BIBLIOGRAFIAS

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FRONTEIRA / FRONTERA / FRONTIRES/ FRONTIER /

BORDER / GRENZE / / /

ALBERTO VIEIRA
INVESTIGADOR-Coordenador
(CEHA-MADEIRA)
Email: avieira@inbox.com//alb.alberto@gmail.com

VERSO. 1.0 / DATA: 02/2013

Como citar esta compilao:

VIEIRA, Alberto, 2013, Bibliografias-Fronteira, Funchal, CEHA. Disponvel
em :. Acesso: ../../....
 Les civilisations se font sur les frontires. Fernand Braudel citado por Jean-Franois
Troin, 2002, Maroc: Rgions, pays, territoires, Paris,. p. 425-426

O debate da ideia de fronteira transversal ao problema poltico e geogrfico, assumido pela

Histria como uma questo primordial de momentos relevantes do seu devir, chega ao campo do
pensamento e das ideias e atua na formulao de teorias e discursos em torno das diversas cincias.
A ideia de fronteira dominou o pensamento e o conhecimento humano, a partir do sculo XIX,
quando surgiu a necessidade de definir os saberes e conhecimentos, de delimitar os campos de ao
e reflexo.

Quo vasto o problema e debate da fronteira: a fronteira do eu e do outro, dos imprios, estados e
naes, das cincias e saberes. A fronteira no se resume aos humanos, pois tambm est presente
no mundo animal e expressa-se como uma linha imaginria definida perante o outro, atravs das
prticas urinrias ou dos rugidos. A fronteira tem hoje expresso no mar, na terra e no ar e os
estados debatem-se em constante frenesim para a defesa dos seus espaos, nestas trs vertentes.

A fronteira constri-se pela alteridade e contribui para a afirmao e fundamentao da identidade 1.

Na verdade, a fronteira um espao dicotmico. algo que, ao mesmo tempo que (se) fecha
tambm (se) abre. Os nacionalismos/regionalismos estabelecem as posturas mentais que abrem a
porta para esta diferenciao e afirmao de identidades prprias e delimitadas, em sntese, a
plenitude do discurso justificativo da criao, existncia e manuteno da fronteira 2 Os tratados, os
pactos asseguram a sua existncia pacfica, quase sempre depois de guerras. Quantas guerras
aconteceram por fora das disputas de fronteira? A soberania e a afirmao dos Estados e naes
encontram aqui o seu principal pilar. As prticas do polticos e os discursos dos cientistas fizeram o
1
Assim temos que a fronteira a primeira vista o lugar do encontro dos que por diferentes razes so diferentes entre si () a um s tempo o
lugar de descoberta do outro, e de desencontro. O desencontro e o conflito decorrentes das diferentes concepes de vida e vises de mundo de cada
um (...). O desencontro nas fronteiras o desencontro de temporalidades histricas.(MARTINS, J.S. A fronteira. A degradao do Outro nos confi
ns do humano. So Paulo: HUCITEC, 1997. p.150). Sobre esta funo a fronteira na construo da identidade Cf.: BALLER, Leandro, 2008, Cultura,
identidade e fronteira: Transitoriedade Brasil/Paraguai (1980-2005) , Dourados, Dissertao apresentada ao Programa de Ps-Graduao em
Histria da Faculdadede Cincias Humanas da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, para obteno do ttulo de Mestre em Histria; CLAVAL
Paul, 1997, Le territoire dans la transition la postmodernit, in BONNEMAISON, J. , CAMBREZY, L., QUINTY-BOURGEOIS, L., 1997, Le
Territoire, Lien ou Frontire. Actes du Colloque du 2 au 4 octobre 1996, Paris, ditions de lOrstom. Institut Franais de Recherche Scientifique pour
le Dveloppement en Coopration, pp..3-14. CD-ROM. Disponvel na internet em: http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers08-
09/010014865.pdf; DEBRAY, Rgis, 2010. loge des frontires. Paris: Gallimard; GONALVES, Karoline Batista, 2011,A fronteira e seus
paradigmas: identidade e alteridade, en , noviembre 2011, www.eumed.net/rev/cccss/15/ Disponivel
em :http://www.eumed.net/rev/cccss/15/kbg.html; HAESBAERT, Rogrio, 1999. Identidades territoriais. IN: ROSENDAHL, Zeny; CORRA,
Roberto Lobato (Orgs.). Manifestaes da cultura no espao. Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ; LEUSIN JR., Srgi , Andr Filipe Zago de Azevedo, 2009, O
efeito fronteira das regies brasileiras: uma aplicao do modelo gravitacional, R. Econ. contemp., Rio de Janeiro, v. 13, n. 2, p. 229-258,
maio/ago.229-258; MALDI, Denise, 1997, De confederados a brbaros: a representao da territorialidade e da fronteira indgenas nos sculos XVIII
e XIX. Rev. Antropol. [online]. 1997, vol.40, n.2, pp. 183-221. ISSN 0034-7701.http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ra/v40n2/3235.pdf; RAFFESTIN C., 1986,
lments pour une thorie de la frontire, Diogne, n 134, p. 3-21.
2
A propsito de Portugal: A funo da fronteira como elemento simblico serviu para moldar um nacionalismo identitrio que, no caso portugus,
foi impregnado por uma radical significao anti-espanhola, em que a linha de partio imaginria se transformou em separao real
(CAROU, Heriberto Cairo et al.2009, El discurso geopoltico de las fronteras em la construccin socio-poltica de las identidades nacionales: el
caso de la frontera luso-espaola em los siglos XIX y XX.(2008-2011), p.15. Disponible en:
HTTP//www3.unileon.es/proyectos/wwwulefhp/ndex.htm, aceso en: 11/02/2011. Esta postura esbarra em espaos dividos por grupos tnicos:
Em suma, o nacionalismo uma teoria da legitimidade poltica que exige que as fronteiras tnicas no atravessem as fronteiras polticas .
(GUELLNER, Ernest.1993. Naes e Nacionalismo. Lisboa: Editora Gradiva, p.11)
resto. A cincia e o conhecimento deixaram de ser um todo para se afirmarem pela especializao.
Traaram-se fronteiras entre as cincias, delimitaram-se limites a estas, perdendo-se o
conhecimento, com esta excessiva compartimentao.

