2014
2014
13th
International
International
Conference
Conference
onon
Information
A Model For Prediction Of Human Depression Using Apriori Algorithm
Lambodar Jena
Utkal University,
Bhubaneswar, India
e.mail:lmjena@yahoo.com
Abstract- Depression a latest epidemic of modern era
has always drawn the attention of researchers to
find & evaluate the level, causes & prevention.
According to psychiatrists its not a psychological
disorder but it creates the stimulation & simulation of
co-ordination failure. The worst case of the leading
depression level may contemplates a person to
attempt suicide, loss of energy, insomnia etc. This
epidemic causes severe personal and public health
challenges. Each year thousands of millions of people
are suffering from depression and a few receives
adequate treatment. Keeping view at the trend of
predicting, this paper has been proposed & tried to
find out the persons affected by depression and their
level of illness.The work is self motivated. Here the
concept of apriori algorithm & association rule
mining is used in order to extract the information
from a large collection of database of concerned
persons.
Keywords-Depression, Apriori Algorithm, Data
mining
I. INTRODUCTION
Depression is nothing but a low mood, aversion to
activity that affects a persons attitude, behavior &
feeling of well being. There are different factors
which are responsible for the origin of depression in
psychological state of a person. It is a disorder of
major public health importance, in terms of its
prevalence and the suffering, dysfunction,
morbidity, and economic burden[1]. It also causes
the contemplates to suicide, loss of interest,
helpless, hopeless feelings & psychological
disorder. This paper aimed at explaining, predicting
& estimating the population having depressed
feelings whether knowingly/unknowingly. Mental
illness is a leading cause of disability worldwide. It
is estimated that nearly 300 million people suffer
from depression (World Health Organization,
2001). Reports on lifetime prevalence show high
variance, with 3% reported in Japan to 17% in the
US. In North America, the probability of having a
major depressive episode within a one year period
of time is 35% for males and 810% for females
[2]. However, global provisions and services for
identifying, supporting, and treating mental illness
of this nature have been considered as insufficient
[3]. Although 87% of the worlds governments offer
some primary care health services to tackle mental
illness, 30% do not have programs, and 28% have
no budget specifically identified for mental
health[3] . In fact, there is no reliable laboratory
978-1-4799-8084-0/14 $31.00 2014 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/ICIT.2014.65
Information
Technology
Technology
Narendra K. Kamila
C.V.Raman College of Engineering,
Bhubaneswar, India
test for diagnosing most forms of mental illness;
typically, the diagnosis is based on the patients
self-reported experiences, behaviors reported by
relatives or friends, and a mental status
examination[3,4]. In this paper the main objective is
to predict & prevent the level of depressional
feelings which acts as a silent killer in human body;
which ultimately can be able to protect wastage of
lives, and helps in sustainable development. Here
we review data on various aspects of depression
originating in India. The code words like FA
(Family Problem), FP (Financial), ORG
(Organization), RL (Relationship), ADD
(Addiction), CD (Congenital diseases),
HL(Hallucination) etc. are used for representing
different depressional factors. The updation value
can be added & the respective graph can show in
addition with the previous data value for a person.
For each transaction the creation of nodes takes
place; each node gives the transactional level of all
the respective persons on the basis of the
depressional factors. Here we tried to use the
concept of Apriori algorithm in the field of
diagnosis of diseases which is completely new
introduction in medical field rather than using in the
market analysis sector. From the gathered
information a relational database is created and the
sample data is being stored for implementation. As
the inference of the proposed model the scenario of
the depressed patients can be obtained & safety
measures can be taken in order to restrict the global
major issue of this severe health hazard. Association
rule mining is implemented on the basis of the
factors provided in the database. Data item set are
generated & are implemented as per the algorithm
specified. This paper aimed at three basic aspects.
As per the requirement for related data collection a
field survey has been adopted through a
questionnaire round among the individuals of a
community. Questions asked to them were derived
from the basic factors mentioned which causes
depression. After having the sample data a model is
designed by implementing the concepts; when data
is entered then respective graphs are formed. Out of
the total number of data inputs we can get the
details of the individuals having greater than and
equal to the cut off value of depressional factors and
from the graph itself the inference can be drawn.
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 II. LITERATURE SURVEY
The survey focuses on analysis done by numerous
researchers on depressive disorders in Asian nation.
For this, an intensive net search was done
victimization key words like depression, life events,
prevalence, classification[1], cultural problems,
outcome, prevention, incapacity and burden etc in
numerous combos. The varied search engines were
utilized in addition thorough search of all the
problems of Indian Journal of Psychiatry[1] on the
market on-line was done. Hand search of a number
of the missing problems was conjointly tried and
this yielded a couple of a lot of articles. A study
supported the globe Health Organization's World
mental state Survey Initiative has aforesaid that
Asian nation has the very best rate of major
depression within the world. The typical life rates of
depression, consistent with the study, were found to
be 14.6% in ten high financial gain countries, and
11.1% in eight low- to middle-income countries.
