SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 17 PROBLEMS

S.17.1 The direction cosines for the members are

Member (deg)

12 190 0 1.0
13 1180 21.0 0
23 1225 20.707 20.707

The stiffness matrices are then, from Eq. (17.23)

2 3 2 3
0 0 0 0 1 0 21 0
6 7 6 7
AE 6
60 1 0 21 7
7 AE 6
6 0 0 0 07
7
K12  5 6 7 K13  5 6 7
L 60 0 0 0 7 L 6 21 0 1 07
4 5 4 5
0 21 0 1 0 0 0 0
2 3
0:5 0:5 20:5 20:5
6 7
AE 6 6 0:5 0:5 20:5 20:5 7
7
K23  5 6 7
1:414L 6 20:5 20:5 0:5 0:5 7
4 5
20:5 20:5 0:5 0:5

Then
8 9
8 9 2 3>> u1 5 0 > >
> Fx;1 > 1 0 0 0 21 0 >
> >
>
>
> > > >
>F >
> >
> 6
21
7>>
> 5 0 >
>
>
>
> y;1 >
> 6 0 1 0 0 0 7>>
1
>
>
>
> > 6 7> >
< Fx;2 >= AE 6 0 20:354 7
20:354 7
>
< u 2 =
>
6 0 0:354 0:354
5 6 7
>
> Fy;2 >> L 6 0 21 20:354 20:354 7 > 2 >
>
> >
> 6 0:354 1:354 7>> >
>
>
> >
> 6 7>>
>
>
>
>
>
> F >
> 4 21 0 20:354 20:354 1:354 0:354 5> > 5 >
>
>
:
x;3
>
; >
> u 3 0 >
>
20:354 20:354 0:354 : >
> >
>
Fy;3 0 0 0:354 ;
3 5 0

Therefore
    
Fx;2 AE 0:354 0:354 u2
5
Fy;2 L 0:354 1:354 2

e308
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e309

in which

Fx;2 5 50 kN and Fy;2 5 0:

Therefore

60 3 210000
50 3 103 5 0:354u2 1 0:354 2
1 3 103
That is

50 3 103 5 4:46u2 1 4:46 2 (i)

Also

0 5 0:354u2 1 0:354 2 (ii)

Solving Eqs (i) and (ii),

u2 5 15:19 mm; 2 5 23:98 mm:

S.17.2 Referring to Fig. P.17.2 and Fig. 17.3

Member 12 23 34 41 13
p
Length L L L L 2L
p p p p
(cos ) 1= 2 21= 2 21= 2 1= 2 0
p p p p
(sin ) 1= 2 1= 2 21= 2 21= 2 1

The stiffness matrix for each member is obtained using Eq. (17.23). Thus
2 3 2 3
1 1 21 21 1 21 21 1
6 7 6 7
AE 6
6
1 1 21 21 7
7 K23  5 AE 6
6 21 1 1 21 7
7
K12  5 6 7 6
2L 4 21 21 1 1 5 2L 4 21 1 1 21 7
5
21 21 1 1 1 21 21 1
2 3 2 3
1 1 21 21 1 21 21 1
6 7 6 7
AE 6
6
1 1 21 21 7
7 K41  5 AE 6
6 21 1 1 21 7
7
K34  5 6 7 6
2L 4 21 21 1 1 5 2L 4 21 1 1 21 7
5
21 21 1 1 1 21 21 1
2 3
0 0 0 0
6 7
AE 6 0 1 0 21 7
K13  5 p 6 7
2L 6 40 0 0 0 7
5
0 21 0 1
e310 Solutions Manual

The stiffness matrix for the complete framework is now assembled using the method
described in the discussion of Eq. (17.14)
8 9 2 38 9
>
> Fx;1 >> 2 0 21 21 0 0 21 1 > u1 5 0 >
>
> >
> p p >
> >
>
> >
> 6 217 > > >
>
>
Fy;1 >
> 60 21 2 21 21 0 2 2 1 7>> 1 >>
>
> >
> 6 7>>
>
>
>
>
> > 6 7 > >
> Fx;2 >
>
> >
> 6 21 21 2 0 21 1 0 0 7>>
>
u 2 5 0 >
>
>
< Fy;2 >
> = AE 6 7>< >
6 21 21 0 2 1 21 0 0 7 2 5 0 =
5 6 7 (i)
> > 60 217
>
> F x;3 >
>
2L 6 0 21 1 2 0 21 7>> u3 5 0 >
> >
>
>
> >
> 6 p p 7>> >
>
> y;3 > >
> 6 217 > 3 > >
>
>
F
> 60 2 2 1 21 0 21 2 21 7>> >
>
>
> >
> 6 7>>
>
>
>
>
>
> F >
x;4 > 4 2 1 1 0 0 21 21 2 0 5>> u 5 0 >
>
>
> >
> >
:
4 >
;
: ;
Fy;4 1 21 0 0 21 21 0 2 4 5 0

In Eq. (i)
Fy;1 5 2 P; Fx;1 5 Fx;3 5 Fy;3 5 0
Then
AE h p p i
Fy;1 5 2P 5 2 1 21 2 23 (ii)
2L
AE h p p i
Fy;3 5 0 5 2 21 1 2 1 23 (iii)
2L
From Eq. (iii)
p
1 5 1 1 23 (iv)
Substituting for 1 in Eq. (ii) gives
0:293PL
3 5 2
AE
Hence, from Eq. (iv)

0:707PL
1 5 2
AE
The forces in the members are obtained using Eq. (iv) of Ex. 17.1, thus
( )
AE   020 P
F12 5 p 1 1 5 5 F14 from symmetry
2L 0 1 0:707PL=AE 2
( )
AE   020
F13 5 p 0 1 5 0:293P
2L 20:293PL=AE 1 0:707PL=AE
( )
AE   020
F23 5 p 21 1 5 2 0:207P 5 F43 from symmetry
2L 20:293PL=AE 2 0
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e311

The support reactions are Fx,2, Fy,2, Fx,4 and Fy,4. From Eq. (i)
AE
Fx;2 5 2 1 1 3 5 0:207P
2L
AE
Fy;2 5 2 1 2 3 5 0:5P
2L
AE
Fx;4 5 1 2 3 5 2 0:207P
2L
AE
Fy;4 5 2 1 2 3 5 0:5P:
2L
S.17.3 Referring to Fig. P.17.3 and Fig. 17.3