Ao longo da Histria, a cincia e a poltica criaram mecanismos de defesa e afirmao das

fronteiras. Nos sculos XVIII e XIX, as mltiplas expedies cientficas europeias so um suporte
do discurso colonial e tambm do definir e traar das fronteiras. Por causa de interesses europeus,
dividiram-se comunidades e grupos tribais em todos os continentes. Antes disso, as coroas
peninsulares, seguindo a tradio ibrica da reconquista, definem a misso como estrutura de base
para a defesa e a afirmao da fronteira, em que jesutas e franciscanos, em ambos os imprios
americanos assumem um papel relevante3. A misso afirma-se como a instituio de fronteira e o
ndio como o seu guardio4. Antes disso, na Europa, os mosteiros, os coutos de homiziados, vilas e
municpios cumpriram idntica misso de avano ou consolidao e manuteno das fronteiras5.
3
BOLTON, Herbert E. 1917, The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies. The American Historical Review
23.1: 42-61; CALVO, Thomas, 1992, Poder, Religin y Sociedad en la Guadalajara del Siglo XVII, Mxico, CEMCA; CAMPEAU,
Lucien, 1987, La Mission des jsuits chez les Hurions: 1634-1650, Montreal/Roma, Bellarmin, IHSI; CABRANES, Amaia, 2009,
Lespace, les hommes et la frontire: les missionnaires du nord de la Nouvelle-Espagne au XVIIe sicle, thse de doctorat en Histoire des
mondes modernes, prsente et soutenue publiquement le 14 dcembre 2009 luniversit Paris-Ouest-Nanterre-La Dfense. La thse est
en ligne l'adresse suivante: http://bdr.u-paris10.fr/sid/these.php?2009PA100080;CABRANES, Amaia, 2010, Lespace, les hommes et la
frontire: les missionnaires du nord de la Nouvelle-Espagne au XVIIe sicle, Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos [En lnea], Aula virtual,
Puesto en lnea el 15 noviembre, consultado el 24 enero 2013. URL :http://nuevomundo.revues.org/60302 ; DOI :
10.4000/nuevomundo.60302; JACKSON, Robert H. 1998. The Formation of Frontier Indigenous Communities: Missions in California
and Texas. New Views of Borderland History. Ed. Robert H. Jackson. Albuquerque, NM: U of New Mexico P, 131-156; JACKSON,
Robert H., 2005, Missions and the Frontiers of Spanish America. Scottsdale: Pentacle; JACKSON, Robert, ed., 1991, The Spanish
Missions of Baja California. New York: Garland; MALDI, Denise, 1997, De confederados a brbaros: a representao da territorialidade e
da fronteira indgenas nos sculos XVIII e XIX. Rev. Antropol. [online]. 1997, vol.40, n.2, pp. 183-221. ISSN 0034-
7701.http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ra/v40n2/3235.pdf; MASON, Herbert Molloy, Jr., 1974, Southern Living: Missions of Texas. Birmingham,
AL: Oxmoor House. GADELHA, Regina Maria A. F. 1980, As misses jesuticas do Itatim: estruturas scio-econmicas do Paraguai
colonial. Sculos XVI e XVII, Rio de Janeiro; AZEVEDO, Joo Lcio de, 1930, Os Jesutas no Gro Par. Suas misses e a colonizao,
Coimbra; DOMINGUES, ngela, 2000, Quando os ndios eram vassalos: colonizao e relaes de poder no Norte do Brasil na
segunda metade do sculo XVIII, Lisboa, Comisso Nacional para as Comemoraes dos Descobrimentos Portugueses; MAEDER,
Ernesto J. A, 1992, Misiones del Paraguay: conflicto y disolucin de la sociedad guaran, Madri, MAPFRE; ALVEAR, Diego, 2002
[1784], Relacin geogrfica e histrica de la provincia de Misiones, Alicante, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes; MAEDER,
Ernesto J. A., 1987, El modelo portugues y las instrucciones de Bucarelli para las misiones de guaranies, in: Estudos Ibero-Americanos,
Porto Alegre,, XIII (2). WILDE, Guillermo, 2003, Antropologia historica del liderazgo guarani missioneiro (1750-1850), Buenos Aires,
Universidade de Buenos Aires, (tese de doutorado).
4
MALDI, Denise, 1997, De confederados a brbaros: a representao da territorialidade e da fronteira indgenas nos sculos XVIII e XIX. Rev.
Antropol. [online]. 1997, vol.40, n.2, pp. 183-221. ISSN 0034-7701.http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ra/v40n2/3235.pdf.
5
. So vrios os estudos que aponta esta realidade. Cf. AZEVEDO, Rui Pnto de , 1962, Riba Coa sob o domnio de Portugal no reinado de D. Afonso
Henriques. O Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Aguiar de fundao portuguesa e no leonesa, Anais da Academia Portuguesa de Histria, II srie, XII,