However life incidents of what was known as Major
Depressive Episodes (MDE), were highest among
Indians at 35.9%, whereas China was at the bottom
at 12%. Average share of MDE was, however,
significantly higher in high-income countries at
28.1%, compared to 19.8% within the low- to
middle-income countries. Those that supported
anybody of those queries were place through a form
to find MDE. To be positive for MDE, a respondent
had to qualify for 5 of the "nine cardinal
symptoms," together with indicators in craving,
sleep, mood, lack of concentration and tendency of
dangerous thoughts. Many studies drained subjects
with depression have shown high level of co
morbidity of each medical specialty and physical
sicknesses, particularly in aged people with
depression. On the opposite hand studies on the
prevalence of medical specialty morbidity in
physical disorders have shown that depression is
sort of rife in these conditions. Studies drained
subjects with intentional self damage, subjects with
serious suicide makes an attempt, divorce seeking
couples, earth quake victims, girls when birthing,
obsessional compulsive disorder, alcohol dependent
subjects, medical in-patients, medicine disorders,
finish stage nephritic sickness cancer chronic and
disfiguring skin disorders age connected
degeneration HIV-infected heterosexuals, industrial
population have shown that depression is that the
most typical or one among the foremost common
medical specialty designation in such patient teams
and prevalence rate as high as 86.7% has been
reported.
Many studies have reported the symptom profile of
subjects with depressive disorders. The findings of
symptomatology generally may be understood with
regard to bodily symptoms, guilt and different
depressive ideations, dangerous behavior,
philosophy of delusions and sleep design. Studies
have additionally compared the symptomatology
241
across completely different regions of the country.
Studies have additionally tried to tell apart the
philosophy in depression from negative symptoms
of schizophrenic psychosis and therefore the
philosophy in clinical depression.
III. RELATED RESEARCH WORK
Rich bodies of work on depression in psychiatry,
psychology, medicine, and sociolinguistics describe
efforts to identify and understand correlates of
MDD in individuals. Cloninger et al.,[22] examined
the role of personality traits in the vulnerability of
individuals to a future episode of depression,
through a longitudinal study. On the other hand,
found support for the claim that negative processing
biases, particularly (cognitive) biases in resolving
ambiguous verbal information can predict sub-
sequent depression. Robinson and Alloy[6]
similarly observed that negative cognitive styles and
stress-reactive rumination were predictive of the
onset, number and duration of depressive episodes.
Finally, Brown et al., found that lack of social
support and lowered self-esteem are important
factors linked to higher incidences of depression.
Among a variety of somatic factors, reduced energy,
disturbed sleep, eating disorders, and stress and
tension have also been found to be correlates of
depressive disorders[7]. In the field of
sociolinguistics[8] showed that linguistic analysis of
speech could classify patients into groups suffering
from depression and paranoia. Computerized
analysis of written text through the LIWC program
has also been found to reveal predictive cues about
neurotic tendencies and psychiatric disorders[9].
Although studies to date have improved our
understanding of factors that are linked to mental
disorders, a notable limitation of prior research is
that it relies heavily on small, often homogeneous
samples of individuals, who may not necessarily be
representative of the larger population. Further,
these studies typically are based on surveys, relying
on retrospective self-reports about mood and
observations about health: a method that limits
temporal granularity. That is, such assessments are
designed to collect high level summaries about
experiences over long periods of time. Collecting
finer-grained longitudinal data has been difficult,
given the resources and invasiveness required to
observe individuals behavior over months and
years. As depression causes the tendencies,
attempts, contemplates to suicide which affects the
socio-economic and sustainable development, it is
very much required to predict and evaluate the
psychological behavior of individuals from a
group/community. This became an emerging
problem of modern era which also causes another
health challenge can be predicted. Thus identifying
the individuals from a group/community possessing
the depressional tendencies is a major concern.
Implementation of Apriori algorithm in medical
concern draws out the inference from a large TABLE-1
gathered data by using data mining. Transaction ID Dipression Factors
IV. PROPOSED WORK T1 {FA, ADD, REM, CD, FP, HL}
The concept of data mining i.e Apriori algorithm is T2 {UE, ADD, REM, CD, FP, HL}
being used here for the extraction of information T3 {FA, AP, CD, FP}
from a large collection of sample data. Association T4 {FA, SLP, RL, CD, HL}
rule mining is properly implemented, related and
demonstrated in accordance with the necessity of T5 {RL, ADD, ADD, CD, ORG, FP}
the work. Apriori algorithm is used for frequent There is a simple golden rule that: an item/itemset
item set mining and association rule learning over is frequently occurred if it is occurring at least 60%
transactional databases. of times which is the support. So for here it should
Apriori is an algorithm for frequent itemset mining be occurred at least 3 times. Count the number of
and association rule learning over transactional transactions in which each factor occurs(shown in
databases. It proceeds by identifying the frequent Table-2).
individual items in the database and extending them
to larger and larger item sets as long as those item
TABLE-2
sets appear sufficiently often in the database. The
frequent item sets determined by Apriori can be Item No of transactions
used to determine association rules which highlight FA 3
general trends in the database.
