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OUTLINE

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INTRODUCTION

 Objectives

vigti
Know your position
Efficient use of fuel
Maintain a flight schedule
Avoid other air traffic
Avoid ground-to-air missiles
and anti-aircraft artillery
(known sites)
Minimize exposure to enemy
radar

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IN ETHODS OF N IGTION
 alassic dead-reckoning using air data (speed,
altitude) and magnetic (bearing) coupled with
LORAN-a
 Radio navigation
 Inertial navigation
 Satellite navigation
 aombinations of the above (integrated)

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RINCILES OF N IGTION
 Yasic navigation parameters:

Altitude (barometric or radar)

Speed in the X, Y and Z axes
Indicated air speed (IAS), Mach number (M), and
true air speed (TAS)
Heading and track
Position in latitude and longitude
Way-points


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RDIO N IGTION
 |se of the classic dead-reckoning method
of navigation, based upon the parameters
presented in the previous diagram, is
subject to heading errors and en route
wind affects that lead to along-track and
across-track errors
 Since the 1930s, radio beacons and
navigation aids have greatly improved
navigation by providing a fixed set of
references points

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RDIO N IGTION
 Radio navigation aids include:
VHF omnirange (VOR)
Distance-measuring equipment (DME)
Non-distance beacons (NDY)
Tactical air navigation (TAaAN)
VORTAa (combined TAaAN and VOR)
Long range navigation (LORAN-a)

@ @ VHF OMNIRANGE (VOR)
 Do not be confused by its name, VOR stations
provide bearing information relative to the
aircraft position
 VOR stations operate in the 108-117 95 MHz
band with a channel spacing of 50 kHz or
100kHz
 Each station transmits its identification via a
Morse code modulated tone
 A reference 30 Hz signal is FM modulated onto
the carrier
 A secondary signal is sent by a directed (cardioid)
antenna that spins at 30 rev/sec
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@ @ 1 VOR YEARING

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@ @ @ AERONA|TIaAL aHART VOR

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@ 3 DISTANaE MEAS|REMENT
EQ|IPMENT (DME)

 Provides the distance from the

station by measuring the time
difference between the interrogation
pulses and the response
 Often installed near VOR stations
so as to provide combined bearing
and distance
80 VOR/DME stations in aanada
=0 5 nm

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NON-DISTANaE YEAaONS (NDY)
 The signal only includes bearing
information
 On board automatic direction finding
equipment is required to get the bearing
This same equipment can be used to find
distress locator beacons
 Themost widely spread beacons in use
today
More than 500 in service in aanada alone
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@ 5 TAaTIaAL AIR NAVIGATION
(TAaAN)

A navigation system used by

military aircraft
 Operates on |HF channels
between 960-1@15 MHz
 More precise than VOR/DME
=1% azimuth; =0 1nm

@ 6 aOMYINED VOR / TAaAN

(VORTAa)
 Provides interoperability between civil
and military aircraft
 Especially useful for large military
aircraft that frequently fly civil aviation
routes

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@ 7 RADIO NAVIGATION |SE

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@ 8 RADIO NAVIGATION LIMITATIONS
 Foroceanic crossings, or other routes
where VOR is not available, Doppler
radar is used This can provide dead-
reckoning position by measuring the
aircraft speed with respect to the ground

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@ 8 1 LORAN- a
A more precise system for oceanic
crossings uses an HF band hyperbolic
navigation system none as long range
navigation (LORAN-a)
 In the graph on the next page, the
hyperbolic lines represent points that will
have the same time difference between
the arrival of signals from the two
stations
aan you deduce how position is determined?
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@ 8 @ HYPERYOLIa LORAN- a

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3 INERTIAL NAVIGATION (IN)
 An inertial navigation system includes at
least a computer and a platform or module
containing accelerometers and gyroscopes, or
other motion-sensing devices The INS is
initially provided with its position and
velocity from another source (a human
operator, a GPS satellite receiver, etc ), and
thereafter computes its own updated position
and velocity by integrating information
received from the motion sensors The
advantage of an INS is that it requires no
external references in order to determine its
position, orientation, or velocity once it has
been initialized [Wikipedia3] @
3 1 INERTIAL NAVIGATION ADVANTAGE
 |nlike radio navigation, inertial navigation
allows for arbitrary way point navigation

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 3 @ IN PRINaIPLE OF OPERATION
   

 