Lisboa, 229-298; MARQUES, Antnio Henriques Oliveira Couto, Dicionrio de Histria de Portugal, (Dir. de Joel Serro), Livraria Figueirinhas,
Porto, Vol.II, p. 22; Moreno, Humberto Baquero, 1947, Elementos para o estudo dos Coutos de Homiziados institudos pela Coroa Portugaliae
Histrica, Vol II, Lisboa, pp. 13-61; VENTURA , Margarida Garcez, 1998, Os Coutos de Homiziados nas Fronteiras com o Direito de Asilo, Revista
da Faculdade de Letras. Histria. Porto, 2 srie, volume 15, nmero 1. Disponivel em: http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4024.pdf ; Nunes,
Duarte Gil, Noudar em finais da Idade Mdia: comenda e couto de homiziados. Uma perspectiva estratgico-militar e econmica em tempo de crises.
Disponivel em: http://www.iseg.utl.pt/aphes30/docs/progdocs/DUARTE%20GIL%20NUNES.pdf;; COELHO, Maria Filomena, 2011, A
territorializao de "mosteiros nobres": experincias de assentamento e de domnio (Leo, sculos XII e XIII), Revista Territrios e Fronteiras, Cuib,
v. 4, n. 2: Dossi Temtico "Estudos Medievais" - Dossi Temtico. Disponvel em:
http://www.ppghis.com/territorios&fronteiras/index.php/v03n02/article/view/112; AZEVEDO, Rui de, 1937, Perodo de Fromao Territorial.
Expanso pela conquista e sua consolidao pelo povoamento. As Terras doadas. Os Agentes colonizadores, in Histria da Expanso Portuguesa,
Lisboa, tica, I, 7-64; MATTOSO, Jos, 1987, Fragmentos de uma composio medieval, Lisboa, Estampa, 49-93; Geraldo PIERONI e Thimothy
COATES, 2002, De Couto do Pecado vila do Sal. Castro Marim (1550-1850), Lisboa, S da Costa; Pieroni, Geraldo, 2000. Os excludos do reino:
a inquisio portuguesa e o degredo para o Brasil colnia. Braslia: Editora UnB: So Paulo: Imprensa Oficial do Estado; PIERONI, Geraldo, 2003.
Banidos: a inquisio e a lista de cristos novos condenados a viver no Brasil, Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil; Pieroni, Geraldo,2002. Vadios e
ciganos, herticos e bruxas: os degredados no Brasil colnia, Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil; BASTOS, Maria Rosrio Joo A. Dias , Manuela
BAPTISTA, Carla Batista, 2012, Ocupao do Litoral do Alentejo, Portugal: passado e presente /Human Occupation of Littoral of Alentejo, Portugal:
past and present, in Revista da Gesto Costeira Integrada 12(1):99-116/Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management 12(1):99-116 (2012);
GARCIA, Joo Carlos,1986, O Espao Medieval da Reconquista: o Sudoeste da Pennsula Ibrica. 130p., Centro de Estudos Geogrficos, Lisboa,
Portugal; Ferreira Junior, Francisco, 2011, O degredo interno no brasil do sculo XIX e sua utilizao na ocupao dos campos de Guarapuava, in
Passagens. Revista Internacional de Histria Poltica e Cultura Jurdica, Rio de Janeiro: vol. 3 no.1, janeiro-abri, p. 62-76. DOI: 10.5533/1984-2503-
20113103; Moreno, Humberto Baquero, 1986, Os Municpios Portugueses nos sculos XIII a XVI. Estudos de Histria. Lisboa, Editorial Presena;
COSTA, Paula Pinto, 2006, Ordens Militares e Fronteira: um Desempenho Militar, Jurisdicional e Poltico em Tempos Medievais. Revista da
Faculdade de Letras: Histria, Srie III, 7:79-91, Porto, Portugal. Disponvel em http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/3405.pdf; COSTA, Paula
Hoje parece que se descobriu o mal das fronteiras do conhecimento e se aposta no que est para
alm dos limites de cada rea de conhecimento, nas reas transversais a cada um dos campos. Neste
contexto, no ser despropsito afirmar o papel das ilhas neste quadro, desde que se sentiu a
necessidade de pensar e refletir as ilhas como um todo, dando-se campo para a afirmao da
chamada Nissologia/Nesologia, isto , a cincia das ilhas. Na verdade, as fronteiras do
conhecimento, como as dos Estados so, partida, delimitadoras, geram obstculos e interminveis
conflitos. Para muitos, o conhecimento e os espaos ideais so aqueles sem fronteiras, de livre
trnsito. Mas no ser isto mais uma utopia do nosso sculo XXI? Por outro lado, como entender os
espaos, que se pretendem sem fronteiras polticas ou econmicas, como o espao Shengen ou o
Mercosur (1985), segurados e sustentados em fortes e quase-intransponveis fronteiras?

