The official journal of ISSN 1004—9541 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering Off-Print & 7 Chemical Industry Press, BeijingChinese J. Chem. Eng., 11 (1) 79 ~ 84 (2003) Analysis of Flow Structure and Calculation of Drag Coefficient for Concurrent-up Gas-Solid Flow* YANG Ning(#7')"*, WANG Wei(z 4), GE Wei(# #1) and LI Jinghai( + # i#) Multi-Phase Reaction Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China Abstract This study investigates heterogenous structure and its influence on drag cosficient for concurrent ‘up gassoli flow. ‘The energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) model is modified to simulate the variation of structure parameters with solids concentration, showing the tendency for particles to aggregate to form clusters and for fluid to pass around clusters, The global drag corffcient is resolved into that for the dense phase, for the dilute phase and forthe so-called interphase, al of which ean be obtained fom their respective phaso-specific structure parameters. The computational reaults show that the dreg coelicents of the different phases are quite different, And the global drag coefficient calculated from the EMMS approach is much lower than that from the correlation of Wen and Yu. The simulation resulta demonstrate that the EMMS approach can well describe the heterogeneous flow structure, and is very promising for incorporation into the two-luld model or the discrete particle model asthe emt ‘This result is slightly different from that of the original ‘model (Li and Kwauk)! in which Ny/Np = min. ‘occurs at €¢ = Emax and Ee For comparing the respective movement tenden- cies of gas and particles, Ve and V; are defined as the volume fractions of particles in the dense phase, the dilute phase with respect to unit space respectively, as shown below af Ves f(l ee) (uy) Ve=(1-fQ-=1) (12) It can be seen from Fig. (a) and Fig.1(b) that Ve is much larger than Vj, and Vz increases while V; decreases with increase in solids concentration, in- dlicating that the tendency for particles is to aggre- gate in the dense clusters rather than to disperse in the dilute broth. Fig. 1(c) shows that with increas- ing solids concentration, the superficial gas velocity increases in the dilute phase, and decreases in the dense phase, indicating that the tendency for gas is to pass around rather than to penetrate through the dense clusters. In this way, gas and particles can real- ize their respective movement tendencies, i.e. the gas al finds the upward path with minimal resistance, and the particles array themselves with minimal potential energy. ‘These simulation results are reasonably con- sistent with commonly accepted conclusions from ex- perimental observation. They are also cogent for the concept of mutual compromise in two-phase flow!22I, Figure 1(4) illustrates that with increasing solids concentration, the voidage of dense phase decreases until it reaches emg. Fig. 1(e) illustrates that the di ameter of clusters increases to @ maximum and then decreases abruptly at some turning point, apparently due to the fact that the diameter of clusters depends not only on the interaction between gas and particles, but also on the geometrical limitation imposed by the minimum voidage ofthe dense phase of é;. When the voidage of dense phase reaches em¢, the clusters can no longer hold more particles to increase their diameter, but are forced to split into more and smaller clusters in order to meet both the geometrical imitation and the tendency for particles to aggregate. In fact, the assumption of geometrical limitation, to some extent, reflects the considerable influence of particle-particle interaction inthis case. The EMMS model, which only considers the gas-solid interaction, might not be suit- able for describing these systems accurately. However, it is still capable of predicting the tendency for sys- tem to become homogeneous after the turning point. Given the overall voidage, the decrease of the diameter of clusters after the turning point means the increase of number of clusters in system. Correspondingly, the os 16} & os 2° 1 g 2" B3 02] a An 4] 2 2 01 i Ba o Of 02 03 04 OS oor 02 03 04 os *"o 01 02 03 O4 os (0) Wane ction of pats) Vliet patie (0 Sepa gus lcty in Stree 1‘ tht nin dep P oo 0s oa of 9.005) os] 20m 5 