CHARACTERISTICS
Major Parts of Airplane
EMPENNA
GE
FUSELAGE
WING
ENGINE
Parts of an Airplane
Cockpit/ Flight Deck
Front part of the fuselage and contains all the instruments
needed to fly the plane.
The cockpits have hardened doors, securing them from
unauthorized persons during flight, takeoffs and landings.
Cabin
Section of the fuselage for passengers, cargo, or both. A
typical passenger cabin has galleys for food preparation;
lavatories; one or more seating compartments & etc
Cargo
Below the passenger deck where cargo and baggage are
carried.
Boeing 747 Elevator
Rudder
Aileron Rudder
Flaps
Primary Control Surfaces
Ailerons: horizontal surfaces located on wing tips.
Provide roll control- Roll the aircraft to the right or
left.
Elevator: horizontal surface located on the tail
Provide pitch control-Nosing the aircraft up and
down.
Rudder: vertical surface located on the tail
Provide yaw control- turning the aircraft to the
left or right.
Flaps:
Additional Control Surfaces
A movable control surface on the aircraft wing,
used to change the amount of lift generated.
Flaps deflect downward during take-off &
landing to increase lift.
Flaps retracted immediately after landing to
decrease lift.
Slats:
A movable control surface on the aircraft wing,
also used to change the amount of lift
generated.
Slats enable the airplane to get off the ground
quickly and to land more slowly.
Additional Control Surfaces
Spoilers:
Located on the upper wing which, when opened,
decreases lift and increases drag.
They reduce lift by disrupting the airflow over the
top of the wing.
They are used during the descend prior to landing
and immediately after landing.
Spoiler
Basic Aircraft
4 Forces acted on an airplane
4 Forces acted on airplane
1. Thrust
The force that moves the aircraft through the
air.
Generate by the engine
2. Lift
This force is generated by the flow of air
around the airplane especially to the wing.
Amount of lift generated depends on
airspeed, angle of attack, airfoil shape, wing
area.
Forces acted on Aircraft
3. Drag
Drag is the force of resistance an aircraft feels as it
moves through the air.
Wing is designed to be smooth in order to reduce drag.
Drag important during landing in order to slow down the
aircraft.
4. Weight
Weight is the earths gravity pulls down on objects and
gives them weight.
It includes the aircraft itself, the payload and the fuel.
Airplane can fly because.
1. Four forces acted on the plane
2. Thrust generated by the engine
3. Lift force produced by airflow to the Wing.
Lift
Boeing 747
Thrust
Payload D A
Pa
E
Pe
B
Pb
dr ar er br cr
Range
Explanation of the Curve
The farthest distance ar which an aircraft can fly with a maximum
A payload Pa. The aircraft must take off at its maximum TOW.
The farthest distance of br which an aircraft can fly if its fuel are
B completely filled however the payload can be carried is Pb<Pa. The
aircraft must take off at its maximum TOW.
B-727-
37.5 - - - 2200 450 23 1800
200
100.
B-747 B 3900 65 6100 6900 - - -
7
Summary the Equation for Computing Payload-
Range Curve
MSTOW = OEW + max.struct.payload + allowable fuel
MSTOW = OEW + max.fuel + allowable payload.
LW = MSTOW route fuel.
Reserve fuel = reserve time in route service*average route
speed*average fuel burn.
Allowable fuel = route fuel + reserve fuel.
Example Problem (see at page 101)
The point of Pa-ar in plotted Payload vs. Range diagram is (57,000 lb.; 969 mi)
Solution Continued
2. Find served range that aircraft carries the maximum fuel (Pb br).
Aircraft fuel capacity at 75,400 lb. Therefore, the maximum route fuel is
computed from the weight of fuel capacity subtracted the reserve fuel.
Max.route fuel = 75,400 15,390 = 60,010 lb.
Range at max.fuel = 60,010/22.8 = 2632 mi.
Thus, if the aircraft flies in max.route length of 2632 mi, the payload must be
restricted by subtracting the OEW and Weight of fuel capacity from MSTOW.
Solution Continued
formulation: MSTOW = OEW+Allow.Payload+Max.Fuel
220,000 = 125,513 + Allow.Payload + 75,400
Allow.Payload = 19,087 lb.