As primeiras fronteiras foram civilizacionais e tm nos imprios chins e romano a sua plena
afirmao. O Estado moderno consolida-se e define-se pela finitude das fronteiras. O sculo XIX
o momento da plena afirmao da fronteira, no domnio da Cincia e da Geopoltica. O desmoronar
dos imprios, desde o ltimo quartel do sculo XVIII, o caminho para a construo dos estados
consolidados em fronteiras que os tratados, convenes ou a guerra estabelecem. Quantos conflitos
locais ou mundiais pela posse territorial e delimitaes de fronteiras? Quantos problemas ainda
persistem no sculo XXI, fruto desta nsia de apropriao/delimitao do espao e de transposio
para a vida prtica dos quadros mentais que separam o Eu do Outro ?

Vivemos hoje encurralados por fronteiras. A fronteira est presente em tudo. A nossa vida e o
conhecimento esto refns destas, mas parece que ningum se quer libertar delas 6. A fronteira
parece ser omnipresente no nosso quotidiano e discurso. Foi com o historiador norte-americano
Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932)7, o pai da historiografia norte-americana, mas tambm da
Histria e Estudos da Fronteira, que comeou este interminvel debate de valorizao da fronteira e
que se construiu uma teia de debates e estudos que fazem do tema um domnio importante do
conhecimento do sculo XXI. Defrontaram-se teorias e discursos, construiu-se uma rede de
informaes e conhecimentos, publicaram-se milhares de estudos. De forma que hoje ningum

Pinto, 2004, As adaptaes das Ordens Militares aos desafios da crise tardo-medieval. Revista da Faculdade de Letras: Histria, Srie III, 5:143-
154, Porto, Portugal. Disponvel em http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/2380.pdf ; MARQUES, Jos, 1994, O mosteiro de Oia e a
granja da Silva no contexto das relaes luso-castelhanas dos sculos XIV-XV, Relaes entre Portugal e Castela nos finais da Idade Mdia, Lisboa,
FCG/INICT; MORENO, Humberto Baquero, 1986, Elementos para o estudo dos coutos de homiziados instituidos pela coroa, in os Municipios
Portugueses nos sculos xIII e XVI, Estudos de Histria, Lisboa, Ed. Presena; MORENO, Humberto Baquero, 1993, Dois Concelhos Medievais da
beira interior: Sabugal e Sortelha, Revista de Guimares, 103, 345-358.
6
Vivemos num tempo e num espao onde as fronteiras, tanto literais como figuradas existem por todo o lado () A fronteira traa os limites;
mantm a gente dentro e fora de uma rea; marca o fim de uma zona segura e o comeo de uma perigosa. Enfrentar a fronteira e, mais ainda, cruz-
la, pressupe um grande risco. Em geral, a gente tem medo de cruzar fronteiras () A gente aferra-se a um sonho utpico e incapaz de reconhecer
que cria e vive na heterotopia . MORALES, Alejandro , Dynamic Identities in Heterotopia. In: LUGO, Alejandro, Reflexiones sobre la teora de la
frontera, la cultura y la nacin, a.c., pg. 75.
7
Cf. BILLINGTON, Ray Allen. Frederick Jackson Turner: historian, scholar, teacher. New York: University of Oxford Press, 1973;
BILLINGTON, Ray Allen (org.). The Frontier Thesis: valid interpretation of American History?.New York: Holt, Hineheart and Winston, 1966.
& HOFSTADTER, Richard &LIPSET, Seymour Martin (org.).Turner and the Sociology of the Frontier. New York: Basic Books, 1968;
FARAGHER, John Mack, 1993, The Frontier Trail: Rethinking Turner and Reimagining the American West. In: American Historical Review.
American Historical Association: Washington, v.98, n.1, p.106-119. February; FARAGHER, John Mack, 1998, The significance of the frontier in
American Historiography: a guide to further reading. In: Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner. The significance of the frontier in American
History and other Essays.New Haven & London: Yale University Press, p. 225-41
ficar alheio ao tema. A borderlandia do conhecimento e do debate cientfico est cada vez mais a
amarrar os cientistas para um discurso que, em vez de dissolver as fronteiras acaba, muitas vezes,
por as reforar.

A fronteira j no uma entidade como a linha divisria entre dois estados, passando a ser
entendida como um espao de interao social, econmica e cultural. A ideia que hoje fazemos de
fronteira surgiu no sculo XIX, sendo herdeira da frontier thesis. A frontier thesis surgiu, em
1891, com o estudo sobre O Significado da Fronteira na Histria Americana 8 e nunca mais parou
de se afirmar como campo de debate e conhecimento. Uma das principais ideias de Turner para a
histria norte-americana assenta no facto de que A existncia de uma rea de terra livre, sua
contnua recesso e o avano rumo ao Oeste da colonizao americana explicam o
desenvolvimento americano9. Parece, assim, que a democracia emerge desta realidade das
fronteiras do Oeste10. Este espao de liberdade das fronteiras no novo e tem j em Portugal plena
expresso. Seno, vejamos. Os limites traados pelos senhorios feudais afirmao rgia so
combatidos pelos espaos de liberdade, as terras francas dos coutos e dos municpios.

Mas parece que temos de conviver com diversas formas de expresso das fronteiras, em
consonncia com as civilizaes e os espaos. Desta forma, em oposio a esta expresso do espao
de fronteira como de democracia, temos a ideia de I. Kapytoof 11 de que a mesma , em frica, algo
distinto, de conservador. Ao mesmo tempo, a fronteira afirma-se e descobre-se como um espao de
risco, de incerteza12. Alis, os estudos realizados at ao presente revelaram distintas formas de
expresso das fronteiras no espao e no tempo, que no podem ser, de modo algum, escamoteados e
reduzidos ao modelo americano de fronteira13.

Durante muito tempo, endeusou-se a frontier thesis. Felizmente, porm, tambm surgiram crticas
8
The Significance of the Frontier in American History. A tese prosseguiu noutros estudos como The Problem of the West (O Problema do
Oeste), de 1896;Contributions of the West to American Democracy (Contribuies do Oeste para a Democracia Americana), de 1903;Social
Forces in American History
9
The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explain American
development. TURNER, Frederick Jackson. The frontier in American History. New York: Dover Publications, 1996, p.1
10
Turner, 1996: 32, 37
11
KOPYTOFF, lgor, 1987, The African Frontier. The Reproduction of Tradicional African Societies, Indiana University Pres.
12
Vivemos num tempo e num espao onde as fronteiras, tanto literais como figuradas existem por todo o lado () A fronteira traa os limites;
mantm a gente dentro e fora de uma rea; marca o fim de uma zona segura e o comeo de uma perigosa. Enfrentar a fronteira e, mais ainda, cruz-
la, pressupe um grande risco. Em geral, a gente tem medo de cruzar fronteiras () A gente aferra-se a um sonho utpico e incapaz de reconhecer
que cria e vive na heterotopia . MORALES, Alejandro Dynamic Identities in Heterotopia. In: LUGO, Alejandro, 2003, Reflexiones sobre la teora
de la frontera, la cultura y la nacin. In: Michaelsen, Scott; Johnson, David E. (Comp.). Teora de la frontera: los lmites de la poltica cultural.
Buenos Aires: Gedisa, 75.
13
Cf. CLAVAL Paul, 1997, Le territoire dans la transition la postmodernit, in BONNEMAISON, J. , CAMBREZY, L.,, QUINTY-BOURGEOIS,
L., 1997, Le Territoire, Lien ou Frontire. Actes du Colloque du 2 au 4 octobre 1996, Paris, ditions de lOrstom. Institut Franais de Recherche
Scientifique pour le Dveloppement en Coopration, pp..3-14. CD-ROM. Disponvel na internet em: http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-
doc/pleins_textes/divers08-09/010014865.pdf.; FOUCHER, M., 1988/1991, Fronts et frontires - Un tour du monde gopolitique, Fayard, Paris.
frica sem dvida o continente onde esta realidade do fenmeno de fronteiras mais dificuldade teve em implantar-se e definir-se na forma
europeia ou americana. As fronteiras foram estabelecidas pelos europeus, ignorando as etnias que acabaram por ter uma incidncia
transfronteirias, negando assim, na essncia, a prpria fronteira. Aqui releva-se a importncia destes espaos transfronteirios , considerados
anti-mundos.. Atente-se ao facto de existir no presente uma associao especfica para ao tema neste continente: African Borderlands Research
Network (ABORNE) -- An interdisciplinary network of researchers interested in all aspects of international borders and trans-boundary
phenomena in Africa. Cf.: para alm do estudo de I. Kapytoff (1987) SAUTTER, Gilles, 1982, Quelques rflexions sur les frontires africaines
In : Journes dtudes des 20 et 21 mars 1981. Frontires, problmes de frontires dans le Tiers-Monde, Pluriel-dbat/LHarmattan/Universit
Paris VII. pp.41-50; ZI DOUEMBA, D.H., 1977, Les sources de l'histoire des frontires de l'ouest africain In: Bull. IFAN, t. 39, sr. B, n4, pp.
695-835; MBEMBE, A., 2000, 'At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in Africa', Public Culture, 12(1) pp. 259-
284.
como olhares revisionistas e, hoje, a Histria do Oeste norte-americano escreve-se em distintas
formas, como diferentes so tambm os discursos da fronteira14. A temtica , hoje, um domnio
com grande aceitao na comunidade cientfica em todo o mundo e parece ter j assumido o
estatuto de disciplina, que tem de assumir uma postura obrigatoriamente transdiciplinar15.

Para o mundo anglo-saxnico, existem duas realidades em torno da definio da fronteira:

boundary e frontier16. Enquanto o primeiro define o limite, a linha divisria que separa as duas
reas, o segundo apela ao espao em si, s zonas fronteirias. Desta forma, a concepo de fronteira
aparece quer nos imprios chins como no romano, enquanto que a de limite muito mais tardia. J
os romanos falavam de limes, como o caminho que delimitava duas propriedades [Em Ovdeo e
Tito Lvio considerada como o caminho que separa dois campos ] e que evolui depois para a linha
de fronteira17. Temos registado historicamente os limes rtico ou alto-germnico, Britannicus,
Arabicus, Tripolitanus, Alutanus, Transalutanus, Moesiae18. Neste contexto, temos de referenciar
outros dois termos que surgem a identificar os espaos que esto para alm da fronteira. Os
romanos, entretanto, criaram a chamada terra limitanea, que se encontrava no limite, certamente a
mesma que estar na origem do francs fronte, que quer dizer, no sculo XV, o espao vazio entre
dois exrcitos19. Por outro lado, na fronteira franco-espanhola dos Pirenus, vamos encontrar uma
realidade peculiar conhecida como faceries, espao de partilha comum de comunidades
transumantes20. O mesmo sucede em frica onde o espao foi dividido pelos europeus, alheios s

14
Para a Histria deste revisionismo historiogrfico cf. GATES, Paul Wallace. The Homestead Law in the incongruous land system. American
Historical Review 41, 1936, p.652-81. WRIGHT, Louis B., American democracy and the frontier. Yale Review 22, 1930, p. 349-65. SHANNON,
Fred A., The Homestead Act and labour surplus. American Historical Review 41, 1936, p. 637-51. BOTRIGHT, Mody C., The myth of frontier
individualism. In: Southwestern Social Science Quaterly 22, 1941, p.14-32. PIERSON,George Wilson. The frontier and American institutions: a
criticism of the frontier theory. In: New England Quaterly 16, june, 1942, p. 224-255. BOLTON, Herbert Eugene. The epic of greater America.
In: American Historical Review 39, 1933: p. 448-74. WEBB, Walter Prescott. The American west: perpetual mirage, Harpers 214, May, 1957, p.
25-31. MCWILLIANS, Carey. Introduction. In: Rocky Mountain Cities. Ed. Ray B. West. New York, 1949. HOWARD, Joseph Kinsey. Strange
empire: Louis Riel and the Mtis people. New York, 1952. SMITH, Henry Nash, 1950. Virgin Land: the American west as symbol and myth.
Cambridge, Mass.. EUTALIN, Richard, 1991. Writing Western History: essays on major westernhistorians. Albuquerque. Apud FARAGHER,
John Mack. Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner. Yale University Press, 1998. Afterword. The significance of the frontier in American
Historiography: a guide to further reading, p. 225-42.
15
Atente-se s distintas associaes e projetos com expresso nas pginas web. Cf. os seguintes: African Borderlands Research Network
(ABORNE) -- An interdisciplinary network of researchers interested in all aspects of international borders and trans-boundary phenomena in
Africa; Association for Borderlands Studies -- Scholarly association for the comparative study of international boundaries, with index to Journal
of Borderlands Studies ; BorderBase -- Useful quick-reference site for pictures, information and documentation on international borders; Borders
and Territory -- Links page of Paul Hensel, University of North Texas: Border Region Studies Network -- An international academic network
based in Denmark; Border Poetics Project -- Research project analysing border-crossing narratives in literary texts; Centre for Cross Border
Studies (Queen's University Belfast/Dublin City University/WEA): International Boundaries Research Unit (IBRU) -- Based at the University of
Durham, the IBRU works to enhance the resources available for the peaceful resolution of problems associated with international boundaries on
land and at sea. Site includes a boundary news archive and newsletter Borderlines.
16
Cf. JEANNERET, Phillipe, 1984, Les effets conomiques rgionaux des frontires internationales: lexemple de la frontire franco-suisse de
Genve Ble. Neuchatel, Suisse, Universit de Neuchatel, Facult de Droit et des Sciences conomiques (these).
17
JONES, S., 1959, Boundary Concepts in the Setting of Place and Time. Annals, Association of American Geographers 49(3): 241-255.
18
Cf. BADIAN, Ernst, 1968, Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic. Oxford: Blackwell; LUTTWAK, Edward N., 1976, The Grand Strategy of
the Roman Empire: from the first century AD to the third. Baltimore/London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ;PETIT, Paul, 1989. A Paz
Romana. So Paulo: Pioneira/Editora Universidade de So Paulo.;WHITTAKER, C. R., 1994, Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and
Economic Study. Baltimore/London: The Johns Hopkins University Press; GUARINELLO, Noberto Luiz, Ordem, integrao e fronteiras no
imprio romano. Um ensaio, Mare Nostrum, ano 2010, v. 1. Disponivel em: http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/leir/marenostrum/marenostrum-v1-
2009/marenostrum-ano1-vol1-p-113-127.pdf
19
GUARINELLO, Noberto Luiz, Ordem, integrao e fronteiras no imprio romano. Um ensaio, Mare Nostrum, ano 2010, v. 1
20
WEBSTER, Wentworth, Les faceries ou conventions internationales communales dans le pays basque, in Euskal-Erria: revista bascongada San
Sebastin, T. 26 (1o sem. 1892), p. 115-119, 168-171, 237-240, 265-268, 299-302, 329-332. disponivel on-line em:
http://meta.gipuzkoakultura.net/handle/10690/67674; WEBSTER, Wentworth, 1892, Les Faceries ou conventions internationales communales
dans le Pays Basque, Separata de : Bulletin de la Socit Ramond, t. XXVII, 1er. Trimestre 1892.
realidades espaciais das diversas tribos, levando existncia de territrios transfronteirios 21. J na
fronteira do Mxico, assinala-se uma realidade particular com o Mexamerica, uma cultura de
fronteira, com expresso de ambos os lados do limite fsico institucionalizado, o que quer dizer que
o espao de fronteira se prolonga para alm dos limites, gerando olhares e posturas cmplices dois
lados, ainda que sob o olhar atentos dos guardas ou das novas tecnologias 22. Por outro lado, na
Pennsula Ibrica, a fronteira entre cristos e muulmanos era delimitada por um espao livre
conhecido como targ23, terras francas ou de ningum. Para os peninsulares, era uma zona de
segurana, tambm considerada desiertos demograficos24 ou terra de ningum25. A par disso, a
afirmao do poder rgio face ao senhorialismo abriu inmeras brechas para espaos na fronteira,
como os municpios, os coutos. Esta ideia de terra franca prolonga-se no espao atlntico. Chega
primeiro s ilhas e, depois, ao Oeste americano de Turner, que se define como a terra livre26.

Esta ideia de terras francas parece ter sido um dos motores do processo de repovoamento
peninsular, assim como de fixao em novas reas, como sucedeu nos espaos insulares e at
mesmo no Brasil. Terra franca ou de ningum era muitas vezes um espao de degredo, de criao de
coutos e homiziados, aqui considerado como poltica de povoamento para fixao e controlo da
fronteira27. Esta poltica de degredo foi um dos mecanismos eficazes da sociedade peninsular se ir
libertando da violncia e conflitualidade social. A justia tinha determinaes claras da coroa para
afastar dos centros esta realidade e de a transferir para a periferia, nas fronteiras do sul, do Algarve,
do Norte de frica. E depois da aos espaos insulares da Madeira, Aores, Cabo Verde, S. Tom,
chegando ao Brasil, Angola e ndia.