Member 12 23 34 31 24
p p p
Length l= 3 l= 3 l l l= 3
p p
(cos ) 3=2 0 1/2 21/2 3=2
p p
(sin ) 1/2 1 2 3=2 2 3=2 21/2

From Eq. (17.23) the member stiffness matrices are

2 p p 3
3 3=4 3=4 2 3 3=4 2 3=4
p p 7
AE 6
6 3=4 p 3=4 2 3=4 2 3=4 7
K12  5 6 p 7
l 4 2 3 3=4 2 3=4 3 3=4 3=4 5
p p
2 3=4 2 3=4 3=4 3=4
2 3
0 0 0 0
p p
AE 6
60 3 0 2 37 7
K23  5 6 7
l 40 0 0 0 5
p p
0 2 3 0 3
2 p p 3
1=4 2 3=4 21=4 3=4
p p
AE 6
6 2 3=4 3=4 3=4 23=4 7
7
K34  5 6 p p 7
l 4 21=4 3=4 1=4 2 3=4 5
p p
3=4 23=4 2 3=4 3=4
2 p p 3
1=4 3=4 21=4 2 3=4
p p
AE 6
6 3=4 3=4 2 3=4 23=4 7
7
K31  5 6 p
p 7
l 4 21=4 2 3=4 1=4 3=4 5
p p
2 3=4 23=4 3=4 3=4
2 p p 3
3 3=4 23=4 23 3=4 3=4
p p 7
AE 6
6 23=4 3=4 3=4 2 3=4 7
K24  5 6 p
p 7
l 4 23 3=4 3=4 3 3=4 23=4 5
p p
3=4 2 3=4 23=4 3=4
e312 Solutions Manual

The stiffness matrix for the complete framework is now assembled as before and is

2 p p p p 3
113 3 31 3 3 3 3 1 3
6 2 2 2 2 0 0 7
6 4 4 4 4 4 4 7
6 7
6 7
6 p p p p 7
631 3 31 3 3 3 3 3 7
6 2 2 2 2 0 0 7
6 4 7
6 4 4 4 4 4 7
6 7
8 9 6 p p p 78
6 7 u1 5 0 9
>
>
F x;1 >
> 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7>
> >
>
>
> > 62 2 0 0 0 2 7> >
>
>
>
>
> 6 4 4 2 4 4 7>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> F > 6 7> 5 0 >
>
>
y;1 >
>
> 6 7>
>
>
1 >
>
>
>
> > 6 p p p 7>
> >
>
>
> Fx;2 >>
>
>
6 3
62 3 3 3 p
3 3 7
7
>
>
> u2 5 0 >
>
>
>
>
> >
> 6 2 0 0 2 3 2 >
>
7> >
>
>
> >
> 7> >
>
< Fy;2 = AE 6 6
4 4 2 4 4
7< 2 =
5 6 7
> > l 6 p p 7>
>
> Fx;3 > 6 1 7> u 50 > >
>
>
>
>
> 62 2
3
0 0
1
0 2
1 3 7>
> 3
>
>
>
>
>
> > 6 4 7> >
>
> Fy;3 >
>
> 6 4 2 4 4 7>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> >
> 6 >
7> 3 >
>
>
> >
> 6 p p 7>
> >
>
>
> Fx;4 >> 6 7>
> >
>
>
> >
> 6 3 3 p 3 p 3 3 >
7> u 5 0 >
>
>
> >
> 62 2 0 2 3 0 1 3 2 >
7>
4
>
>
: ; 6 4 4 2 4 4 7: ;
Fy;4 6 7 4 5 0
6 7
6 p p p p 7
6 113 3 31 37
60 2
3 3 3
2
1 3
2 7
6 0 7
6 4 4 4 4 4 4 7
6 7
6 7
6 p p p p 7
6 3 3 3 3 31 3 31 3 7
40 0 2 2 2 5
4 4 4 4 4 4
(i)

In Eq. (i)

Fx;2 5 Fy;2 5 0; Fx;3 5 0; Fy;3 5 2 P; Fx;4 5 2 H

Then

AE 3 3 p
Fy;2 5 0 5 2 2 3 3 (ii)
l 2

and



AE p 3 p
Fy;3 5 2 P 5 2 32 1 1 3 3 (iii)
l 2
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e313

From Eq. (ii)

2
2 5 3 (iv)
3

Now substituting for 2 in Eq. (iii)

p
Pl 2 3 3 p
2 52 3 1 3 1 33
AE 3 2

Hence

6Pl
3 5 2 p
9 1 2 3AE

and, from Eq. (iv)

4Pl
2 5 2 p
9 1 2 3AE

Also from Eq. (i)

AE 3 3
Fx;4 5 2 H 5 2 1 3
l 2 4

Substituting for 2 and 3 gives

H 5 0:449P:

S.17.4 Referring to Fig. P.17.4 and Fig. 17.3

Member 12 23 34 45 24
Length l l l l l
(cos ) 21/2 1/2 21/2 1/2 1
p p p p
(sin ) 3=2 3=2 3=2 3=2 0
e314 Solutions Manual

From Eq. (17.23) the member stiffness matrices are

2 p p 3
1=4 2 3=4 2 1=4 3=4
p p
AE 6
6 2 3=4 3=4 3=4 2 3=4 7 7
K12  5 6 p p 7
l 4 2 1=4 3=4 1=4 2 3=4 5
p p
3=4 2 3=4 2 3=4 3=4
2 p p 3
1=4 3=4 21=4 2 3=4
6 p p
AE 6 3=4 3=4 2 3=4 23=4 7 7
K23  5 6 p p 7
l 4 21=4 2 3=4 1=4 3=4 5
p p
2 3=4 23=4 3=4 3=4
2 p p 3
1=4 2 3=4 2 1=4 3=4
p p
AE 6
6 2 3=4 3=4 3=4 2 3=4 7 7
K34  5 6 p p 7
l 4 2 1=4 3=4 1=4 2 3=4 5
p p
3=4 2 3=4 2 3=4 3=4
2 p p 3
1=4 3=4 2 1=4 2 3=4
6 p p
AE 6 3=4 3=4 2 3=4 2 3=4 7 7
K45  5 6 p p 7
l 4 2 1=4 2 3=4 1=4 3=4 5
p p
2 3=4 2 3=4 3=4 3=4
2 3
1 0 21 0
AE 6
6 0 0 0 077
K24  5 6 7
l 4 21 0 1 05
0 0 0 0

