JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 32, NO.
14, JULY 15, 2015
SIM/SM-Aided Free-Space Optical Communication
With Receiver Diversity
Seung-Hoon Hwang, Senior Member, IEEE and Yan Cheng
AbstractIn this paper, we propose subcarrier intensity-
modulation (SIM)/spatial modulation (SM)-aided free space op-
tical communications with receiver diversity. Using computer sim-
ulation, the performances of the proposed SIM/SM scheme are
investigated and compared with those of the conventional SIM
scheme in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and in
outdoor applications with lognormal atmospheric channels. The er-
ror performances are also mathematically analyzed in the AWGN
channel for spectral efficiency of 2 bits/s/Hz in order to validate
the simulation results. Numerical results show that the proposed
SIM/SM scheme can outperform the conventional SIM for both
channels with various spectral efficiencies. We also demonstrate
that, by employing multiple receivers, the deleterious effect of scin-
tillation on the proposed SIM/SM scheme has been further ame-
liorated. Furthermore, our proposed SIM/SM scheme with the
receiver diversity gets more resistant to turbulence-induced fad-
ing, when the spectral efficiency and the number of receivers are
increased.
Index TermsFree space optical communications, log-normal
channel, receiver diversity, spatial modulation, subcarrier intensity
modulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
PTICAL wireless communications (OWC) is one of the
O most promising alternative technologies for indoor and
outdoor applications. It offers flexible networking solutions that
provide cost-effective, highly secure high-speed license-free
wireless broadband connectivity [1]. The OWCs, also called
free-space optical (FSO) communication systems for outdoor
applications, will play a significant role as a complementary
technology to the RF systems in future information super-
highways. The atmospheric outdoor channel is a very com-
plex and dynamic environment that can affect the characteris-
tics of optical beam, thus resulting in FSO link performance
degradation.
Subcarrier intensity modulation (SIM) has been proposed for
terrestrial FSO links, as it is resilient to turbulence induced fad-
ing [2][4]. The subcarrier intensity-modulated FSO system can
avoid the adaptive threshold required in optimum-performing
ONOFF keying-modulated free space optical (FSO), and re-
quire a comparatively lower bandwidth than that of the pulse
position modulation scheme [4]. However, it suffers from poor
Manuscript received December 20, 2013; revised April 11, 2014; accepted
May 8, 2014. Date of publication May 28, 2014; date of current version June
20, 2014.
The authors are with the Division of Electronics and Electrical
Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Korea (e-mail:
shwang@dongguk.edu; sherwincy@hotmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JLT.2014.2327078
0733-8724 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
2443
optical average power efficiency and places bound on the num-
ber of subcarriers. This is because the multiple subcarrier com-
posite electrical signal, being the sum of the modulated si-
nusoids, requires a dc bias to ensure the consistently positive
composite signal [1]. Increasing the number of subcarriers ren-
ders the minimum value of the composite signal more negative,
and consequently the required dc bias increases, thus result-
ing in further deterioration of the optical power efficiency [5].
Therefore, several methods have been researched to improve
the power efficiency of the SIM. This paper proposes a novel
power efficient SIM with a spatial modulation (SM) which re-
duces the number of subcarriers for data transmission, since
the power efficiency in the SIM deteriorates as the number of
subcarriers increases. We should note that the SM used here
differs from the conventional SM [6], [7], in the point that the
target of selection is the multiple subcarriers rather than the
multiple transmitters.
The primary challenge attributed to the outdoor OWC (i.e.,
FSO) communications is a scattering/absorption-induced at-
tenuation and scintillation-induced link fading. Even in clear
atmospheric conditions, links may experience fading due to
turbulence-induced irradiance and phase fluctuation [1]. In order
to ameliorate the deleterious effect of scintillation on the FSO
links, various forward error control codes and spatial diversity
techniques has been investigated [2]. The former approach alone
is not very attractive since it would require very large redundant
bits/interleavers to combat the channel induced burst errors [8].
On the other hand, widely separated emitters or receiver aper-
tures or both are the key requirements to achieve a reasonable
spatial diversity gain [3]. Here, we consider receiver diversity
as well as the SIM/SM to mitigate the channel fading in the
FSO links.