The point of Pb-br in plotted Payload vs. Range diagram is (19,087 lb.; 2632
mi)
Solution Continued
3. Find served range that aircraft flies without any payload and carries
the maximum fuel (Po cr : Ferry Range).
The point of Po-cr in plotted Payload vs. Range diagram is (0 lb.; 3307 mi)
Plotted PAYLOAD versus RANGE Diagram
Payload, lb.
A
57,000
19,087 B
C
969 2632 3307
Range, mi
Calculation of final Runway
length
32
Airplane reference Field Length
(RFL)
The minimum field length required for take-off at maximum
certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard atmospheric
conditions, still air an zero runway slope, as shown in the
appropriate aeroplane field manual
33
Runways Width
Recommendation. The width of a runway should be not less
than the appropriate dimension specified in the following tables
2 23 m 23 m 30 m - - -
3 30 m 30 m 30 m 45 m - -
4 - - 45 m 45 m 45 m 60 m
34
Exercise
Define the required runway width for the
Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A 380?
B737 may be permitted to operate
from 30 m wide runways, although
they are coded as 3D and so that
a 45 m runway should be
provided.
35
Declared distances
Declared distances are the distances which
the airport owner declares are available and
suitable for:
Take-off run available (TORA)
Take-off distance available (TODA)
Accelerate stop distance available (ASDA)
Landing distance available (LDA)
TORA: Take-off run available
TORA is defined as the length of runway available for the
ground run of an aeroplane taking off.
TORA = Full Length of RW
38
Declared distances
39
TODA: Take-off distance available
The length of the take-off run available (TORA) plus the
length of the clearway, if provided
TODA =TORA + CWY
41
ASDA: Accelerate-stop distance
available
ASDA is defined as the length of the take-off
run available plus the length of any SWY. Any
CWY is not involved.
ASDA = TORA + SWY
43
LDA: Landing distance available
LDA is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of
a landing aeroplane.
45
Runway Strip
A defined area including the runway and stopway.
To reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a
runway ; and
To protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing
operations
49
Calculation of final Runway
length
50
Length of runway
Selecting the length of runway is perhaps the
important decision which must be made in the
planning of landing area.
Length of runway mainly depends on
The type of aircraft
Its payload
Trip length (fuel weight)
Altitude and temperature at the airport
Safety regulations
Basic runway length
It is the length of runway under the following
assumed condition at the airport:
Airport altitude at sea level
Temperature at airport is standard (150 c)
Runway is leveled in the longitudinal direction
No wind is blowing on runway
Runway surface is dry
Aircraft is loaded at its full loading capacity
Corrections to basic runway length
Typical runway lengths
Aircraft Type Takeoff (ft.) Landing (ft.)
B747-200B 10,500 6,150
Runway
Landing distance
Landing distance case
The landing distance should be 67% longer
than the demonstrated distance to stop an
aircraft
Normal take-off case
The normal take-off case requires a clearway
which is an area beyond the runway and is in
alignment with the centre line of runway.
The width of clearway is not <150m and is
kept free form obstruction.
The clearway ground area or any object on it
should not protrude a plane inclined upward
at a slope of 1.25% from the runway.
Normal Takeoff Case
clearway
Clearway of this distance
10.5m height
Lift-off distance
115% of Lift-off distance
Distance to 10.5m height
115% of distance to 10.5m height ( take-off distance)
Longitudinal section
Min150m
Runway Clearway
Plan
Normal Take-off Case
Normal Takeoff Case
* Decision speed is the speed chosen by the aircraft captain in relation to the respective limitations
of the aircraft, the airline operator rules and procedures, runway characteristics and actual
meteorological conditions
Clearway of this distance
Engine Decelerated stop distance 10.5m
Failure height
Stop way
Lift-off distance
Clear way
Accelerated stop distance
Longitudinal section
Clear way
Min150m
Runway Stop
way
Plan
Where, RLmax and RLmin are the reduced levels of highest and
lowest points along the runway center line.
Surface Wind
Greater the head wind, shorter is the runway
The direction of the wind also effects the
allowable take-off weight for the airplane
A 5-kn headwind approximately reduces the
take-off length by 3 percent
A 5-kn tailwind approximately increases the
take-off length by 7 percent.
For planning, no wind is considered if light
wind occurs at the airport sight
Condition of Runway Surface