The stiffness matrix for the complete truss is now assembled and is
8 9 2 p p 38 9
>
>
Fx;1 >
> 1 2 3 21 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 >
> u1 50 > >
>
>
>
>
>
> 6 2 p3 3 p > 1 5 0 >
7> >
>
>
F y;1 >
> 6 3 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 7>
> >
>
>
> >
> 6 p p 7>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> F >
> 6 21 21 2 3 24 7> u >
7> >
3 6 0 0 0 0
>
>
x;2
> 6 p p > 2
>
>
>
> Fy;2 >>
>
>
6 3
6 23 0 6 2 3 23 0 0 0 0 7>
>
7>
> 2 >
>
>
>
> >
< F = AE 6 p
p 7< u 50 >
> =
x;3 60 0 21 2 3 2 0 21 3 0 0 7 3
5 6 p p 7
>
> > 6 2 3 23 0 23 7> 3 5 0 >
> y;3 > > >
F 4l
> >
> 60 0 6
p
3 0 0
p 7>
> >
>
>
> F >
> 60 24 21 21 2 3 7> 7> u >
>
>
> x;4 >
> 6 0 0
p

3 6 0
p >
> 4 >
>
>
> >
> 6 7>
> >
>
>
> F >
y;4 > 60 0 0 0 3 23 0 6 2 3 2 3 7> > 4 > >
>
> >
> 6 p p 7> > >
>
>
> F >
> 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 2 3 1 3 5> > u 50 >
>
>
:
x;5 >
; p p >
:
5 >
;
Fy;5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 23 3 3 5 5 0
(i)
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e315

In Eq. (i)

Fx;2 5 Fy;2 5 0; Fx;4 5 0; Fy;4 5 2 P

Thus from Eq. (i)

AE
Fx;2 5 0 5 6u2 2 4u4 (ii)
4l
AE
Fy;2 5 0 5 62 (iii)
4l
AE
Fx;4 5 0 5 2 4u2 1 6u4 (iv)
4l
AE
Fy;4 5 2 P 5 64 (v)
4l
From Eq. (v)

2Pl
4 5 2
3AE
From Eq. (iii)

2 5 0

and from Eqs (ii) and (iv)

u2 5 u4 5 0

Hence, from Eq. (vi) of Ex. 17.1

AE   020
F24 5 1 0
l 22Pl=3AE 2 0

which gives
F24 5 0:

S.17.5 The uniformly distributed load on the member 26 is equivalent to concentrated loads of
wl/4 at nodes 2 and 6 together with a concentrated load of wl/2 at node 4. Thus, referring
to Fig. P.17.5 and Fig. 17.3

Member 12 23 24 46 56 67
Length l l l/2 l/2 l l
p p
(cos ) 0 21= 2 1 1 0 1= 2
p p
(sin ) 1 1= 2 0 0 1 1= 2
e316 Solutions Manual

From Eq. (17.34) and using the alternative form of Eq. (17.31)
2 3
12 SYM
6 0 0 7
6 7
EI 6
6 6 0 4 7
7
K12  5 3 6 7
l 6 212 0 26 12 7
4 0 0 0 0 0 5
6 0 2 6 0 0
2 3
6 SYM
6 6 7
6 p 6
p 7
6 7
EI 6 6= 2 6= 2 4 7
K23  5 3 6
6 p
7
7
l 6 6 6 26= 2 6 7
6 p 7
4 26 26 26= 2 6 6 5
p p p p p
6= 2 6= 2 2 6= 2 26= 2 24= 2
2 3
0 SYM
60 7
6 96 7
6 7
EI 6 6 0 224 8 7
7
K24  5 K46  5 3 6 7
l 60 0 0 0 7
6 7
4 0 296 24 0 96 5
0 224 4 0 24 8
2 3
12 SYM
6 0 0 7
6 7
6
EI 6 6 7
0 4 7
K56  5 3 6 7
l 6 212 0 26 12 7
6 7
4 0 0 0 0 0 5
6 0 2 6 0 0
2 3
6 SYM
6 26 7
6 p 6
p 7
6 7
EI 6 6= 2 26= 2 4 7
K67  5 3 6 p 7
l 6
6 26 6 26= 2 6 7
7
6 p 7
4 6 26 6= 2 26 6 5
p p p p p
6= 2 26= 2 2 6= 2 6= 2 4= 2

The member stiffness matrices are then assembled into a 21 3 21 symmetrical matrix
using the method previously described. The known nodal displacements are
u1 5 1 5 1 5 u5 5 5 5 5 5 u2 5 u4 5 u6 5 3 5 7 5 0 and the support reactions are
obtained from {F} 5 [K]{}. Having obtained the support reactions the internal shear
force and bending moment distributions in each member follow.
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e317

S.17.6 Referring to Fig. P.17.6, u2 5 0 from symmetry. Consider the members 23 and 29. The
forces acting on the member 23 are shown in Fig. S.17.6(a) in which F29 is the force
applied at 2 in the member 23 due to the axial force in the member 29. Suppose that the
node 2 suffers a vertical displacement 2. The shortening in the member 29 is then 2 cos
and the corresponding strain is 2 (2 cos )/l. Thus the compressive stress in 29 is
2 (E2 cos )/l and the corresponding compressive force is 2(AE2 cos )/l.
Thus

