Fluid Data Applications

Geology Reservoir engineering

Production engineering
Geochemical studies Reserve estimation
Completion design
Hydrocarbon source Material balance
Material specification
studies calculations
Artificial lift calculations
Reservoir correlations Fluid flow in porous
Production facilities
media
design
Natural drive
Production log
mechanisms
interpretation
Well test design and
Production forecast Fluid interpretation
Data Secondary and tertiary
recovery design

Process engineering
Separation design
Treatment design Environmental Refining
Piping and facilities engineering Products yield
design Fluid disposal Expected values
Flow assurance Process design
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Representative Sample

It is a sample that has the same qualitative and quantitative

composition than the fluid it comes from.
Same qualitative composition: contains the same molecules
than the main fluid.
Same quantitative composition: contains the molecule in the
same molar fractions.
These conditions will allow reconstituting the thermodynamic
equilibrium, which was prevailing during the sampling.

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Sample Type Definitions
Bottom hole samples:
Sample taken at the formation level either
in open hole (MDT) or in cased hole (SRS).

Well head samples:

Sample taken at the well head when the
reservoir fluid is known being under Well head Tank
Sep.
saturated (psat < pwh). Vx
Surface samples:
Well head sample (single phase
reservoir fluid).
Vx samples: gas, oil and water samples taken
at Vx flowing conditions (pmp, Tmp).
Separator samples: gas, oil and water samples
taken at separator flowing conditions (psp, Tsp)

Stock tank oil and water taken at

Reservoir
ambient conditions.
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Sampling is a Key for Fluid Properties
Measurements
Obtaining PVT and fluid property data is one of the most important
components of well testing campaign.
All PVT and compositional analysis are performed on samples taken
during well tests.
Therefore:
Measured field data must be accurate.
Data must be representative of the reservoir fluid.
Quality of the produced lab data is highly dependent on the quality of
the samples.
Sample Quality
Sample quality depends on:
Reservoir conditioning.
Well conditioning.
Sampling methods, equipment and operating procedures.

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Sampling Choice Drivers
Type of analysis to be conducted.
Volume required for analysis.
Quality of results required.
Type of fluid to be sampled.
Degrees of depletion.
Surface facilities & well completion.
Environmental Concerns.

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Well Head Samples
Possible when conditions allow : psat < WHP at WHT.
Collected Upstream of the choke manifold.
May not be suitable when asphaltene analysis is required.
Not recommended for gas condensate.
Note: This method is relatively cost effective and convenient but not
always a substitute for bottom hole sampling.

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Bottom Hole Samples
Always first choice where reservoir and well conditions permit. pres >
psat (flowing or shut in).
Uncontaminated fresh reservoir fluid collected close to the
perforations.
Single-Phase Sample (gas or liquid).
Note: Gas condensate bottom hole samples are not common as most of
gas reservoirs have a static pressure very close to the saturation one.
However bottom hole sampling on gas condensate reservoirs can be
successful in some cases.

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Separator Samples
Matched sets of equilibrated separator gas and liquid samples.
Oil and gas samples captured at the same time.
Usually taken as back-up to BHS.
Not often used as the main samples.
Quality dependant on:
Separator stability.
GOR accuracy.
Sampling techniques.

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Dead Oil and Water Samples
Collected at stock tank or atmospheric conditions.
Oil samples captured from gauge tank or oil line.
Water samples captured from separator water line.
Collected when large volumes are required.

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Sampling and Well Test
Pre-job planning:
sampling objectives/requirements in the well test plan must be
discussed and understood with the client.

Liaise with the Client & Sampling engineer onsite:

determine the most suitable time to collect sample.
determine when all the test objectives have been met.
include sampling in the test report .
Invoicing.

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Pressure Distribution Within the Formation
Oil Reservoir

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Prediction of Bubble Point Pressure

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Well Conditioning
At least 1.5 x string volumes should have been produced.
Stable down hole and wellhead pressure.
Solids < 1% (BSW), if high water cut check salinity.
Clean/stable burning on the flare.
pH - Neutral

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Separator Conditions Prior to Sample

Stable flow rates and GOR.

Stable pressure and temperature.
Chemical injection stopped if possible.
Stable levels at sight glass between
30% and 70% of scale.
Oil sight glass/sample line purged with
fresh oil.
Check for carry over.

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Summary of Fluid Sampling

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Bottom Hole Sampling

Open Hole
The well is not completed.
Sampling tools are run as
part of the MDT string.
Cased hole
The well is completed.
Well Test equipment installed.
Production Well.
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Single Phase Multi-sample Chamber
SPMC
Single Phase sampler for MDT
Nitrogen compensation
Self Closing

Specifications:
Sample Volume = 250 cm3
MWP = 20,000 psig
MWT = 179 C
Sour Service

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Single Phase Reservoir Sampler
SRS
Down hole tool for cased hole sampling.
Nitrogen pressure compensation.
Conveyed by slick line, wireline, sampler
carrier etc.
Specifications:
Sample volume = 600 cm3.
Length = 13 7 / 4.14 m.
MWP = 15,000 psig.
MWT = 200 C.
Sour Service.
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DST Sampler Carrier
SCAR
DST Carrier for SRS & SLS
Samplers activated by annulus pressure.
- Rupture disc.
- IRIS.
SCAR-A = 7.75OD.
6 x SRS, 15K MWP.
SCAR-BB = 5.5OD.
8 x SLS, 15K MWP.
SCAR-CB = 5.25OD.
8 x SLS, 10KMWP.
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Conventional Sample Bottle
CSB
Positive displacement operation.
Sample agitation ring.
Mercury (Hg) free.
Valves incorporated in end caps.
Minimal dead volume.
Used for Separator Oil Samples.
Specifications:
Volume = 700 cm3 (600 cm3 max sample vol.).
MWP = 10,000 - 15,000 psig.
MWT = 200 C.
Sour Service.
DOT and TC approved.
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Single-Phase Sample Bottle
SSB
Same sample chamber as CSB.
Transport of single phase samples without pressure
drop.
60 cm3 nitrogen gas cap.
Specifications
700 cm3 sample chamber (600 cm3 max. sample).
120 cm3 nitrogen chamber.
MWP = 10,000 25,000 psig.
MWT = 200 C.
Sour service.
DOT & TC approved.

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Gas Sample Bottle
GSB

Manufactured by Luxfer.
Made from aluminium.
Vacuumed to 1 mbar.

Specifications:
Volume = 20 dm3.
MWP = 2900 psi @ 60 C .
Sour Service.

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