In this paper, the SIM/SM-aided FSO communication with the
receiver diversity is proposed in order to improve the poor power
efficiency of the SIM and to combat the turbulence-induced
fading. The error performances are mathematically analyzed
in the AWGN channel for spectral efficiency of 2 bits/s/Hz in
order to validate the simulation results. Using computer simula-
tion, the link performances of the proposed scheme using equal
gain combining (EGC) are investigated in AWGN as well as in
an outdoor application with the lognormal atmospheric chan-
nels. The bit error rate (BER) performances are then compared
with those of the conventional SIM in terms of various spectral
efficiencies and receiver numbers.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.
Section II presents the proposed SIM/SM with the receiver di-
versity including the description of the SIM and the SM. Nu-
merical results in the AWGN and the turbulence induced fading
2444
Fig. 1. Block diagram of SIM [1] (a) transmitter and (b) receiver. (TIA: trans-
impedance, OBPF: Optical band-pass filter).
channels are presented in Section III. Finally, Section IV con-
cludes the paper.
II. PROPOSED SIM/SM WITH RECEIVER DIVERSITY
A. Subcarrier Intensity Modulation
Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the SIM, where the source
data are serial-to-parallel converted and modulated on a num-
ber of subcarriers. The modulated signals are then multiplexed
together to obtain the signal m(t), which is used to modulate
the intensity of the optical source. As m(t) is a binary phase
shift keying (BPSK) modulated signal, it can be represented as
m(t) = i cos(c t + ) where i is either +1 or 1
depend- ing on the information bit, c is the angular
frequency of the light, and is the fixed phase. In order to
ensure that m(t) is always positive, a dc bias is added. A
subset of this technique, in which the subcarriers frequencies
are integer multiples of the fundamental subcarrier frequency,
is the optical OFDM. At the receiver, direct detection is
employed in order to obtain the received electrical signal, i(t),
which can be given as
i(t) = RI [1 + m(t)] + n(t)
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 32, NO. 14, JULY 15, 2014
where R is the responsivity of the PIN photo detector, I is the
irradiance, and is the modulation index [1]. The transmitted
data are subsequently recovered from i(t) via a coherent detec-
tion. Assuming the value of R and to be 1, the time-averaged
signal power of i(t) over a symbol period may be represented
as
3
E[i2 (t)] = I 2 + 2 . (2)
2
On the other hand the BER Pec of BPSK modulated FSO can
be represented as [1]
Pec = Q( (I )) (3)
where (I ) is the electrical SNR per bit at the demodulator
input, it can be also represented in terms of the received SNR
per bit b at the receiver front end as
I2 2
(I ) = = b . (4)
2 3
Now, the BER of BPSK modulated SIM with single carrier
may be represented in terms of the received SNR per bit b as
2
PSIM 1 (b ) = Q b . (5)
3
For the case of N number of subcarrier, the corresponding
BER PSIM N (b ) may be expressed as
2
PSIM N (b ) = Q b . (6)
N (2N + 1)
Specifically when N = 2, the BER in (6) becomes
1
PSIM 2 (b ) = Q b . (7)
5
B. Spatial Modulation
The SM is a multi-transmitter technique used for increasing
the data rate by a factor of log2 N t, where N t is the number of
transmitters [9]. The SM also provides good BER performance
with low system complexity [10]. In the SM, a block of any
number of information bits is mapped into a constellation point
in the signal domain and a constellation point in the spatial
domain. At each time instant, only one of the transmit antennas
of the set becomes active. The other antennas transmit zero
power. The active transmitter is determined by the incoming bit
sequence. If, for instance, Nt transmit units exist, log2 Nt bits are
mapped to each transmitter index, as shown in Fig. 2. Therefore,
Tx2 is activated for data transmission by the first two bits (10)
and a 1 binary signal is sent out from it, corresponding to the
third bit (1) when the BPSK is employed.
C. Proposed SIM/SM With Receiver Diversity
Fig. 3 shows a diagram of the proposed SIM/SM system.
Unlike the conventional SIM scheme shown in Fig. 1, the data
d(t) is first mapped to two sub-blocks using an SM mapper.