AE2 cos2
F29 5 2
l
p p
Now AE 5 6 2EI=L2 ; 5 45 and l 5 2L: Hence

3EI
F29 5 2 2
L3

9
F29
u

l
2

u
3
M2 2 M3

P
2 Fy,3

FIGURE S.17.6(a)

and

P 3EI
Fy;2 5 2 2 3 2 (i)
2 L
Further, from Eq. (11.26)

d 3 2EI
M3 5 GJ 5 2 2 3 0:8EI 52 3 (ii)
dz 0:8L L
e318 Solutions Manual

From the alternative form of Eq. (17.31), for the member 23

8 9 2 38 9
>
> Fy;2 >
> 12 26 212 26 >
> 2 > >
> >
< M =L = EI 6 26 >
< >
=
2 6 4 6 2 7
7 2 L 5 0
5 36 7 (iii)
>
> >
Fy;3 > L 4 212 6 12 6 5>
> 3 5 0 >>
>
: >
; >
: >
;
M3 =L 26 2 6 4 3 L

Then, from Eqs (i) and (iii)

P 3EI 12EI 6EI

Fy;2 5 2 2 3 2 5 3 2 2 2 3
2 L L L

P
3
ve

3
1 2
ve

(b)

PL PL
9 ve ve 9

ve

2PL
(c) 9

FIGURES S.17.6(b) and (c)

Hence

PL3
152 2 63 L 5 2 (iv)
2EI
From Eqs (ii) and (iii)

M3 2EI 6EI 4EI

5 2 2 3 5 2 3 2 1 2 3
L L L L
which gives 3 5 2/L.
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e319

Substituting for 3 in Eq. (iv) gives

PL3
2 5 2
18EI

Then

PL2
3 5 2
18EI

From Eq. (i)

P 3EI PL3 P
Fy;2 5 2 1 3 52
2 L 18EI 3

and from Eq. (ii)

2EI PL2 PL
M3 5 5 5 2 M1
L 18EI 9

Now, from Eq. (iii)

M2 EI 2EI 2P
5 2 3 62 1 3 3 L 5
L L L 9
12EI 6EI P
Fy;3 5 2 3
2 1 3 3 L 5
L L 3

p
The force in the member 29 is F29 =cos 5 2F29 . Thus
p
p 3EI PL3 2P
F29 5 F28 5 2 3 5 tension
L 18EI 6

The torques in the members 36 and 37 are given by M3/2, i.e.

PL
M36 5 M37 5
18

The shear force and bending moment diagrams for the member 123 follow and are shown
in Figs S.17.6(b) and (c), respectively.
e320 Solutions Manual

S.17.7 The stiffness matrix for each element of the beam is obtained using the given
forcedisplacement relationship, the complete stiffness matrix for the beam is then
obtained using the method previously described. This gives
8 9 2 38 9
> Fx;1 >
> > 24 212 224 212 >
> 1 >>
>
> >
> 6 7>> >
>
>
> =L >
> 6 212 7>> >
>
>
> M 1 >
> 6 8 12 4 7 >
> 1 L >
>
>
> >
> 6 7 >
> >
>
>
> >
> 6 224 212 26 7 >
> >
>
>
>
F y;2 >
> 6
12 36 6
7 >
> 2 >
>
>
> >
> 6 7 >
> >
>
< M2 =L = EI 6 212 4 6 12 6 2 7< 2 L =
5 36 7 (i)
>
> Fy;3 >> L 66 212 6 36 224 224 212 7 7>> 3 >>
>
> >
> 6 7>> >
>
>
> >
> 6 7>> >
>
>
> M =L >
> 6 26 2 26 12 12 4 7 >
> L >
>
>
>
3 >
> 6 7>> 3 >
>
>
> >
> 6 7 >
> >
>
> Fy;4 >
> > 4 224 12 24 12 5>>
> >
>
>
> >
> >
4 >
>
: ; : ;
M4 =L 212 4 12 8 4 L

The ties FB, CH, EB and CG produce vertically upward forces F2 and F3 at B and C,
respectively. These may be found using the method described in S.17.6 Thus
!
a1 E cos2 60 a2 E cos2 45
F2 5 2 2L
1 p 2
p 2L
3
p p
But a1 5 384I=5 3L2 and a2 5 192I=5 2L2 so that

96EI
F2 5 2 2
5L3
Similarly

96EI
F3 5 2 3
5L3
Then

96EI 96EI
Fy;2 5 2 P 2 2 and Fy;3 5 2 P 2 3
5L3 5L3
In Eq. (i), 1 5 1 5 4 5 4 5 0 and M2 5 M3 5 0. Also, from symmetry, 2 5 3, and
2 5 23. Then, from Eq. (i)

M2 5 0 5 62 1 122 L 1 63 1 23 L

i.e.

122 1 102 L 5 0
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e321

which gives

6
2 5 2 2
5L
Also from Eq. (i)

96EI EI
Fy;2 5 2P 2 2 5 3 362 1 62 L 2 123 2 63 L
5L3 L
i.e.

96EI 48EI
2P 2 2 5 2
5L3 5L3

whence

5PL3
2 5 2 5 3
144EI
and

PL2
2 5 5 2 3
24EI

The reactions at the ends of the beam now follow from the above values and Eq. (i). Thus

EI P
Fy;1 5 2242 2 122 L 5 5 Fy;4
L3 3
:
EI PL
M1 5 2
122 1 42 L 5 2 5 2 M4
L 4

Also

96EI 5PL3 2P
F2 5 F3 5 3
5
5L 144EI 3

The forces on the beam are then as shown in Fig. S.17.7(a). The shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the beam follow and are shown in Figs S.17.7(b) and (c),
respectively.
The forces in the ties are obtained using Eq. (vi) of Ex.17.1 Thus
" p # 
a1 E
2
1 3 020
FBF 5 FCH 5 2L
p 2 2 2 2 0
3
e322 Solutions Manual

PL PL
4 1 2 3 4 4

P P
2 P 2 P
3 P P P P 3
3 3 3 3

FIGURE S.17.7(a)

P
3 ve
3 4
1 2
ve P
(b)
3

PL PL
4 4
ve ve
2 3
1 ve 4
PL PL
(c) 12 12

FIGURES S.17.7(b) and (c)

i.e.
p
384EI 3 1 5PL3 2
FBF 5 FCH 5 p 5 P
5 3 3 2L 3 2 144EI 3
and
" #
a2 E 1 1  020 
FBE 5 FCG 5 p 2 p p
2L 2 2 2 2 0

i.e.
p
192EI 1 5PL3 2P
FBE 5 FCG 5 p p p 5 :
5 2 3 2L3 2 144EI 3

S.17.8 The forces acting on the member 123 are shown in Fig. S.17.8(a). The moment M2 arises
from the torsion of the members 26 and 28 and, from Eq. (11.26) is given by
2 2
M2 5 2 2GJ 5 2 EI (i)
1:6l l
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e323