ADD 3
Algorithm: REM 2
Join Step: Ck is generated by joining Lk-1 with CD 5
itself FP 4
Prune Step: Any (k-1)-itemset that is not frequent
HL 3
cannot be a subset of a frequent k-itemset
UE 1
Pseudo-code: AP 1
Ck: Candidate itemset of size k SLP 1
Lk: frequent itemset of size k
L1= {frequent items}; RL 2
for(k= 1; Lk!=; k++) do begin ORG 1
Ck+1= candidates generated from Lk;
for each transaction t in database do The item is said frequently occurred if it is
increment the count of all candidates in Ck+1 that are occurring at least 3 times. So in this step remove all
contained in t the factors that are occurring less than 3 times from
Lk+1= candidates in Ck+1 with min_support Table-2 and we are left with
end
return kLk;
TABLE-3
A. Implementation
The above algorithm is implemented in JAVA Item Number of
language to get the output and inference. Here about transactions
500 records has been taken as test data for the FA 3
model. The model is tested on 500 individuals and ADD 3
successfully predicted the percent of individuals are CD 5
suffering depression. We have considered the
FP 4
following factors of depression: Lifestyle, Life
events, Non-psychiatric illness, Acquired infection, HL 3
Medical treatments, Professional activities, Stress, Now lets find a pair of factors(shown in Table-4)
and Relationship Status etc. The questions were that are occurring frequently from the Table-3.
based on Family problem(FA), Financial
TABLE-4
problem(FP),Unemployed(UE),emuneration
(REM),Addiction(ADD),Workplace(ORG), Factor pairs
Relationship(RL),Congenital diseases(CD),
{FA,ADD}
Apprehension(AP),Hallucination(HL), and Sleeping
problem(SLP). {FA,CD}
Suppose there are records(shown in Table-1) of {FA,FP}
large number of transactions at a sample data set as
follows:

242
{FA,HL} On the same way
{ADD,CD} {CD} => { ADD,FP} : Confidence is 3/5 x 100% =
60%
{ADD,FP}
{FP} => {ADD,CD} : Confidence is 3/4 x 100% =
{ADD,HL}
75%
{CD,FP} {CD,FP} => {ADD} : Confidence is 3/3 x 100% =
{CD,HL} 100%
{FP,HL} {ADD,FP} => {CD} : Confidence is 3/3 x 100% =
Now count how many times each pair is occurring 100%
together. Remove all the item pairs with number of {ADD,CD} => {FP} : Confidence is 3/4 x 100% =
transactions less than three and we are left with 100%
table-5.
V. TESTING OF THE MODEL
TABLE-5
In this work we have taken the various features of
Item Pairs Number of the individuals as input. Based on the input features
transactions transaction graph is generated. The sample output
{FA,CD} 3 graph of the model is shown in Fig-1 and Fig-2 for a
{ADD,CD} 3 small set of data. This shows the association of
{ADD,FP} 3 different individuals affected by different factors of
depression based on multiple features. The inputs
{CD,FP} 4
are supplied to the system via user interface and
{CD,HL} 3 processed after clicking the process button. Then
transaction lines are drawn with respect to the
These are the pairs of factors frequently occurring inputted depression factors. Common depression
together. Now lets find a set of three factors that factors of each input sequence are joined together in
are occurring together. We use the above table the graph. To detect the persons who are affected by
(table 5) and make a set of 3 factors(table-6). potential depression factors a cut of value has to be
entered in to the system through the user interface.
TABLE-6 Fig-2 shows the transactions with cut of value for a
Item Set Number of small set of data . The cut of value is the number of
transactions depressional factors common to a number of
{ADD,CD,FP} 3 individuals belonging to a group/community.
{CD,FP,HL} 2
Now after this the confidence can be measured to
predict the dipressional level. From the above table-
6 it is observed that the dipressional factors
ADD,CD,FP are occurring together frequently.
Now find the association between them.To do this,
list all the subsets of frequently occurring factors
{ADD,CD,FP} and obtain the following subsets,
{ADD}
{CD}
{FP}
{ADD,CD}
{CD,FP}
{ADD,FP}
Now, find the association among all the subsets

{ADD} => {CD,FP} : (if 'ADD' is occurring, what Fig.1 Plot for the transactions of factors of different individuals
is the probability that 'CD' and 'FP' would be occure
in the same transcation) ADD is occurring in 3
transactions and in all those transactions 'CD' and
'FP' are also occurring, i.e. Confidence = 3/3 x 100
= 100%. We can say with 100% confidence that if
ADD is occurring CD and FP would also be
occurring. So, if a person having Addiction(ADD),
then he/she also have Congenital Diesease(CD) and
Financial Problem(FP).

243

Fig.2 Graph shows the transactions with cut of value=2
VI. CONCLUSION
The overall objective of the work is to predict more
accurately the presence of depression and tried to
maintain the socio-economic development up to
some extent by eliminating this epidemic. This
paper aimed its proper utilization at different levels
and communities by predicting the despressional
level. It will provide the smooth and reliable
environment of work place and successful
professional life. The work can be extended in
future for prediction at individual level and
management with security, and providing
prevention techniques. Other data mining
techniques can also be used for prediction e.g.
clustering, time series, association rules etc. The
text mining can be used to mine and analyze huge
amount of unstructured data available in healthcare
industry database.
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