When the number of the subcarrier (Nsu b ) is 4 and the con-
stellation size (M) is 2, the bits to be transmitted in three time
(1)
HWANG AND CHENG: SIM/SM-AIDED FREE-SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION WITH RECEIVER DIVERSITY 2445

Fig. 2. Example of SM [11].

Fig. 3. Block diagram of the proposed SIM/SM (a) transmitter and (b) receiver.

slots are assumed to be d(t) = [110 101 001]. For clear illus-
tration, let us take an example. Since Nsu b = 4 and M = 2, all TABLE I
SM MAPPING TABLE
log2 Nsu b + log2 M bits are transmitted at each time instant as
follows: Input bits N_sub = 4, M = 2
[110(t = 1 ) 101(t = 2 ) 001(t = 3 ) ]T (8)
Subcarrier index Transmit symbol
000 1 1
where ( )T denotes
rule shown theI,transpose.
in Table According
the first two to thedetermine
input bits SM mapping
the 001 1 1
subcarrier index that indicates which subcarrier is used for the 010 2 1
data transmission in Fig. 4, and the last bit is then modulated 011 2 1
100 3 1
onto the subcarriers. Note that only one subcarrier is activated 101 3 1
for data transmission and the others are kept silent. Thus, the 110 4 1
resultant matrix, q(t), is given by 111 4 1

0 0 1
0 0 0
q(t) = . are used to capture the transmitted subcarrier ici (t) followed
0 1 0

(9)
1 {t = 1 } 0{t = 2 } 0{t = 3 } by the low-pass filters, which are used to remove any unwanted
signals from the down-converted signal and then pass it onto
Thus, only one subcarrier signal of the four signals is used the maximum likelihood (ML) detector, which is an optimum
to modulate the intensity of the optical source. Prior to this, a detector used to estimate the active subcarrier index in order to
dc signal is added to this subcarrier signal, to ensure that the recover the transmitted signal d(t).
optical source is appropriately biased at the center of its linear According to the BER expression of BPSK-modulated
dynamic range in order to accommodate the full swing of the N-subcarrier SIM FSO in terms of the received SNR per bit
sinusoidal subcarrier signal. b , we can also derive the BER expression for our proposed
At the receiver, the incoming optical radiation is converted SIM/SM scheme over AWGN channel. As we can see in
into an electrical signal, i(t). Electrical band-pass filters (BPF) Table II, the first bit b1 is used for selecting one of the two
2446 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 32, NO. 14, JULY 15, 2014

Fig. 4. Subcarrier index.

TABLE II
BPSK MODULATED TWO-SUBCARRIER SIM/SM SYMBOLS

Tx symbol Tx bits modulated symbol

s b1 b2 1st subcarriera 1 2nd subcarriera 2

s0 0 0 1 0
Fig. 6. Block diagram of a spatial diversity receiver with N detectors.
s1 0 1 1 0
s2 1 0 0 1
s3 1 1 0 1
lation point to the decision boundary, the BER of our BPSK
modulated SIM/SM scheme employing two subcarriers may be
expressed as
3 1
PSIM SM 2 (b ) = Q b . (12)
2 3
The idea of receiver diversity is premised on the fact that N
separated photodetectors exist. At the receiver, the photo cur-
N , as shown in Fig. 6, are then linearly combined
rents {ii (t)}i= 1
before being sent to the BPF that separate the composite signal
into its constituent subcarriers. To facilitate a fair comparison
of an FSO link with and without spatial diversity, each detector
aperture in the N-detector system is assumed to have an area of
Fig. 5. ML decision region for SIM/SM. AD/N, where AD is the detector aperture area with no diver-
sity. The combiner shown in Fig. 6 scales the signal from each
N , before adding them
photodetector by a gain factor, {aci }i= 1
subcarriers and the second bit b2 is used for BPSK modulation. together. The combiners output thus becomes [4]
Let us define a two-element vector r as r = [r1 r2 ], where rn
N
is the received real value at the nth subcarrier after coherent iT (t) = aci ii (t) (13)
i= 1
demodulation. The ML detection scheme for our SIM-SM may
be expressed as where the linear combining technique considered here is EGC,
the EGC combiner samples the photocurrents {ii (t) }Ni= 1 and
N
argk maxSk P (r | Sk ) (10)
sums them coherently with equal weights {aci }i= 1 = 1.