1 2 M2 3 M3

Fy,1 Fy,2 P
2

I
l 2

FIGURE S.17.8(a)

Now using the alternative form of Eq. (17.31) for the member 12
8 9 2 38 9
>
> Fy;1 >
> 12 26 212 26 > > 1 >>
> >
< M =l = EI 6 26 >
< >
=
1 6 4 6 2 77 1 L
5 36 7 (ii)
> Fy;2 >
> > l 4 212 6 12 6 5> > 2 >>
>
: >
; >
: >
;
M2 =l 26 2 6 4 2 L

and for the member 23

8 9 2 38 9
>
> Fy;2 >
> 96 224 296 224 >
> 2 >>
> >
< M =l = EI 6 224 >
< >
=
2 6 8 24 4 7
7 2 L
5 6 7 (iii)
> Fy;3 >
> > l3 4 296 24 96 > 3 >
24 5> >
>
: >
; >
: >
;
M3 =l 224 4 24 8 3 L

Combining Eqs (ii) and (iii)

8 9 2 38 9
> Fy;1 > 12 26 212 26 0 0 > 1 >
>
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> M1 =l >
> 6 26 4 6 2 0 0 7 >
> 1l >
>
>
> > 6 7> >
< F > = EI 6 212 218 296 7>
224 7 2 =
< >
y;2 6 6 108
5 36 7 (iv)
>
> M =l >
> l 6 26 2 218 12 24 4 7>> 2 l >
>
>
>
2
>
> 6 > >
7> >
>
> Fy;3 > > 4 0 0 296 24 96 24 >5> 3 > >
>
: >
; : >
> ;
M3 =l 0 0 224 4 24 8 3 l

In Eq. (iv) 1 5 2 5 0 and 3 5 0. Also M1 5 0 and Fy,3 5 2P/2. Then from Eq. (iv)

M1 EI
5 0 5 3 41 l 1 22 l
l l
from which

2
1 5 2 (v)
2
e324 Solutions Manual

Also, from Eqs (i) and (iv)

M2 EI EI
5 2 2 2 5 3 21 l 1 122 l 1 243
l l l
so that
132 l 1 21 l 1 243 5 0 (vi)
Finally from Eq. (iv)
P EI
Fy;3 5 2 5 3 242 l 1 963
2 l
which gives
Pl3 2 l
3 5 2 2 (vii)
192EI 4
Substituting in Eq. (vi) for 1 from Eq. (v) and 3 from Eq. (vii) gives
Pl2
2 5
48EI
Then, from Eq. (v)
Pl2
1 5 2
96EI
and from Eq. (vii)
Pl3
3 5 2
96EI
Now substituting for 1, 2 and 3 in Eq. (iv) gives Fy,1 5 2P/16, Fy,2 5 9P/16, M2 5 2 Pl/48
(from Eq. (i)) and M3 5 2 Pl /6. Then the bending moment at 2 in 12 is Fy,1l 5 2 Pl/12 and
the bending moment at 2 in 32 is 2 (P/2)(l/2) 1 M3 5 2 Pl/12. Also M3 5 2 Pl/6 so that the
bending moment diagram for the member 123 is that shown in Fig. S.17.8(b).

Pl Pl
16 12

ve
3
1 2
ve

Pl
6

FIGURE S.17.8(b)
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e325

S.17.9 a. The element is shown in Fig. S.17.9. The displacement functions for a triangular
element are given by Eq. (17.69). Thus
9
w1 5 1 ; 1 5 4 =
w2 5 1 1 a2 ; 2 5 4 1 a5 (i)
;
w3 5 1 1 a3 ; 3 5 4 1 a6

3 (0, a)

1 (0, 0) 2 (a, 0) x

FIGURE S.17.9

From Eqs (i)

w2 2 w1 w3 2 w1
1 5 w1; 2 5 ; 3 5
a a
2 2 1 3 2 1
4 5 1; 5 5 ; 6 5
a a

Hence in matrix form

8 9 2 38 9
> 1 > 1 0 0 0 0 0 > w1 >
>
> >
> >
> >
>
> 2 >
> 6 21=a 0 7 > 1 >
>
>
> > 6 0 1=a 0 0 7>> >
>
< > = 6 21=a
>
0 7 w2 =
7 < >
3 6 0 0 0 1=a
56 7
>
> 4 >> 6 0 7> 2 >
7> >
0 1 0 0 0
>
> >
> 6 >
> >
>
>
> >
> 4 0 21=a 0 1=a 0 0 >5 > w >
>
>
: ; 5 > : >
> 3
;
6 0 21=a 0 0 0 1=a 3

which is of the form

fg 5 A21 fe g
e326 Solutions Manual

Also, from Eq. 17.76

2 3
0 1 0 0 0 0
6 7
C 5 6
40 0 0 0 0 17
5
0 0 1 0 1 0

Hence
2 3
21=a 0 1=a 0 0 0
6 7
B 5 CA21  5 6
4 0 21=a 0 0 0 1=a 7
5
21=a 21=a 0 1=a 1=a 0

b. From Eq. (17.81)

2 3
21=a 0 21=a
6 7
6 0 21=a 21=a 7 2 3
6 7
6 7 1 v 0
6 7 6 7
6 1=a 0 0 7 E 6 7
6 7 6v 1 0 7
K  5 6
e
7 26 7
6 0 7 1 2 4 5
6 0 1=a 7
21 2 v
1
6 7 0 0
6 7
6 0 0 1=a 7
4 5
0 1=a 0
2 3
21=a 0 1=a 0 0 0
6 71
6 7
36 0 21=a 0 0 0 1=a 7 a2 t
4 52
21=a 21=a 0 1=a 1=a 0

which gives
2 3
32v 11v 22 21 2 v 21 2 v 22v
6 7
6 11v 32v 22v 21 2 v 21 2 v 22 7
6 7
6 7
6 22 22v 2 0 0 2v 7
Et 6 7
K  5
e
6 7
41 2 v2 6 21 2 v 21 2 v 0 12v 12v 0 7
6 7
6 7
6 21 2 v 21 2 v 0 12v 12v 0 7
4 5
22v 22 22v 0 0 2

Continuity of displacement is only ensured at nodes, not along their edges.