04) 4 ows Bos od oon “ oa o Of 02 03 04 OS 001 Ol 02 03 04 OS 0 01 02 03 04 OS (0) eos dene pe (0 Cte date (0 Ratio egy consumption somtng iad ln et co Figure 1 Variation of structre parameters with sold concentration Chinese J. Ch. B. 11 (1) 79 (2003)82 Chinese J. Ch. B. (Vol. 11, No.1) voidage of dense phase tends to the overall voidage, as shown in Fig. 1(@), showing the tendency for sys- tem to become homogeneous. Intuitively one would imagine that when the system voidage approaches mf, the dense phase would begin to assume the more or less homogeneous structure of the so-called emulsion hase in bubbling fluidization. However, we are left with no means to ascertain any inconspicuous parti- tion of the apparently homogeneous emulsion phase into sinall clusters. Neither could the EMMS model be capable of providing clues as to the structure of the emulsion phase in bubbling fluidization. Fig. 1(f) illustrates that Ny/Mr increases abruptly beyond the turning point, indicating that the two phase structure is unstable, and particles might have the tendency to ‘erupt out of the clusters to make the system homoge- neous. It is found from Figs. I(a)—() that the turning point corresponds to 1 — ¢ = 0.36 under the specified ‘operating conditions, reflecting the abrupt change of the structure parameters of system. Tt should be noted that, the turning point still exists in Fig. 1(a) though it is unclear since Ve is much above Vi. 3.2. Resolution of drag coefficient According to the EMMS model, gas-solid interac- tion occurs at different scales, and thus the drag coeffi- cient should be investigated for particles in the dense phase and the dilute phase, and for clusters in the inter-phase respectively. ‘The correlation of the three rag coefficients can be derived from Eqs. (1) —(3), as shown below Le coe bn Ue Td = Moy-pelata)(l-edke wd5/6 2 a) Tape Or 30 FE = Py — mort ale) as) Fae OO PUTA = Hoppa aN (a5) ‘The term on the left represents the drag forces and the term on the right, the effective weight per unit vol- uume for a phase. Then the three drag coefficients can be calculated based on the phase-specific structure pa- rameters. Figure 2 shows the variation of the three drag co- ‘fficients with increasing solids concentration, indicat- ing that the three drag coefficients are quite different due to significant differences among the phase-specific parameters. Cpr is much lower than Cpe and Cp; due to low solids concentration in the dilute phase. With increasing solids concentration, Cpe and Cpr increase while Cpr decreases, indicating that the intensity of gas-solid interaction in the dense phase and the inter- phase is higher than that in the dilute phase February, 2003 10000 srg content s8 8 a oor 0203 a4 Figure 2 Comparison of drag coefficients for different phases 1G} 2-Op45 Cr 3.3. Calculation of drag coefficient ‘The resultant drag force for all the particles in unit volume, Fp, is given below ans ~ /6 Lot ae fo Co sree 74 (18) where Cp is the equivalent drag coefficient for all the particles in the unit volume. Summing the left term in Eqs. (13)—(15), and comparing with Eq. (16) give the correlation of Cp, as shown below Cp (1 =e WURCpe + (I~ er)UZCDt + F(dp/daUZCpi = =\0 a7 The simulation is carried out to correspond ‘to the experimental conditions of Lil! (FCC/air, Pp = 178Okg-m™$, dy=58 um, Uz=Lims"', Gy 16kg:m~?-s"?, eme = 0.4) , while for comparison, the correlation of Wen and Yu is given as follows Cp = Cooe~*? (18) It can be seen from Fig.3 that the drag coeffi- cient from the EMMS approach is much lower than that from the Wen and Yu's correlation in the re- gion of 1 —¢ = 0—0.3 which is the typical state for fast fluidization. The prediction of such reduction for drag coefficient is in agreement with the conclusions from experimental results such as those of Gunn and ‘Malik!'®), and Mueller and Reh!*®!, rag cotficent n of drag coefiicients 1—Wen and Ya; 2-EMMS[Analysis of Flow Structure and Calculation of Drag Coefficient for Concurrent-up Gas-Solid Flow 83 As a further comparison, a liquid-solid system (elass/water, pp = 2620kgm™*, dy = 440 pm, Ug = 3.0ms~!, G, = 50kg-m™?