The log-normal channel model for irradiance fluctuation in a
where P (r | Sk ) is the likelihood function. Considering that turbulence induced fading channel is employed [3], [12]. For a
each noise component on different subcarrier is independent, wave traversing the atmosphere, the random changes in the in-
the likelihood function can be decomposed as dex of refraction along the propagation path result in fluctuation
P (r | Sk ) = P (r1 | Sk )P (r2 | Sk ) (11) of the irradiance and phase of the wave. This irradiance fluc-
tuation (scintillation) is the direct consequence of atmospheric
where each P (ri | Sk ) follows the normal distribution with the temperature inhomogeneity. A widely used parameter for char-
same variance. The ML detection scheme for our SIM/SM rep- acterizing turbulence strength is the log irradiance variance, l2 .
resented in (11) is equivalent to the decision boundary depicted When 21 < 1, the result fading is said to be weak and the re-
in Fig. 5. ceived irradiance is generally assumed to obey the log-normal
A received vector r falls on r1 r2 plane depicted on Fig. 5 distribution given by
and the ML detection estimated the transmitted symbol based 2
on the decision region where the received vector is located. The 1 h (I /I 0 ) + 2l /2
p (I ) = exp , I0
value of in Fig. 5 is the irradiation-dependent magnitude value I 2l 2l2
when no noise is present. A single symbol error results in either (14)
one or two bit errors for the case of binary encoding, result- where I0 is the received average irradiance in the absence of
ing in 3/2 times more bit errors. Considering this fact together scintillation. The log-normal pdf is plotted in Fig. 7 for different
with the reduced distance of k/ 2 from a legitimate constel- values of irradiance variance, 21 . As the values of 21 increase,
HWANG AND CHENG: SIM/SM-AIDED FREE-SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION WITH RECEIVER DIVERSITY
Fig. 7. Log-normal pdf for a range of log irradiance variance 21 .
the distribution becomes more skewed with longer tails in the
infinity direction. This denotes the extent of the fluctuation of
the irradiance as the channel inhomogeneity increases.
III. NUMERICAL RESULTS
In this section, the performances of the proposed SIM/SM
with the spatial diversity are investigated in terms of the bit
error probability (BER), and compared with those of the SIM
under different spectral efficiencies as well as different fading
strengths. The system is simulated by using the Monte Carlo
approach. The AWGN channel is first considered, and the log-
normal model is then treated for the turbulence induced fading
channel. The theoretical BERs of conventional BPSK modulated
SIM expressed in (7) and of our scheme expressed in (12) when
the number of subcarriers is 2 are also given in Fig. 8 to prove
that the simulation results corroborate the BER analysis given
above. The transmitted number of bits on each time instance
is log2 Nsu b + log2 M for the proposed scheme and Nsu b
log2 M for the conventional SIM scheme [7]. Thus, in order to
compare the performances under the same spectral efficiency of
2, 3, and 4 bits/s/Hz, the number of subcarriers is 2, 4, and 8,
for the proposed scheme, and 2, 3, and 4, for the conventional
SIM scheme, when the signal constellation size M is 2. The
parameters used in the simulations are listed in Table III.
A. AWGN Channel
Figs. 8 and 9 show the performance comparison of SIM/SM
and SIM in the AWGN channel for different spectral efficiencies
and different numbers of receivers N (with and without receiver
diversity). In the figures, it is observed that the performance of
the proposed SIM/SM scheme is better than that of the conven-
tional SIM scheme over the AWGN channel, when the same
number of receivers N is given. Comparing two figures, it is
shown that the performance gain increases, as the spectral ef-
2447
Fig. 8. Performance comparison of SIM/SM versus SIM for spectral efficiency
of 2 bits/s/Hz in AWGN channel.