 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e327

S.17.10 a. There are 6 degrees of freedom so that the displacement field must include six
coefficients. Thus
w 5 1 1 2 x 1 3 y (i)
5 4 1 5 x 1 6 y (ii)
b. From Eqs (i) and (ii) referring to Fig. S.17.10
w1 5 1 1 2 1 3 ; 1 5 4 1 5 1 6
w2 5 1 1 22 1 3 ; 2 5 4 1 25 1 6
w3 5 1 1 22 1 23 ; 3 5 4 1 25 1 26

3 (2, 2)

1 (1, 1) 2 (2, 1)

FIGURE S.17.10

Thus
2 5 w2 2 w1 ; 3 5 w3 2 w2 ; 1 5 2w1 2 w3
5 5 2 2 1 ; 6 5 3 2 2 ; 4 5 21 2 3
Therefore
8 9 2 38 9
>
> 1 >
> 2 0 0 0 21 0 > > w1 >
>
> > 6 0 7> >
< 2 >
> = 6 21 0 1 0 0
7 < 1 >
> =
3 21
56
0 0 0 1 0 7 w2
6 7 (iii)
>
> 4 >
> 0 2 0 0 0 21 5>> 2 >
>
> > 4
> 5 > 21 0 > > >
: ; 0 0 1 0 : w3 >
;
6 0 2 0 0 0 21 3
which is of the form
fg 5 A21 fe g
From Eq. 17.76
2 3
0 1 0 0 0 0
C 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 15
0 0 1 0 1 0
e328 Solutions Manual

Hence
2 3
21 0 1 0 0 0
B 5 CA21  5 4 0 2 0 0 0 21 5
0 21 21 1 1 0

c. From Eq. (17.56)

fg 5 DBfe g
Thus, for plane stress problems (see Eq. (17.79))
2 32 3
1 v 0 21 0 1 0 0 0
E 6v 1 0 7 4 0
DB 5 4 5 2 0 0 0 21 5
1 2 v2 0 0 121 2 v
0 21 21 1 1 0

i.e.
2 3
21 2v 1 0 0 2v
E 6 2v 2 v 0 0 21 7
DB 5 4 5
1 2 v2 0 2 121 2 v 2 121 2 v 21 2 v
1
21 2 v
1
0

For plain strain problems (see Eq. (17.80))

2 v 3
1 1 2 v 0
6 7
E1 2 v 6 6 1 2v v 1 0
7
7
DB 5 6 7
1 1 v1 2 2v 6 7
4 1 2 2v
5
0 0 21 2 v

2 3
21 0 1 0 0 0
6 7
36
4 0 2 0 0 0 21 7
5
0 21 21 1 1 0
2 3
21 2v
12v 1 0 0 2 1 2v v
E1 2 v 6 6 2 1 2v v 2 v
0 0
7
21 7
DB 5 6 12v 7
1 1 v1 2 2v 4 1 2 2v 1 2 2v 1 2 2v 1 2 2v
5
0 2 21 2 v 2 21 2 v 21 2 v 21 2 v 0

S.17.11 a. The element is shown in Fig. S.17.11. There are 8 degrees of freedom so that a
displacement field must include eight coefficients. Therefore assume

w 5 1 1 2 x 1 3 y 1 4 xy (i)
5 5 1 6 x 1 7 y 1 8 xy (ii)
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e329

b. From Eqs (17.75) and Eqs (i) and (ii)

@w
x 5 5 2 1 4 y
@x

4 (0, 2b) 3 (2a, 2b)

1 (0, 0) 2 (2a, 0) x

FIGURE S.17.11

@
y 5 5 7 1 8 x
@y
@w @
xy 5 1 5 3 1 4 x 1 6 1 8 y
@y @x

Thus since {} 5 [C]{}

2 3
0 1 0 y 0 0 0 0
C 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x5 (iii)
0 0 1 x 0 1 0 y

c. From Eq. (iii)

2 3
0 0 0
61 0 07
6 7
60 0 17
6 7
6y 0 x7
C 5 6
T
60
7
6 0 077
60 0 17
6 7
40 1 x5
0 x y
e330 Solutions Manual

and from Eq. (17.79)

2 3
1 v 0
E 6v 1 0 7
D 5 4 5
1 2 v2 0 0 2 2 v
1
1

Thus
2a 2b
CT DC dV 5 CT DCt dx dy (iv)
vol 0 0

Substituting in Eq. (iv) for [C]T, [D] and [C] and multiplying out gives

2a 2b
CT DCt dx dy
0 0
2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 7
60 1 0 y 0 0 v vx 7
6 7
6 7
60 0 212 v 21 2v 0 1212 v 0 12 7
1 x y
v
6 2 7
6 7
6 7
2a 2b 6 vxy 1 2 1 2 v 7
2
1 2v
212 v y2 1 x 0 2x12 v vy
x xy
60 y 2 7
Et 6 7
5 6 7 dx dy
1 2v2 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 7
60 0 212 v
1
21 2v
x
0 212 v
1
0 y
12 v 7
6 2 7
6 7
6 7
60 v 0 vy 0 0 1 x 7
6 7
4 2 5
212 v vxy 1 xy2 12 v 212 v x2 1 y2 12 v
y y
0 vx 0 x
2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 7
6 0 4ab 0 4ab2 0 0 4abv 4ba2 v 7
6 7
6 7
60 0 2ab1 2v 2a2 b12 v 0 2ab1 2v 0 2ab2 1 2 v 7
6 7
6 0 4ab2 7
2a2 b12 v 3 f2ab 1a b12 vg 0 2a2 b1 2v 4ab2 v 2a2 b2 11 v
8 3 3
6 7
Et 66
7
7
5
1 2v2 6
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
7
6 7
60 0 2ab1 2v 2
2a b12 v 0 2ab1 2v 0 2ab 1 2 v
2 7
6 7
6 7
6 0 4abv 0 4ab v 2
0 0 4ab 4a2 b 7
6 7
4 5
0 4a2 bv 2ab2 12 v 2a2 b2 1 1v 0 2ab2 1 2v 4a2 b 3f2a b 1ab 12 vg
8 3 3
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e331

S.17.12 From the first of Eqs (17.83)

0:1
w 1 5 1 2 2 2 3 1 4 5 (i)
103
0:3
w 2 5 1 1 2 2 3 2 4 5 3 (ii)
10
0:6
w 3 5 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 5 3 (iii)
10
0:1
w 4 5 1 2 2 1 3 2 4 5 3 (iv)
10
Adding Eqs (i) and (ii)

0:4
w1 1 w2 5 21 2 23 5
103
i.e.