-s-1), representing another extreme of the fluidization spectrum, was chosen. Fig.4 shows that the two drag coefficients are close when the solids concentration is within the range of 1 = 0-03, Since the correlation of Wen and Yu is suitable for liquid-solid systems, which are, in most ‘common cases, more homogeneous than gas-solid sys- tems, the simulation results indicate that the EMMS approach is also suitable for liquid-solid systems. ‘The above discussion shows that the EMMS ap- proach can be applied to a wide range of operations, from liquid-solid to fast fluidization, demonstrating its adaptability in describing heterogeneous flow struc- tures as well as calculating drag coefficients. In view of the critical importance of the drag coefficient in simulations using the TFM or the DPM, the prospect of the EMMS approach includes its use as the closure law for drag coefficient in these models instead of the correlation of Wen and Yu. o Or 02 03 08 os be Figure 4 Comparison of drag coefficients in Glass/water system 1 Wen and Yu; 2-EMMS 4 CONCLUSIONS (1) Owing to the strong influence of heterogeneous flow structure on the drag coefficient, the widely em- ployed correlation of Wen and Yu for drag coefficient is inadequate for characterizing the CFB system. (2) Investigation on structure parameters show that in the CFB system, particles tend to aggregate in dense clusters rather than to disperse in dilute broth, while gas tends to pass around rather than to pene- trate through the dense clusters. (3) The drag coefficients in the dense phase, the dilute phase and the inter-phase are quite different. Cor is much lower than Cp. and Cpj.. With increas- ing solids concentration, Cpe and Cp; inerease while Cor decreases, (4) The drag coefficient calculated from the EMMS approach is much lower than that from the Wen and Yu's correlation, while in glass/water system, the two drag coefficients are close when the solids concentra- tion is within the range of 00.3 (6) Simulation results demonstrate the adaptabil ity of the EMMS approach in describing heterogencous flow structures. ‘The prospect of this approach in- cludes its use as the closure law for drag coefficient in simulations using the two-fuid model or the discrete particle model. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Mooson Kwauk at Institute of Process En- gineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for his valu- able comments and suggestions. The financial support from the National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences of China (No. G1999022103) and the National ‘Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20176059) is also gratefully acknowledged. NOMENCLATURE 2 acceleration of pastices, ms Cp effective drag coeficient Coe dag coefficient of particles in dense phase Cog drag coelcient of particles in dilute phase Co, drag coefficient of particles in interphase Cop standard drag coefficient dy cluster diameter, m dy patticle diameter, m Fo resultant drag force forall the particles in unit tzavity acelertion, ma~ fective weight faction of dense phase supported ty uid in dene pia in Ea (13), the = (1=#)/(1~ 80] ‘effective weight fraction of dense phase supported ‘by uid in dilute phase in Eq. (18), th=(e-eo/(t~e)] [Nae mate specie energy consumption for suppending and transporting particles, Wikg” (Mp mass specific total energy consumption for particles, Wg"? U. —supeticial fuid velocity in dense phase, ma? Up superfluid velocity in dilate phase, ms? Ug supercilhidveocty, ma int superficial fd velocity at minimum fuidzation, f a ° he superficial particle velocity, ms! superficial particle vlocty in dense phase, m-s~ superficial particle velocity in dilute phase, ms™* superficial slip velocity, ms™* superficial slip velocity in dense phase, ms" superficial slip velocity in dilute phase, ma! superficial slip velocity in interphase m-“* volume fraction of particles in dense phase with respect to unit space Vé volume fraction of particles in dilute phase with respect to unit space © voidage ce voidage of dense phase Chinese J. Ch. B. 11 (1) 70 (2003)ct (Chinese J. Ch. B. (Vol.11, No.1) er —_ Woidage of dilute phase imax maximum voidage for particle aggregating(0.9997) mat Yoidage at minimum fluidization Pe flid density, kgm? Pp solid density, kgm~® Subscripts 5 es phase solid phase REFERENCES: 1 Li, Kwauk, M, “Phe dynamic of fast lization’, Flax idization, Grace, LR Matsen, JM. 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