TABLE III SIMULATION
PARAMETERS
Parameters Values
Data rate (R b ) 1 Mbps
Subcarrier frequency 1428 MHz
Photo detector responsivity (R) 1
Constellation size (M) 2 (BPSK)
Spectral efficiency 2, 3, 4 bits/s/Hz
Number of receivers (N) 1, 2, 4
Channel AWGN
Log-normal channel ( 21 = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5)
ficiency increases. For example, when the spectral efficiency is
2 bits/s/Hz without receiver diversity (for the number of
receiver = 1) in Fig. 8, an Eb/N0 gain of 2 dB is achieved
to maintain the BER of 10 5 . Meanwhile, when the spectral
efficiency is 4 bits/s/Hz in Fig. 9, the Eb/N0 gain increases to
be 5.3 dB. In other words, the proposed SIM/SM scheme is
more favorable when high spectral efficiencies are desirable.
That means the performance of the SIM/SM deteriorates more
slowly than that of the conventional SIM scheme, as the num-
ber of subcarriers increases. This is because in the SIM/SM
scheme, simultaneous data transmissions on multiple subcar-
riers are avoided by using the SM scheme to select only one
subcarrier for data transmission. Thus, increasing the number
of subcarriers will not affect the value of the required dc bias
in comparison to that of the conventional SIM scheme. Gen-
erally, we can say that the SIM/SM improves the performance
degradation of the SIM due to the increase of the number of
subcarriers, which is related to the power efficiency.
In addition, the performance of the proposed SIM/SM scheme
has been significantly improved by increasing the number of
receivers. Note that, when the spectral efficiency increases to
4 bits/s/Hz in Fig. 9, we can see the proposed SIM/SM scheme
with two separated receivers can even outperform the conven-
tional SIM scheme with four separated receivers. That means
2448
Fig. 9. Performance comparison of SIM/SM versus SIM for spectral efficiency
of 4 bits/s/Hz in AWGN channel.
Fig. 10. Performance comparison of SIM/SM versus SIM for spectral effi-
ciency of 2 bits/s/Hz in log-normal channel with 21 = 0.3.
the SIM/SM can release the complexity increase by employing
the receiver diversity.
B. Turbulence Induced Fading Channel
Figs. 10 and 11 show the performance comparison of SIM/SM
and SIM over an atmospheric turbulence induced fading chan-
nel for different spectral efficiencies and different numbers of
receivers. We assume the irradiance variance 21 to be 0.3. In
the figures, similar to those in the AWGN channel, the perfor-
mance of the proposed SIM/SM scheme is superior to that of
the conventional SIM. However, for the spectral efficiency of
2 bits/s/Hz in Fig. 10, the performances of both the proposed
scheme and the conventional scheme significantly degrade com-
pared with those in the AWGN channel in Fig. 8. Therefore,
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 32, NO. 14, JULY 15, 2014
Fig. 11. Performance comparison of SIM/SM versus SIM for spectral effi-
ciency of 4 bits/s/Hz in log-normal channel with 21 = 0.3.
Fig. 12. Performance comparison of SIM/SM versus SIM for spectral ef-
ficiency of 2 bits/s/Hz in log-normal channel with 21 = [0.1 0.3 0.5] and N = 1.
the employment of the receiver diversity is very crucial to
mitigate the channel fading in the FSO links, and thus reduc-
ing the required Eb/N0 values. In Fig. 11, when the spectral
efficiency increases to 4 bits/s/Hz, the performance of the pro-
posed scheme with two separated receivers is equal to that of
the conventional scheme with four separated receivers, which
also indicates the SIM/SM may release the complexity increase
by employing the receiver diversity even in the lognormal at-
mospheric channels.
In Figs.1215, the BER performances are plotted as a func-
tion of the Eb/N0 for three values of irradiance variances
and different numbers of receivers. We assume the irradiance
variance. 12 to be 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5. As the variance value
increases, the fading strength increases. We can see clearly
HWANG AND CHENG: SIM/SM-AIDED FREE-SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION WITH RECEIVER DIVERSITY
Fig. 13. Performance comparison of SIM/SM versus SIM for spectral effi-
ciency of 2 bits/s/Hz in log-normal channel with 21 = [0.1 0.3 0.5] and N = 4.