0:2
1 2 3 5 (v)
103
Adding Eqs (iii) and (iv)

0:7
w3 1 w4 5 21 1 23 5
103
i.e.

0:35
1 1 3 5 (vi)
103
Adding Eqs (v) and (vi)

0:275
1 5
103
Then from Eq. (v)

0:075
3 5
103
Now subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i)

0:2
w1 2 w2 5 2 22 1 24 5 2
103
e332 Solutions Manual

i.e.

0:1
2 2 4 5 (vii)
103

Subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii)

0:5
w3 2 w4 5 22 1 24 5
103

i.e.

0:25
2 1 4 5 (viii)
103

Now adding Eqs (vii) and (viii)

0:35
22 5
103

whence

0:175
2 5
103

Then from Eq. (vii)

0:075
4 5
103

From the second of Eqs (17.83)

0:1
1 5 5 2 6 2 7 1 8 5 (ix)
103
0:3
2 5 5 1 6 2 7 2 8 5 (x)
103
0:7
3 5 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 5 (xi)
103
0:5
4 5 5 2 6 1 7 2 8 5 (xii)
103
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e333

Then, in a similar manner to the above

0:4
5 5
103
0:2
7 5
103
0:1
5 5
103
8 5 0

Eqs (17.83) are now written

wi 5 0:275 1 0:175x 1 0:075y 1 0:075xy 3 1023

i 5 0:4 1 0:1x 1 0:2y 3 1023

Then, from Eqs (17.75)

x 5 0:175 1 0:75y 3 1023

y 5 0:2 3 1023
xy 5 0:075 1 0:075x 1 0:1 3 1023
5 0:175 1 0:075x 3 1023

At the centre of the element x 5 y 5 0. Then

x 5 0:175 3 1023
y 5 0:2 3 1023
xy 5 0:175 3 1023

so that, from Eqs (17.79)

200 000
x 5 0:175 1 0:3 3 0:2 3 1023 5 51:65 N=mm2
1 2 0:32
200 000
y 5 0:2 1 0:3 3 0:175 3 1023 5 55:49 N=mm2
1 2 0:32
200 000
xy 5 3 0:175 3 1023 5 13:46 N=mm2 :
21 1 0:3
e334 Solutions Manual

S.17.13 The displacement functions are

w 5 1 1 2 x 1 3 y
5 4 1 5 x 1 6 y

Then

w1 5 1 1 22 1 33
w2 5 1 1 32 1 33
w3 5 1 1 2:52 1 43

Extracting 1, 2 and 3 from the above gives

1 5 4:5w1 2 0:5w2 2 3w3

2 5 w 2 2 w 1
3 5 2 0:5w1 2 0:5w2 1 w3

Now substituting these expressions in the displacement function for w

w 5 4:5 2 x 2 0:5yw1 1 2 0:5 1 x 2 0:5yw2 1 2 3 1 yw3

Similarly

5 4:5 2 x 2 0:5y1 1 2 0:5 1 x 2 0:5y2 1 2 3 1 y3

From Eqs (17.75)

x 5 @w=@x 5 2 w1 1 w2
y 5 @=@y 5 2 0:51 2 0:52 1 3
xy 5 @w=@y 1 @=@x 5 2 0:5w1 2 0:5w2 1 w3 2 1 1 2

Substituting for w1, w2, etc. gives

x 5 0:06 3 1023 ; y 5 0:08 3 1023 ; xy 5 0:17 3 1023

Substituting these values in Eq. (17.80) gives

x 5 25:4 N=mm2 ; y 5 28:5 N=mm2 ; xy 5 13:1 N=mm2 :

S.17.14 Assume displacement functions

w 5 1 1 2 x 1 3 y 1 4 xy
5 5 1 6 x 1 7 y 1 8 xy
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e335

Then

w1 5 1 2 22 2 3 1 24 5 0:001 3 1023
w2 5 1 1 22 2 3 2 24 5 0:003 3 1023
w3 5 1 1 22 1 3 1 24 5 2 0:003 3 1023
w4 5 1 2 22 1 3 2 24 5 0

Solving these equations gives

1 5 0:00025 3 1023
2 5 2 0:000125 3 1023
3 5 2 0:00175 3 1023
4 5 2 0:000625 3 1023

Similarly

5 5 2 0:001 3 1023

6 5 0:00025 3 1023

7 5 0:002 3 1023

8 5 2 0:00025 3 1023

Then

w 5 0:00025 2 0:000125x 2 0:00175y 2 0:000625xy

5 2 0:001 1 0:00025x 1 0:002y 2 0:00025xy

From Eqs (17.75)

x 5 2 0:000125 2 0:000625y
y 5 0:002 2 0:00025x
xy 5 2 0:0015 2 0:000625x 2 0:00025y

