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Water Filter
A. An ingenious invention is set to bring clean water to the third world, and
while the science may be cutting edge, the materials are extremely down to earth. A
handful of clay, yesterdays coffee grounds and some cow manure are the ingredients
that could bring clean, safe drinking water to much of the third world.
B. The simple new technology, developed by ANU materials scientist Mr.

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Tony Flynn, allows water filters to be made from commonly available materials and

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fired on the ground using cow manure as the source of heat, without the need for a

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kiln. The filters have been tested and shown to remove common pathogens

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(disease-producing organisms) including E-coli. Unlike other water filtering devices,
the filters are simple and inexpensive to make. They are very simple to explain and

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demonstrate and can be made by anyone, anywhere, says Mr. Flynn. They dont

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require any western technology. All you need is terracotta clay, a compliant cow and a

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match.
C. The production of the filters is extremely simple. Take a handful of dry,
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crushed clay, mix it with a handful of organic material, such as used tea leaves, coffee
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grounds or rice hulls, add enough water to make a stiff biscuit-like mixture and form
a cylindrical pot that has one end closed, then dry it in the sun. According to Mr.
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Flynn, used coffee grounds have given the best results to date. Next, surround the
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pots with straw; put them in a mound of cow manure, light the straw and then top up
the burning manure as required. In less than 60 minutes the filters are finished. The
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walls of the finished pot should be about as thick as an adults index. The properties
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of cow manure are vital as the fuel can reach a temperature of 700 degrees in half an
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hour and will be up to 950 degrees after another 20 to 30 minutes. The manure makes
a good fuel because it is very high in organic material that burns readily and quickly;
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the manure has to be dry and is best used exactly as found in the field, there is no
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need to break it up or process it any further.

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D. A potters kiln is an expensive item and can could take up to four or

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five hours to get up to 800 degrees. It needs expensive or scarce fuel, such as gas or
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wood to heat it and experience to run it. With no technology, no insulation and
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nothing other than a pile of cow manure and a match, none of these restrictions
apply, Mr. Flynn says.
E. It is also helpful that, like terracotta clay and organic material, cow dung
is freely available across the developing world. A cow is a natural fuel factory. My
understanding is that cow dung as a fuel would be pretty much the same wherever
you would find it. Just as using manure as a fuel for domestic uses is not a new idea,

1
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the porosity of clay is something that potters have known about for years, and
something that as a former ceramics lecturer in the ANU School of Art, Mr. Flynn is
well aware of. The difference is that rather than viewing the porous nature of the
material as a problem -after all not many people want a pot that wont hold water -his
filters capitalize on this property.
F. Other commercial ceramic filters do exist, but, even if available, with
prices starting at US$5 each, they are often outside the budgets of most people in the

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developing world. The filtration process is simple, but effective. The basic principle

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is that there are passages through the filter that are wide enough for water droplets to

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pass through, but too narrow for pathogens. Tests with the deadly E-coli bacterium

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have seen the filters remove 94.6 to 99.8 percent of the pathogen well within safe
level. Using only one filter it takes two hours to filter a litre of water. The use of

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organic material, which burns away leaving cavities after firing, helps produce the

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structure in which pathogens will become trapped. It overcomes the potential

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problems of finer clays that may not let water through and also means that cracks are
soon halted. And like clay and cow dung, it is universally available.
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G. The invention was born out of a World Vision project involving the
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Manatuto community in East Timor. The charity wanted to help set up a small
industry manufacturing water filters, but initial research found the local clay to be too
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fine - a problem solved by the addition of organic material. While the problems of
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producing a working ceramic filter in East Timor were overcome, the solution was
kiln-based and particular to that communitys materials and couldnt be applied
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elsewhere. Manure firing, with no requirement for a kiln, has made this zero
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technology approach available anywhere it is needed. With all the components being
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widely available, Mr. Flynn says there is no reason the technology couldnt be
applied throughout the developing world, and with no plans to patent his idea, there
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will be no legal obstacles to it being adopted in any community that needs it.
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Everyone has a right to clean water, these filters have the potential to enable anyone
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in the world to drink water safely, says Mr. Flynn.

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Mr. ZenicNguyen
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Questions 14-19
Complete the flow chart, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

Guide to Making Water Filters

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Step one: combination of 14 ___________ and organic material, with

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sufficient 15 ___________ to create a thick mixture

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sun dried

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Step two: pack 16 ___________ around the cylinders

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Place them in 17 ___________ /IE
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for firing (maximum temperature: 18 ___________)

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filter being baked in under 19 ___________

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Questions 20-23
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Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading

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Passage 2?
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In boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet, write

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TRUE if the statement is true

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FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
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20 It takes half an hour for the manure to reach 950 degrees.

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21 Clay was initially found to be unsuitable for filter making.

22 Coffee grounds are twice as effective as other materials.
23 E-coli is the most difficult bacteria to combat.

3
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Questions 24-26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
24 When making the pot, the thickness of the wall
A is large enough to let the pathogens to pass.

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B varied according to the temperature of the fuel.

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C should be the same as an adults forefinger.

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D is not mentioned by Mr. Flynn.

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25 What is true about the charity, it

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A failed in searching the appropriate materials.

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B thought a kiln is essential.

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C found that the local clay are good enough.
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D intended to build a filter production factory.
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26 Mr. Flynns design is purposely not being patented

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A because he hopes it can be freely used around the world

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B because he doesnt think the technology is perfect enough

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C because there are some legal obstacles

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D because the design has already been applied thoroughly

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w
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//w
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KEY
14. clay
15. water
16. straw
17. cow manure

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18. 950 degrees

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19. 60 minutes

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20. FALSE

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21. TRUE

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22. NOT GIVEN

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23. FALSE

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24. C
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25. D
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26. A
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//w
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What are Dreams?

A. Thousands of years ago, dreams were seen as messages from the gods,
and in many cultures, they are still considered prophetic. In ancient Greece, sick
people slept at the temples of Asclepius, the god of medicine, in order to receive
dreams that would heal them. Modern dream science really begins at the end of the
19th century with Sigmund Freud, who theorized that dreams were the expression of

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unconscious desires often stemming from childhood. He believed that exploring these

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hidden emotions through analysis could help cure mental illness. The Freudian model

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of psychoanalysis dominated until the 1970s, when new research into the chemistry

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of the brain showed that emotional problems could have biological or chemical roots,
as well as environmental ones. In other words, we werent sick just because of

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something our mothers did (or didnt do), but because of some imbalance that might

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be cured with medication.

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B. After Freud, the most important event in dream science was the
discovery in the early 1950s of a phase of sleep characterized by intense brain
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activity and rapid eye movement (REM). People awakened in the midst of REM
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sleep reported vivid dreams, which led researchers to conclude that most dreaming
took place during REM. Using the electroencephalograph (EEG), researchers could
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see that brain activity during REM resembled that of the waking brain. That told them
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that a lot more was going on at night than anyone had suspected. But what, exactly?
C. Scientists still dont know for sure, although they have lots of theories.
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On one side are scientists like Harvards Allan Hobson, who believes that dreams are
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essentially random. In the 1970s, Hobson and his colleague Robert McCarley
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proposed what they called the activation-synthesis hypothesis, which describes

how dreams are formed by nerve signals sent out during REM sleep from a small area
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at the base of the brain called the pons. These signals, the researchers said, activate
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the images that we call dreams. That put a crimp in dream research; if dreams were
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meaningless nocturnal firings, what was the point of studying them?

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D. Adult humans spend about a quarter of their sleep time in REM, much of
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it dreaming. During that time, the body is essentially paralyzed but the brain is
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buzzing. Scientists using PET and fMRI technology to watch the dreaming brain have
found that one of the most active areas during REM is the limbic system, which
controls our emotions. Much less active is the prefrontal cortex, which is associated
with logical thinking. That could explain why dreams in REM sleep often lack a
coherent story line. (Some researchers have also found that people dream in non-
REM sleep as well, although those dreams generally are less vivid.) Another active

6
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part of the brain in REM sleep is the anterior cingulate cortex, which detects
discrepancies. Eric Nofzinger, director of the Sleep Neuroimaging Program at the
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, thinks that could be why people often figure
out thorny problems in their dreams. Its as if the brain surveys the internal milieu
and tries to figure out what it should be doing, and whether our actions conflict with
who we are, he says.
E. These may seem like vital mental functions, but no one has yet been able

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to say that REM sleep or dreaming is essential to life or even sanity. MAO inhibitors,

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an older class of antidepressants, essentially block REM sleep without any detectable

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effects, although people do get a REM rebound - extra REM - if they stop the

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medication. Thats also true of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like
Prozac, which reduce dreaming by a third to a half. Even permanently losing the

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ability to dream doesnt have to be disabling. Israeli researcher Peretz Lavie has been

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observing a patient named Yuval Chamtzani, who was injured by a fragment of

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shrapnel that penetrated his brain when he was 19. As a result, he gets no REM sleep
and doesnt remember any dreams. But Lavie says that Chamtzani, now 55, is
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probably the most normal person I know and one of the most successful ones. (Hes
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a lawyer, a painter and the editor of a puzzle column in a popular Israeli newspaper.)
F. The mystery of REM sleep is that even though it may not be essential, it
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is ubiquitous - at least in mammals and birds. But that doesnt mean all mammals and
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birds dream (or if they do, theyre certainly not - talking about it). Some researchers
think REM may have evolved for physiological reasons. One thing thats unique
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about mammals and birds is that they regulate body temperature, says neuroscientist
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Jerry Siegel, director of UCLAs Center for Sleep Research. Theres no good
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evidence that any coldblooded animal has REM sleep. REM sleep heats up the brain
and non-REM cools it off, Siegel says, and that could mean that the changing sleep
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cycles allow the brain to repair itself. It seems likely that REM sleep is filling a
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basic physiological function and that dreams are a kind of epiphenomenon, Siegel
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says - an extraneous byproduct, like foam on beer.

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G. Whatever the function of dreams at night, they clearly can play a role in
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therapy during the day. The University of Marylands Clara Hill, who has studied the
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use of dreams in therapy, says that dreams are a back door into a patients thinking.
Dreams reveal stuff about you that you didnt know was there, she says. The
therapists she trains to work with patients dreams are, in essence, heirs to Freud,
using dream imagery to uncover hidden emotions and feelings. Dreams provide clues
to the nature of more serious mental illness. Schizophrenics, for example, have poor-
quality dreams, usually about objects rather than people. If youre going to

7
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understand human behavior, says Rosalind Cartwright, a chairman of psychology at

Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, heres a big piece of it. Dreaming is our
own storytelling time - to help us know who we are, where were going and how
were going to get there. Cartwright has been studying depression in divorced men
and women, and she is finding that good dreamers, people who have vivid dreams
with strong story lines, are less likely to remain depressed. She thinks that dreaming
helps diffuse strong emotions. Dreaming is a mental-health activity, she says.

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Questions 27 - 31

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Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A - G.

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Which paragraph contains the following information?

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Write the correct number, A - G, in boxes 27 - 31 on your answer sheet.

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27 reference of an artists dreams who has versatile talents

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28 dream actually happens to many animals
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29 dreams are related with benefit and happiness
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30 advanced scientific technology applied in investigation of REM stage

31 questioning concern raised about usefulness of investigation on dreams
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//w
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Questions 32 - 34
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32 - 34 on your answer sheet.
32 What were dreams regarded as by ancient people
A superstitious and unreliable

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B communication with gods and chance to predict the future

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C medical relief for children with ill desire

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D rules to follow as they fell asleep in a temple

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33 According to Paragraph D, which part of brain controls reasoning

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A anterior cingulate cortex

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B internal cortext

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C limbic system
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D prefrontal cortex
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34 What can we conclude when author cited reference on dreams in animals

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A Brain temperature rises when REM pattern happens.

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B The reason why mammals are warm blooded.

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C Mammals are bound to appear with more frequent REM.

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D REM makes people want to drink beer with more foam.

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//w
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9
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Questions 35 - 40
Look at the following people and the list of statements below..
Match each statement with the correct person, A - G.
Write the correct letter, A - G, in boxes 35 - 40 on your answer sheet.
35 Dreams sometimes come along with REM as no more than a trivial

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attachment.

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36 Exploring parents dreams would be beneficial for treatment as it reveals

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the unconscious thinking.

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37 Dreams help people cope with difficulties they meet in daytime.

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38 Decoding dreams would provide a remind to human desire in early days.

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39 Dreams are a body function to control strong emotion.

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40 Dreams seem to be as randomly occurring and have limited research
significance.
/IE
Lists of people
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A Sigmund Freud
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B Allan Hobson (Harvard)

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C Robert McCarley
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D Eric Nofzinger
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E Jerry Siegel
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F Clara Hill
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G Rosalind Cartwright
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//w
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10
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KEY
27 F
28 F
29 G
30 D

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31 B

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32 B

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33 D

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34 A

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35 E

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36 D

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37 D
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38 A
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39 G
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40 B
ok
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//w
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