sidi thabet city (Tunisia). These trees are
located in: latitude 48 240 N; longitude 13 740 E; altitude: 17 m. The
seeds were directly isolated and then hand-picked to eliminate
damaged ones. The selected seeds were oven-dried at 60 C for 24 h.
The dried seeds were milled in Basic IKA Werke Mill (MF10) then
sieved using a 1 mm mesh sieve and stored at 15 C until analy-
ses. Crude soybean oil was purchased from an oil refinery located
in Tunis (ETS Abdelmoula).
2.2. Lipid extraction
Oil was extracted from seeds using hexane. The ground dried A.
julibrissin seeds (40 g) were placed into a cellulose paper cone and
extracted with 400 ml hexane using a soxhlet extraction apparatus
for 8 h. The solvent was removed via a rotary vacuum distillation at
4050 C flushing with nitrogen to blanket the oil during storage.
The residue was weighed and stored at 20 C until it was analyzed.
The weight of the oil extracted from 40 g of the seed powder was
determined to calculate the lipid content. The result was expressed
as the lipid percentage in the dry seed powder.
2.3. Analytical methods
Analysis was carried out in triplicate. The values of differ-
ent parameters were expressed as the mean standard deviation
(x S.D.).
2.3.1. Moisture
Moisture of the seeds was determined according to the AOAC
Official Method 930.15 (AOAC, 1990).
2.3.2. Acid value and acidity (% free fatty acids)
The acid value and acidity of seed oil was determined according
to the standard (ISO 660, 1996). Acidity was calculated using oleic
acid factor.
2.3.3. Iodine value
The iodine value was determined according to the standard (ISO
3961, 1996).
2.3.4. Saponification value
The saponification value was determined according to the stan-
dard (ISO 3657, 2002).
2.3.5. Peroxide value
The peroxide value was determined according to the standard
(ISO 3960, 2001).
2.3.6. Spectroscopic indices (K232 , K268 ), UV/vis spectra
The spectroscopic indices, K232 and K268 , in the UV region,
were determined according to the standard (ISO 3656, 2002) and
the oil was diluted with isooctane. Three spectra (200290 nm,
290400 nm, and 400800 nm) of oil solutions (0.1, 1, and 10%, v/v)
31
in hexane were measured with a spectrophotometer (JASCO V-530,
WITEG Labortechnik., Gmbh).
2.3.7. Anisidine value
The anisidine value was determined according to the standard
(ISO 6885, 2006).
2.3.8. Thermal characteristics (DSC profile)
The thermal characteristics of seed oil were measured by
using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC-131, SETARAM,
France). A flow of nitrogen gas (1.5 ml/min) was used in
the cell cooled by helium (1.5 ml/min) in a refrigerated cool-
ing system. The instrument was calibrated for temperature
and heat flow with mercury (melting point, m.p. = 38.834 C,
1H = 11.469 J/g), tin (m.p. = 231.928 C, 1H = 60.22 J/g), indium
(melting point, m.p. = 156.598 C, 1H = 28.5 J/g) and lead (melting
point, m.p. = 327.45 C, 1H = 24.72 J/g). The oil samples (45 mg)
were weighed in open solid fat index (SFI) aluminum pans (No.
S08/HBB37408, SETARAM) with an empty pan used as a refer-
ence. The sample and reference pans were then placed inside the
calorimeter and kept at 70 C for 2 min. The temperature was
increased from 70 to 70 C at a rate of 5 C/min. The samples were
then kept at 70 C for 1 min, and then decreased again, at the same
rate, down to 70 C. The scans were performed at 5 C/min.
2.3.9. Fatty acid composition
The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition was deter-
mined by converting the oil to fatty acid methyl esters by adding
1 ml of n-hexane to 40 mg of oil followed by 200 ml of sodium
methoxide (2 M). The mixture is heated in the bath at 50 C for few
seconds followed by adding 200 ml HCl (2N). The top layer (1 ml)
was injected into a GC (Agilent 6890N, California, USA) equipped
with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a polar capillary col-
umn (HP-Innowax polyethylene glycol, 0.25 mm internal diameter,
30 m length and 0.25 mm film in thickness) to obtain individual
peaks of fatty acid methyl esters. The detector temperature was
275 C and the column temperature was 150 C held for 1 min
and increased at the rate of 15 C/min to 200 C and the rate of
2 C/min to 250 C and held for 4 min. The run time was 45 min.
The fatty acid methyl esters peaks were identified comparing their
retention times with individual standard FAME (approximately
99% pure purchased from Supelco, USA) of lauric (C12:0 ), myris-
tic (C14:0 ), palmitic (C16:0 ), palmitoleic (C16:1 ), stearic (C18:0 ), oleic
(C18:1 ), linoleic (C18:2 ), linolenic (C18:3 ), arachidic (C20:0 ), eicosenoic
(C20:1 ), behenic (C22:0 ), lignoceric (C24:0 ) acids and analysed with
the Agilent Technologies Chemstation A09.01 Software. The rela-
tive percentage of the fatty acid was calculated on the basis of the
peak area of a fatty acid species to the total peak area of all the fatty
acids in the oil sample. Fatty acid methyl esters peak identification
was confirmed by GCMS (NIST 2002 database) operating under
similar conditions as used for the GCFID.
2.3.10. Triacylglycerol composition
The triacylglycerols (TAGs) profile was obtained by a reverse
phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Agilent
1100, CA, USA) equipped with a G1354 quaternary pump, a G1313A
standard auto sampler, and a G1362A refractive index detector. The
chromatogram was carried out using Agilent Technology Chem-
station software. The TAGs were separated using a commercially
packed Hypersil ODS column (125 mm 4 mm) with a particle size
of 3 mm and were eluted from the column with a mixture of ace-
tonitrile/acetone (65/35) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min; the TAG was
detected with a refractive index detector. Ten microliters of 0.05 g
oil diluted in 1 ml (chloroform/acetone 50/50, v/v) was injected into
the HPLC. The total run time was 45 min. Due to the limitation of
commercially available TAGs standard; the identified TAGs of A.
32 I. Nehdi / Industrial Crops and Products 33 (2011) 3034