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3 3 TWO IN PLATFORM
IMPLEMENTATIONS:
1 Gyrostabilised platform
The accelerometers and gyroscopes are placed on a
platform that itself is stabilized so as to maintain
a fixed position in space
Requires fine servo motors and mechanisms to
maintain stabilization
Very costly
Not very reliable

@
3 3 1 TWO IN PLATFORM
IMPLEMENTATIONS:

@ Strapdown platform
The sensors are fixed to the body of the device, and
thus the aircraft
The necessary calculations to convert the from the
vehicle axis to the space axis are computed sing a
digital computer
Less costly, less maintenance
More reliable

3 3 @ TWO IN PLATFORM
IMPLEMENTATIONS:

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3
IN SYSTEM OF AXIS

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3 5 STAND-ALONE INS

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GLOYAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE
SYSTEMS (GNSS)
 Three systems:
GLONASS
Galileo
GPS

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1 GLONASS
 A system of the former Soviet |nion
 First satellite launched in 198@, system of @

satellites completed in 1995
aurrently the system is only about @5% operational

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@ GALILEO
 A European system of scheduled to enter service
around @013
30 satellites planned so as to provide better coverage
for higher (polar) latitudes
Independent of GPS (in times of war)



3 GPS
 American system
 Operational since 1993
@
satellites, arranged so that a minimum of 5 are
always visible anywhere on earth

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3 1 GPS - PRINaIPLES OF OPERATION
 aontrol segment
ground-based control stations
monitoring stations
antennas (dishes)
 Space segment
the @
satellites
 |ser segment
ships, automobiles, airplanes, portable devices,
phones

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3 @ GPS - PRINaIPLES OF OPERATION


3 3 GPS - PRINaIPLES OF OPERATION
ranging and triangulation is used to
 Yasic
compute a receivers position
Each satellite transmits a unique identifier
code and a precise time stamp
The ground based control / monitoring stations
keep the precise time and positional
information of each satellite up-to-date
The receiver can accurately pin-point its
position by knowing the signal time travel
from at least
satellites
 Accuracy: 100 m (all users), 16 m (selective
availability)


3
GPS IS NOT PERFEaT

 Atmospheric affects
The speed of the signal is affected by
ionospheric and tropospheric conditions
Sun spots
 Propagation via multiple paths (multi
path) can cause time discrepancies
 The internal satellite positional data
(ephemeris) can accumulate error
 It is possible to jam (locally) GPS signals


3 5 DIFFERENTIAL GPS (DGPS)
 Selective availability causes problems for
users requiring reliably accurate
information, such as civil aviation
 For improved accuracy, differential GPS
has been introduced wherein position
corrections are provided by ground
stations
Wide-area DGPS corrections provided by a
network of ground stations
Local area DGPS corrections provided by a
single ground station

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3 5 1 WIDE-AREA A|GMENTATION
SYSTEM (WAAS)

 Thissystem improves the accuracy of the

system to within =7 m


3 5 @ LOaAL-AREA A|GMENTATION
SYSTEM (LAAS)

aompliments WAAS at a local level

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5 INTEGRATED NAVIGATION
 Yyintegrating various means of
navigation, better performance can be
achieved

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5 1 WHIaH SYSTEM DO YO| |SE?
 Theequipment used in an integrated
navigation system depends upon the
phase of flight
Oceanic en route
 redundant INS + GPS, possibly LORAN-a
Domestic en route
 NDY, VOR, DME, TAaAN
Terminal
 NDY, VOR, DME, TAaAN + GPS
Approach
 Instrument or microwave landing system (ILS) /
(MLS)

5 @ THE FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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5 @ 1 AND ITS INTERFAaE

@
5 @ @ AND ITS DATA

6 INSTR|MENT LANDING SYSTEM

(ILS)
 An approach and landing system that
includes:
A localizer antenna centered on the runway to
provide lateral guidance
A glideslope antenna positioned on one side of
the runway to provide vertical guidance
A set of marker beacons positioned in front of
the runway to indicate the stage of the
landing

6 1 LOaALIZER AND GLIDESLOPE

6 @ ILS APPROAaH MARKERS

   




  
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REFERENaES
1) Moir & Seabridge, Military Avionics Systems,
American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics, @006
[Sections @ 6 & @ 7]
@) aollinson, Introduction to Avionics Systems, Second
Edition, Springer, @006
3) Wikipedia, VHF omnidirectional range,
http://en wikipedia org/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range

) Mark A Hicks, "alip art licensed from the alip Art
Gallery on DiscoverySchool com"

DO|YTS AND Q|ERIES