At the centre of the element (x 5 0, y 5 0)

x 5 2 0:000125; y 5 0:002; xy 5 2 0:0015

Then, from Eqs (17.79)

x 5 104:4 N=mm2 ; y 5 431:3 N=mm2 ; xy 5 2 115:4 N=mm2 see Ex: 17:4:

e336 Solutions Manual

S.17.15 Assume displacement functions

w 5 1 1 2 x 1 3 y

5 4 1 5 x 1 6 y

Then

w1 5 1 1 2 0 1 3 0

w2 5 1 1 2 2 1 3 0

w3 5 1 1 2 0 1 3 3

Solving

1 5 w1
w2 2 w1
2 5
2
w3 2 w1
3 5
3

Substituting in the displacement functions

h  x   y i x y
w5 12 2 w1 1 w2 1 w3
2 3 2 3

so that

@w w1 w2
52 1
@x 2 2

@w w1 w3
52 1
@y 3 3

Similarly

@ 1 2
52 1
@x 2 2

@ 1 3
52 1
@y 3 3
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e337

Then the [B] matrix is given by

2 3
@w 2 3
6 7 w1
6 @x 7 2 36 1 7
6 7 0 6 7
6 @ 7 1 23 0 3 0 0 6 w2 7
B 5 6
6
75 4 0
7 6 22 0 0 0 2 6 7
56
6
@y
7 2 7
6 @u @ 7 22 23 0 3 2 0 6 7
4 w3 5
4 1 5
@y @x 3

Also the [D] matrix is

2 3
a b 0
D 5 4 b a 05
0 0 c

so that
2 3
23a 22b 3a 0 0 2b
1
DB 5 4 23b 22a 3b 0 0 2a 5
6
22c 23c 0 3c 2c 0

and
2 3
9a 1 4c 6b 1 6c 29a 26c 24c 26b
6 6b 1 6c 4a 1 9c 26b 29c 26c 24a 7
6 7
1 6
6 29a 26b 9a 0 0 6b 77
BT DB 5
36 6
6 26c 29c 0 9c 6c 0 77
4 24c 26c 0 6c 4c 0 5
26b 24a 6b 0 0 4a

The stiffness matrix for the element is

K 5 BT DBt dx dy
area

from which

K 5 3tBT DB:

S.17.16 Assume

ux; y 5 1 1 2 x 1 3 y
vx; y 5 4 1 5 x 1 6 y
e338 Solutions Manual

Then

u1 5 1 ; u2 5 1 1 42 ; u3 5 1 1 22 1 23

from which

u1  u2 5 2 42

so that

u2  u1
2 5
4

and

2u3  u1  u2
3 5
4

Therefore

u2  u1 2u3  u1  u2
u 5 u1 1 x1 y
4 4

or
 x y x y y
u 5 1 2 2 u1 1 2 u2 1 u3
4 4 4 4 2

Similarly
 x y x y y
5 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 3
4 4 4 4 2

Now

@u u1 u2
x 5 52 1
@x 4 4
@ 1 2 3
y 5 52 2 1
@y 4 4 2
@u @ u1 u2 1 2
xy 5 1 52 2 2 1
@y @x 4 4 4 4
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e339

Therefore
2 3
@u 8 9
6 7 >
> u1 >
6 @x7 2 > >
3> >
>
> 1>
6
6 @7
7 1 21 0 1 0 < >
0 0 > =
u2
Bf g 5 6
e
6 @y
75 4 0
7 4 21 0 21 0 25
> 2 >
6 7 21 21 21 1 > >
2 0 >
> >
6 @u @ 7 >
> u >>
4 1 5 : 3> ;
@y @x 3

Also
2 3
a b 0
D 5 4 b a 05
0 0 c

Then
2 3
2a 2b a 2b 0 2b
16
6 2b
7
DB 5 2a b 2a 0 2a 7
44 5
2c 2c 2c c 2c 0

And
2 3
a1c b1c 2a 1 c b2c 22c 22b
6 7
6 b1c a1c 2b 1 c a2c 22c 22a 7
6 7
6 7
1 6
6 2a 1 c 2b 1 c a1c 2b 2 c 22c 2b 77
BT DB 5 6 7
16 6 b2c a2c 2b 2 c a1c 2c 22a 7
6 7
6 7
6 22c 22c 22c 2c 4c 0 7
4 5
22b 22a 2b 22a 0 4a

Since [Ke] 5 [B]T[D][B] then

2 3
a1c SYM
6 b1c a1c 7
6 7
16
6 2a 1 c 2b 1 c a1c 7
7
K  5 6
e
7
46 b2c a2c 2b 2 c a 1 c 7
6 7
4 22c 22c 22c 2c 4c 5
22b 22a 2b 22a 0 4a
e340 Solutions Manual

S.17.17 For a 5 1 and b 5 2

1
u5 1 2 x2 2 yu1 1 1 1 x2 2 yu2 1 1 1 x2 1 yu3 1 1 2 x2 1 yu4 
8
The expression for is identical in format to the above with v replacing u.
Then
@u 1
5 22 2 yu1 1 2 2 yu2 1 2 1 yu3 2 2 1 yu4 
@x 8
@ 1
5 21 2 x 1 2 1 1 x 2 1 1 1 x 3 1 1 2 x 4 
@y 8
@u @ 1
1 5 21 2 xu1 2 2 2 y 1 2 1 1 xu2 1 2 2 y 2
@y @x 8

1 1 1 xu3 1 2 1 yv3 1 1 2 xu4 2 2 1 yv4 

The strain matrix [B] follows and is (see Eq. (ix) of Ex. 17.3)
2 3
22 2 y 0 2 2 y 0 2 1 y 0 22 1 y 0
1=84 0 21 2 x 0 21 1 x 0 1 1 x 0 1 2 x 5
21 2 x 22 2 y 21 1 x 2 2 y 1 1 x 2 1 y 1 2 x 22 1 y

Now
2 3
c d 0
D 5 4 d c 05
0 0 e

so that
2 3
2c22y 2d12x c22y 2d11x c21y d11x 2c21y d12x
DB51=84 2d22y 2c12x d22y 2c11x d21y c11x 2d21y c12x 5
2e12x 2e22y 2e11x e22y e11x e21y e12x 2e21y

Then
2 32 3
22 2 y 0 21 2 x 2c2 2 y 2d1 2 x ?
BT DB 5 1=644 0 21 2 x 22 2 y 54 2d2 2 y 2c1 2 x ?5
^ ^ ^ 2e1 2 x 2e2 2 y ?
 Solutions to Chapter 17 Problems e341

Then
2 1
t
K11 5 c2  y2 1 e1  x2 dx dy
64 22 21

so that
t
K11 5 4c 1 e
6
Also
2 1
t
K12 5 d2  y1  x 1 e1  x2  ydx dy
64 22 21

which gives
t
K12 5 d 1 e
4