Table 1 Table 2
Comparison of physico-chemical properties of A. julibrissin seed oil with those of Comparison of fatty acid compositions (%) of A. julibrissin seed oil with those of
soybean oil. soybean oil.

Parameter Albizia julibrissin Soybean Fatty acid A. julibrissin Soybean

Acid value 5.08 0.11 1.72 0.08 Saturated

Free fatty acid (as oleic %) 2.54 0.11 0.86 0.08 C8:0 0.11 0.03 nd
Peroxide value (mequiv. O2 /kg) 6.61 0.18 1.52 0.05 C10:0 0.14 0.04 nd
Saponification value (mg KOH/g) 190.63 0.73 179.45 0.68 C12:0 0.10 0.02 0.11 0.03
Iodine number (g/100 g oil) 111.33 1.32 122.56 0.98 C14:0 0.09 0.01 0.12 0.03
E232 7.55 0.05 2.78 0.03 C15:0 0.13 0.01 nd
E270 0.96 0.03 0.73 0.02 C16:0 13.86 0.19 15.65 0.03
p-Anisidine value 1.98 0.11 2.48 0.13 C17:0 nd 0.14 0.03
Refractive index (20 C) 1.471 0.002 1.477 0.002 C18:0 4.26 0.07 4.98 0.23
State at ambient temperature Liquid Liquid C20:0 2.18 0.04 0.55 0.07
Colour Yellow Dark yellow C22:0 0.53 0.03 0.34 0.04
Phosphorus, mg/kg 35.43 0.93 173.67 1.63 C24:0 2.62 0.02 nd
C25:0 0.21 0.01 nd
C26:0 1.26 0.02 nd
Monoinsaturated
C14:1 nd 0.09 0.01
julibrissin seed oil were concluded by comparing the retention time
C15:1 0.11 0.02 nd
of standard TAGs peak and the retention time of other oils (flax seed C16:1 0.44 0.02 0.12 0.03
oil, olive oil, corn oil and sunflower oil) chromatographs obtained C17:1 0.12 0.04 0.09 0.02
under similar analytical conditions. C18:1 10.47 0.42 20.98 0.23
C20:1 0.30 0.06 0.32 0.06
C22:1 nd 0.38 0.08
3. Results and discussion C24:1 nd 0.13 0.03
Polyinsaturated
3.1. The physicochemical properties of seed oil C18:2 58.58 0.71 50.17 0.83
C18:3 3.35 0.09 8.18 0.53
C20:2 0.29 0.05 0.39 0.09
Seeds of A. julibrissin contained 10.50% of oil (dry weight basis) C20:4 1.57 0.06 0.12 0.04
and 1.56% of moisture. This seed oil content is comparable with SAFA 25.13 21.89
those of other seed oils such as Phoenix canariensis (10.36%) (Nehdi MUFA 11.34 22.11
PUFA 63.79 58.86
et al., in press), Spanish broom (10.50%) (Cerchiara et al., 2010),
U/S 2.96 3.69
raspberry (10.70%) (Oomah et al., 2000) and prickly pear (10.90%)
(Ennouri et al., 2005). SAFA: saturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsat-
urated fatty acid.
Table 1 reports the comparison of physicochemicals properties
of A. julibrissin seed oil with those of soybean oil. The free fatty acid
content of A. julibrissin seed oil (2.54%) is higher than of soybean shows that it has high potency for use in the production of liquid
oil (0.86%) indicating that some hydrolytic reactions occur during soap and shampoos.
the extraction (Ku and Mun, 2008). The oxidative state of oils is The relatively low iodine value (111.33) in A. julibrissin seed oil
determined using the peroxide value, anisidine value and specific compared to soybean oil (122.56) is indicative of the presence of
extinctions K232 and K268 . The peroxide value of A. julibrissin seed a lower unsaturated bonds number. A. julibrissin seed oil can be