Fig. 14. Performance comparison of SIM/SM versus SIM for spectral effi-
ciency of 4 bits/s/Hz in log-normal channel with 21 = [0.1 0.3 0.5], and N = 1.
that as the fading strength increases, the performance of both
schemes degrades. Comparing Figs. 12 with N = 1 and 13 with
N = 4 for the spectral efficiency of 2 bits/s/Hz, the employment
of receiver diversity can improve the performance degradation
due to the lognormal channels, and thus making the perfor-
mances in the different channel environments close. Further-
more, it is shown that the proposed SIM/SM scheme with the
receiver diversity gets more resistant to turbulence induced fad-
ing, since the performance of the proposed scheme with a rel-
ative high irradiance variance of 0.3 and 0.5 is close to that of
the conventional scheme with a relative low irradiance variance
of 0.1 and 0.3, respectively.
2449
Fig. 15. Performance comparison of SIM/SM versus SIM for spectral ef-
ficiency of 4 bits/s/Hz in log-normal channel with 21 = [0.1 0.3 0.5] and N = 4.
Figs. 14 and 15 describe the performances when the spec-
tral efficiency is 4 bits/s/Hz. In Fig. 14, when the number of
receiver equals to 1, the performance of the proposed scheme
with relatively high irradiance variance of 0.5 is equal to that of
the conventional scheme with relatively low irradiance variance
of 0.3. Therefore, the SIM/SM can improve the performances
without increasing the receiver diversity order in the even severe
lognormal atmospheric channels, when the spectral efficiency
is high. Also in Fig. 15, for four separated receivers, the per-
formances of the proposed scheme are superior to that of the
conventional scheme over all of environments with the irradi-
ance variance of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5. Therefore, it is observed that
the proposed SIM/SM scheme with multiple receivers is more
favorable when high spectral efficiencies are desirable, even in
the worse turbulent fading channel. Since the proposed SIM/SM
scheme degrades less significantly than that of the SIM scheme,
as the spectral efficiency increases, for the same number of
receivers, the proposed scheme can be a good solution to re-
sist the lognormal turbulence fading without further increase of
complexity such as the number of receivers.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we combined the SIM with the SM in order
to improve the power efficiency of the conventional SIM. The
numerical results showed that the SIM/SM improved the perfor-
mance degradation of the SIM due to the increase of the number
of subcarriers, which is related to the power efficiency. In ad-
dition, the performance of the proposed SIM/SM scheme was
significantly improved by increasing the number of receivers.
That means the SIM/SM can release the complexity increase
by employing the receiver diversity in the AWGN channel and
the lognormal atmospheric channels. In the atmospheric tur-
bulent fading channel, both schemes were degraded when the
2450
fading strength increases. Therefore, the employment of the re-
ceiver diversity is very crucial to mitigate the channel fading
in the FSO links, and thus reducing the required Eb/N0 val-
ues. The proposed SIM/SM scheme with multiple receivers is
more favorable when high spectral efficiencies are desirable,
even in the worse turbulent fading channel. As the spectral
efficiency increases, the proposed scheme can be a good solu-
tion to resist the lognormal turbulence fading without further
increase of complexity such as the number of receivers. Fur-
ther research will be focused on analysis for the SIM/SM with
different kinds of diversity.
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Seung-Hoon Hwang (M92SM05) received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees
in electrical engineering from Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, in 1992, 1994,
and 1999, respectively. From 1999 to 2004, he worked for UMTS standardization
at LG Electronics, Korea. From 2003 to 2004, he was a Visiting Research Fellow
with Prof. Lajos Hanzo at the University of Southamtpon, Southamtpon, U.K. He
is currently an Associate Professor at the Division of Electronics and Electrical
Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea. In 2010, he was a Visiting
Professor with Prof. John Cioffi at Stanford University, U.S.A. He received
the British Chevening Scholarship funded by the Foreign and Common Wealth
Office, U.K.
Yan Cheng received the B.S. degree in electronics engineering from Yichun
University, Yichun, China, in 2011. He is currently working toward the
M.S. degree with Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea.