Reservoir Fluids Properties

١ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

Origin Of Petroleum

Animals + Plants
Kitchen

Heat +
Pressure +
Bacteria

Petroleum

٢ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

١
 Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons
The common hydrocarbon constituents of most
crude oils are :

Alkanes
( Paraffin's )
Cycloalkanes
( Naphthenes )

Arenes
( Aromatics )
٣ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons

Alkanes ( Paraffin's ) CnH2n+2

H H H H

H C H H C C C H

H H H
H

Methane Propane
CH4 C3H8

٤ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

٢
 Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons

Isomers : are different arrangements with different

physical properties .

Isomer M. Wt. Boiling Critical Press. Critical

Point , F psia Temp. ,F

N- Pentane 72.15 96.92 488.6 385.7

1
Iso-Pentane 72.15 82.12 490.4 369.03
1
Neo-Pentane 72.15 49.10 464.0 321.08
1
٥ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons

Cycloalkanes
CnH2n
( Naphthenes )
CH2
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2
Cyclopentane
C5H10 Cyclohexane
C6H12
٦ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

٣
 Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons

Arenes
C nH n
( Aromatics)

CH3

Benzene Toluene
C6H6 One H atom is replaced by CH3

٧ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

Classification Of Reservoir Fluids

The reservoir fluids are classified according to :

GOR API Gas Gravity

Gas Production
Oil Production

γ =
M .Wt g

141.5 g 29
API = − 131.5
Sp.Gr.

٨ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

٤
 Phase Diagram of a Typical Black Oil

Pressure path
in reservoir Critical
Point Dewpoint line
Pressure, psia

Black Oil

e 90 0 % Liquid
in 8
tL 790 0
oin
le p 6
bb

50
u

40
B

30
20

10
Separator

Temperature, °F

٩ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil

Dewpoint line
Pressure path 1 Critical
point
in reservoir

2
Volatile oil
0
80 9
70
60
Pressure

50

% Liquid
e
l in

40
t
in
po

30
le
bb

20
Bu

10
3
5

Separator ne
t li
poin
Dew

١٠ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar°F

Temperature, M.
East

٥
 Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas
2

e
t lin
in
po
w
De
Pressure

Critical point
e
lin

% Liquid
nt
oi

40
ep

30

20
l
bb

15
Bu

3
10

5
Separator
0

Temperature
١١ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas

Pressure path
in reservoir
1
e
lin
Pressure

Wet gas
t
oin
wp
De

Critical % Liquid
point
2
e int
l i n e po
l
bb

30

25

5
Bu

Separator

١٢ Temperature
Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

٦
 Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas

Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Pressure

e
t lin

Dry gas
oi n
p
Dew

% Liquid
2
50
25

Separator
1

١٣ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

Temperature
East

Mole Fraction of Single Phase

Reservoir Fluids
Black Volatile Gas Dry Wet
Component
Oil Oil Condensate Gas Gas
C1 48.83 64.36 87.07 95.85 86.67

C2 2.75 7.52 4.39 2.67 7.77

C3 1.93 4.74 2.29 0.34 2.95

C4 1.60 4.12 1.74 0.52 1.73

C5 1.15 2.97 0.83 0.08 0.88

C6 1.59 1.38 0.60 0.12 ----

C7+ 42.15 14.91 3.80 0.42 ----

١٤ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

٧
 Reservoir Fluid Classification

API GOR , scf/stb Gas Gravity

Dry Gas - No liquids 0.6-0.65

Wet Gas 60-70 >100,000 0.65-0.85

Condensate 50-70 3,000-100,000 0.65-0.85

High Shrinkage Oil 40-50 3000 0.65-0.85

Low Shrinkage Oil 30-40 100-2500 -

Heavy Oil 10-25 No gas -

Tar ≤10 No gas -

١٥ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
FORMATION WATER

Positive ions
Negative ions
9 Aluminum
9 Carbonate
9 Calcium
9 Chloride
9 Hydrogen
+ 9 Hydroxide
9 Iron
9 Nitrate
9 Magnesium
9 Sulfate
9 Potassium
9 Bicarbonate
9 Sodium
١٦ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

٨
 DEFINITIONS
Parts per million ( PPM ) : it is a concentration term which
expresses the number of unit weights of solute per million
unit weights of solution .
PPM = mg / litre

Total dissolved solids ( TDS ) : it is the total amount of matter

dissolved in a given volume of water i.e. it is the sum of the
concentrations of all cations and anions present in the water .

١٧ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

Water Composition Diagram

Stiff Method
15 10 5 0 5 10 15
Na,100 Cl,100

Ca,10 HCo3,10

Mg,10 So4,10

Fe,10 Co3,10

١٨ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

٩
 Properties of Hydrocarbon Gases

١٩ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

COMPONENTS OF TYPICAL NATURAL GAS

Hydrocarbon
Methane 70 - 98 % Non-hydrocarbon
Ethane 1 - 10 % N2 Trace – 15 %
Propane Trace – 5 %
CO2 Trace – 1 %
Butane Trace – 2 %
H2S trace
Pentane Trace – 1 %
Helium trace
Hexane Trace – 0.5 %
Heptanes + Nil - trace

٢٠ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

١٠
 9 IDEAL GAS LAW

PV = nRT
9 HYDROCARBONS GAS LAW

PV = ZnRT Z
TR

Compressibility factor or
gas deviation factor
PR

٢١ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

GAS DEVIATION FACTOR

¾ For a gas mixture , critical pressure and temperature
are calculated as :
n n
Pc = ∑ yi Pci Tc = ∑ yi Tci
i=1 i=1

¾ Then , The reduced pressure and temperature

are calculated as :
P T
Pr = Tr =
Pc Tc

Z – factor is estimated from charts using Pr & Tr

٢٢ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

١١
 GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

0.005034 ZT
βg = Bbl / SCF
P

0.0283ZT
βg = Cu ft / SCF
P
T in R , P in Psia
٢٣ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

Gas Compressibility

1 1 ∂Z
1 ∂V C g = −
C = − P Z ∂P
V ∂P T
≅
1
C g
P

For a typical natural gas ( sp.gr. = 0.66 @ 120 F , 1500 psia ) ,

the gas compressibility is : 765 × 10-6 psi-1
٢٤ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

١٢
 Gas Density & Specific Gravity

P × M .Wt
ρ g
=
ZRT
ρ
γ =
g
g
ρ air

γ =
A . M .Wt g
g 29
٢٥ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

Gas Viscosity
• As temperature increases , the kinetic energy of the gas
molecules increases , resulting in more frequent molecular
collisions and a greater internal friction , this increases the gas
viscosity .
• If the temperature is held constant , an increase in gas pressure
causes the gas molecules to move closer together , this
increases the number of collisions and thus the viscosity .
• Natural gases exhibit viscosities of 0.01 to 0.05 c.p under
typical oilfield conditions .
• Measuring gas viscosity in the lab is a difficult procedures .
Correlations based on gas gravity are commonly used .
٢٦ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

١٣
 Properties of Hydrocarbon Liquids

٢٧ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

OIL GRAVITY

ρo 141.5
γo = API = − 131.5
ρw γo

γo is the oil specific gravity @

standard conditions ρw is the water
density = 62.4 Ib / cu ft or 1 gm/cc

٢٨ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

١٤
 70
API Gravity Scale
60 Condensate

50

40 Volatile Oil

30
Black Oil
20
Heavy Oil
10 Water
Ultra heavy Oil & Bitumen
0
٢٩ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

Oil Gas
Gas Water
Gas

Gas
Oil Water

٣٠ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

١٥
 SOLUTION GAS / OIL RATIO

Liberated gas
Rs , SCF / STB

Two phases One phase

(liquid & gas ) (liquid )

BPP Pi

٣١ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

Maximum
Βo , bbls / stb

Two phases One phase

(liquid & gas ) (liquid )

BPP Pi

٣٢ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

١٦
 Estimation of βo
Standing Correlation , 1981

⎡ ⎛ γ g ⎞0.5 ⎤
β o = 0.9759 + 0.00012⎢ R s ⎜ ⎟ + 1.25T ⎥
⎣ ⎝γo⎠ ⎦

T = temperature in F
γ = Specific gravity

٣٣ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

OIL VISCOSITY
• Most oils exhibit viscosities of 0.2 to
30 c.p under typical oilfield conditions
• A typical oil viscosity increases about
10% per 1000 psi , while gas viscosity
Oil Viscosity , c.p

increases 40% per 1000 psi .

Minimum

BPP Pi

٣٤ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

١٧
 β t = β o + (R sb − R s ) β g
TWO-PHASE FORMATION
Βt, bbls / stb VOLUME FACTOR

Two phases One phase

(liquid & gas ) (liquid )

BPP Pi

٣٥ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

Oil Compressibility

1 ∂V βo− β
Co = − Co = oi

V ∂P β o ΔP

٣٦ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

١٨
 Properties of Formation Water

٣٧ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

1 ∂V
Water Compressibility Cw = − V ∂P

• As pressure decreases .

• As gas in solution increases which is a function

Cw of salinity .

• As temperature decreases at low temperatures

, and as temperature increases at higher
temperatures .
٣٨ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

١٩
 Compressibility Range , psi-1

Water 2 - 4×10-6

Under-saturated Oil 5 – 100 ×10-6

Gas @ 1000 psi 900 – 1300 ×10-6

Gas @ 5000 psi 50 – 200 ×10-6

٣٩ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

Water Formation Volume Factor

• Above the bubble point pressure , Range is from 1.0 to

the factor increases as the pressure 1.04 res bbls / STB
decreases due to water expansion .

• Below the bubble point pressure ,

Bw
the factor increases as the pressure
decreases because the evolution of
dissolved gas only partially offsets
the expansion trend . Pb

pressure

٤٠ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

٢٠
 Water Viscosity
• Water viscosity decreases as
temperature increases , at a
constant pressure .
• Pressure and salinity changes do
not appear to affect water
viscosity to any great degree .
• Water viscosity is 0.2 cp @ 300
F and 1.8 cp @ 50 F .

٤١ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

Sources Of Fluid Properties Data

9 Bottom Hole Samples

By wire line
RFT ( Repeat Formation Tester )
MDT ( Modular Dynamic Tester )
CHDT ( Cased Hole Dynamic Tester )
9 Recombined Sample ( out of the separator )
9 Published Correlations

٤٢ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

٢١
 Understanding the flow conditions

Representative Sample

٤٣ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

Pressure Distribution Within The Formation

Free Gas PR

High draw down Pb

( Δp ) causes the
formation of free
gas near the
wellbore
Pwf

٤٤ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

٢٢
 Pressure Distribution Within The Formation

PR

Low draw down ( Δp )

causes a single phase Pwf
fluid representative to
the reservoir fluid
Pb

٤٥ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

The actuation mechanism

Jar-operated
Clock-operated
Electronic
The size of sample obtained
Bottomhole
500-1000 cm3
Samplers The working pressure
Up to 10,000 psi
The type of construction
Normal
H2S service

٤٦ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

٢٣
 IMPORTANT NOTES

• The sampler should be run with the chamber open at

speeds between 100 to 200 ft / min .
• Running speed should be reduced before reaching the
sampling depth .
• Upward and downward movements should be made
over a 20 to 30 ft interval to ensure the sampler ports are
clear .
• The sampler should be at depth about 30 minutes before
closing , and pulled out about 15 minutes later .
٤٧ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

Gas Sample
Well Fluid
Separator
Stock Tank

Oil Sample

Required recombination ratio ( scf / separator bbl ) =

measured ratio ( scf / stb ) × shrinkage from separator
to stock tank ( stb / separator bbl )
٤٨ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East

٢٤
 Gas Stream Sampling

• Method 1 : filling an
GOR Number of
evacuated container cylinders , 20
• Method 2 : filling an air-filled liter capacity
Less than 2
container after purging it with 1500
separator gas . Between 1500 3
• Method 3 : filling a liquid-filled & 3000
Above 3000 4
container by displacement
with separator gas .

٤٩ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

FIELD

LAB
SAFETY

٥٠ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.

East

٢٥