oil (6.61 mequiv. O2 /kg of oil) is higher than that of soybean oil grouped as a semi-drying oils. Among physical properties, refrac-
(1.52 mequiv. O2 /kg of oil) indicating the presence of some quantity tive index of oils is studied: A. julibrissin seed oil shows the lowest
of hydroperoxide in A. julibrissin seed oil. This oil can be stored for value of refractive index (1.471), indicating that its degree of unsat-
a long time without deterioration, since oils become rancid when uration is lower than that of soybean oil (Fatouh et al., 2005). The
the peroxide value ranges from 20 to 40 mequiv. O2 /kg of oil. The fatty acid composition (Table 1) confirms this result.
phosphorus content of A. julibrissin seed oil is 35.43 ppm, lower
than that of soybean oil (173.67 ppm), showing that the quantity
Table 3
of phospholipids in A. julibrissin seed oil is low. The specific extinc- Comparison of triacylglycerol compositions (%) of A. julibrissin seed oil with those
tion coefficient at 232 nm (K232 ) is related to the degree of primary of soybean oil.
oxidation of the oil and thus directly correlated to the amount of
Triacylglycerol ECN A. julibrissin Soybean
hydroperoxide (Maskan and Bagci, 2003; Ku and Mun, 2008). K232
is also an indicator of polyunsaturated FA conjugation, whereas LnLnLn 36 1.35 0.50
LLnLn 38 1.35 1.33
K268 and K270 are related to the secondary oxidation products (a- LLLn 40 2.48 6.84
unsaturated ketone, a-diketone) (Karleskind, 1992). The relatively OLnLn 40 0.54 0.25
high value of K232 (7.55) of A. julibrissin seed oil confirms that this oil LLL 42 36.87 20.67
is much oxidized than soybean oil. The low value of K268 (0.96) indi- LLnP 42 0.63 3.58
OLL 44 21.62 15.88
cates that A. julibrissin seed oil contains a low quantity of secondary
PLL 44 16.69 15.27
oxidation products. The low anisidine values show that the both OOLn + POLn 44 0.45 1.97
oils contain a weak amount of a-unsaturated aldehyde compounds OOL 46 3.25 10.20
(Karleskind, 1992). PLO + SLL 46 8.59 11.12
The saponification value of A. julibrissin seed oil (190.63) is lower PPL 46 1.31 1.84
OOO + SLO 48 0.45 2.37
than that of soybean (179.45) but similar to that of other oils such POO + PLS 48 2.48 5.21
as linseed oil (190.86), sunflower oil (188.98) and olive oil (191.93) POP 48 1.58 1.51
(Cerchiara et al., 2010). As reported by Akbar et al. (2009), high SOO 50 0.11 0.74
saponification value indicates that oils are normal triglycerides and POS 50 0.45 0.63
very useful in production of liquid soap and shampoo industries. La: lauric; M: myristic; P: palmitic; S: stearic; O: oleic; L: linoleic; G: gondoic; ECN:
Therefore, the value obtained for A. julibrissin seed oil in this study equivalent carbon number.
 I. Nehdi / Industrial Crops and Products 33 (2011) 3034 33

Fig. 1. DSC profiles of Albizia julibrissim seed oil and soybean oil.

3.2. Fatty acid and triacylglycerols (TAGs) composition ture is due to the fact that soybean oil is more unsaturated than A.
julibrissin seed oil.
The fatty acid composition is presented in Table 2. Linoleic, oleic
and palmitic acids are the most abundant unsaturated and satu- 3.4. UV/vis spectra
rated fatty acids of A. julibrissin seed and soybean oil. Linoleic acid
(C18:2 , 58.58%), palmitic acid (C16 , 13.86%) and oleic acid (C18:1 , The strong absorbance (2.613.19) in the 418470 nm range
10.47%) together compose about 84% of the total fatty acids of (Fig. 2) indicates the presence of an important amount of
A. julibrissin seed oil. Linolenic acid content of soybean (8.18%) is
higher than that of A. julibrissin seed oil (3.35%).
A. julibrissin seed oil was characterised by a polyunsatu-
rated/saturated (P/S) ratio of 2.96, inferior to that of soybean oil
(3.69). The values of these ratios are in correlation with those of
refractive index. A high ratio of P/S is regarded favourable for the
reduction of serum cholesterol and atherosclerosis and prevention
of heart diseases (Oomah et al., 2002).
The total unsaturated fatty acid of A. julibrissin seed oil is 75.11%.
The unsaturated fatty acids can influence the physical proper-
ties of the membrane such as fluidity and permeability (Nasri et
al., 2005). Oleic acid is very important in nervous cell construc-
tion. It has fundamental role in cardiovascular diseases prevention
(Nasri et al., 2005). A. julibrissin seed oil and soybean oil are rich in
polyunsaturated fatty acid (58.86% and 63.79%). Linoleic fatty acid
is indispensable for the healthy growth of human skin (Bruckert,
2001). The fatty acid composition of A. julibrissin seed oil makes
it desirable in terms of nutrition and it may be used as edible oil.
However, the safety of this oil must be tested before use for human
nutrition.
The distribution of triacylglycerols (TAGs), with equivalent
carbon number (ECN) is given in Table 3. LLL, OLL and PLL triacyl-
glycerols are the most triacylglycerols of A. julibrissin seed oil and
soybean oil. It reflects a close relationship between the fatty acids
and triacylglycerol content of the oils. TAGs with ECN 44, TAGs ECN
42 and TAGs ECN 46 were dominant for the both oils.

3.3. Thermal profile

DSC provides information on the excess specific heat over a wide

range of temperatures (Gloria and Aguilera, 1998). Any endother-
mic or exothermic event is registered as a peak in the chart, and its
area is proportional to the enthalpy gained or lost, respectively. A.
julibrissin seed oil and soybean oil showed the same melting profile.
The thermograms of the oils seem to correspond to one triglyc-
eride (Fig. 1). A. julibrissin seed oil exhibited a single peak having
the following characteristics: melting temperature (14.70 C) and
Fig. 2. Ultra violet/vis spectra of Albizia julibrissin seed oil and soybean oil
melting enthalpy (54.34 J/g) while the characteristics of the peak
(figure derived from scans ( = 200290 nm) of oil diluted 1:1000; from scans
of soybean oil are: melting temperature (17.82 C) and melting ( = 290400 nm) of oil diluted 1:100 and from scans ( = 400800 nm) of oil diluted
enthalpy (63.44 J/g). The difference between the melting tempera- 1:10, all in hexane.
34 I. Nehdi / Industrial Crops and Products 33 (2011) 3034
carotenoids which is responsible for the dark yellow colour of
the soybean oil. A. julibrissin seed oil shows a weak absorbance
(0.450.57) in this range which is in agreement with its yel-
low colour. A. julibrissin seed oil shows strong absorbance in the
UV-B (290320 nm) and UV-A (320400 nm) range. In the UV-C
(100290 nm) soybean oil shows more absorbance than A. julib-
rissin seed oil. Thus, A. julibrissin seed oil can shield against UV-B
and UV-A radiations responsible for most cellular damage, and it
may be used in formulation of UV protectors.
4. Conclusion
This preliminary study shows that the A. julibrissin is a promis-
ing seed oil crop. The characterization of A. julibrissin seed oil shows
that it could be successfully used for making soap, hair sham-
poo and in formulation of UV protectors in cosmetic. Furthermore,
the high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids makes it desirable in
terms of nutrition, and might be an acceptable substitute for highly
polyunsaturated oils such soybean oil in diets.
This new A. julibrissin crop can potentially create new rural jobs
when used for industrial products.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Prof. Hedi Zarrouk, the previous Director
of National Institute of Research and Physico-Chemical analysis
(INRAP), Sidi Thabet, Tunisia for his invaluable collaboration in the
development of this work. The author gratefully acknowledges Ms.
Samia Omri for practical assistance. I wish to thank my colleague
Prof. Mutassim Ibrahim Khalil for his assistance in the English of
this manuscript.
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