Mas, terra franca ou terra de fronteira tambm entendida como espao de cumplicidades, de livre-
trnsito de mercadorias, de plena afirmao do contrabando, que se torna numa atividade muito

21
STARY, Bruno, 1997, Rseaux marchands et territoires tatiques en Afrique de lOuest. BONNEMAISON, J. , CAMBREZY, L., QUINTY-
BOURGEOIS, L., 1997, Le Territoire, Lien ou Frontire. Actes du Colloque du 2 au 4 octobre 1996, Paris, ditions de lOrstom. Institut Franais de
Recherche Scientifique pour le Dveloppement en Coopration. CD-ROM. Disponvel na internet em : http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-
doc/pleins_textes/divers08-09/010014865.pdf; FOUCHER, M., 1988/1991, Fronts et frontires - Un tour du monde gopolitique, Fayard, Paris,
pp.186-187;TOUVAL, S., 1972, The boundary problems of independant Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; IGUE, John O., 1989, Le
dveloppement des priphries nationales en Afrique, in:Tropiques- lieux et liens. ORSTOM, Coll. Didactiques, Paris,
22
Cf. GARREAU, Jol, 1991, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier, New York: Anchor Books; GRAIZBORD, Boris,1983, Integracin: diferencias
regionales e interdependencia en la frontera de Mxico con Estados Unidos. Demografa y Economa 17.1: 1-20; ARANA DE SWADESH,
Evangelina, BARTH, F., 1976, Los grupos tnicos y sus fronteras. FCE. Mxico.; 1973. El espaol de Mxico en las zonas de contacto.Anuario
Indigenista. 33 (December): 245-251.5;.
23
MITRE FERNNDEZ et al., (1997, Fronteras y fronterizos en la historia. Universidad de Valladolid. Espaa. Instituto Universitario de Historia.
Simancas; MITRE FERNNDEZ, E., 1997, La Cristiandad Medieval y las Formulaciones Fronterizas. En Fronteras y Fronterizos en la Historia.
Mitre Fernndez et al. (coords). Instituto Universitario de Simancas. Universidad de Valladolid ; MEDINA GARCA, Eusbio, 2006, Perfiles
Estruturales de la Frontera Hispano-Lusa (La Raya) in FIGUEIRA, Eduardo, Maria da Saudade Baltazar e Maria Manuel Serrano, Questes Sociais
Contemporneas. Actas das VIII jornadas do Departamento de Sociologia, vora, Universidade de vora /Centro de Investigao em Sociologia e
Antropologia Augusto da Silva , 137-150; MEDINA GARCA, Eusebio, Orgenes histricos y ambigedad de la frontera hispano-lusa (La Raya
1 ), p.713-724.
24
BERNAL ESTVEZ, A., 1998, La Frontera en la Extremadura Histrica Medieval; Convivencia y Enfrentamientos Blicos. En Actas de II
Estudios de Frontera. Diputacin de Jan.
25
ANDRADE, Amlia Aguiar, 1994, Vilas, Poder Rgio e Fronteira: o Exemplo de entre Lima e Minho Medieval, Lisboa, Dissertao de
Doutoramento em Histria Medieval, apresentada a Faculdade de Cincias Sociais e Humanas da universidade Nova de Lisboa, pp.123, 128.
26
. Esta ideia do espao fronteirio como terra franca persiste ainda em 1928 quanto ao assentamento da Foz do Iguau conhecido como vila franca.
Cf. MYSKIW, Antonio Marcos, 2009, A Fronteira como destino de viagem. A Colnia Militar de foz do Iguau (1888/1907), Niteroi, Tese de
Doutoramento em Histria, Universidade Federal Fulminense., p.176.
27
PIERONI, Geraldo. Os excludos do Reino. Braslia: Editora da UnB; 2000, 25-26.
solicitada pelas populaes raianas transfronteirias ou insulares28. Neste espao, que se vislumbra
de ambos os lados da fronteira, h uma populao que faz destas cumplicidades a sua vivncia
diria. Acaso seja de considerar a fronteira como um marco de identidade para as gentes de ambos
os lados da linha, ento como entender estes raianos, transfronteirios? No existir uma cultura
raiana, fronteiria, de partilha de ambos os lados da fronteira, que a negao da fronteira em si ?

28
A este propsito: as terras e gentes de fronteira vivem o seu quotidiano de invadir limites-geogrcos, lingusticos, scais e polticos (ou de
obedincia). Vivem numa espcie de territrio onde, de c para l e vice-versa, mais do que oposies e rivalidades, predominam as
cumplicidades. O contrabando, por exemplo, que vantagem natural das vedaes arbitrrias, mora na cumplicidade (Sousa, 1990, p. 54).
SOUSA, Armindo (1990), As Cortes Medievais Portuguesas (1385-1490), Porto, I.N.I.C./C.H.U.P. Para o contrabando das fronteiras atente-se aos
seguintes estudo: CORDERO TORRES, J. M., 1960: Fronteras hispnicas: geografa e historia, diplomacia y administracin. Instituto de
Estudios Polticos. Madrid, p.297; CUNHA, Luis, 2009. Memrias de fronteira: o contrabando como explicao do mundo. In: FREIRE, Dulce;
ROVISCO, Eduarda; FONSECA, Ins (coord.). Contrabando na fronteira luso-espanhola: prticas, memrias e patrimnios. Lisboa: Nelson
de Matos; MELN JIMNEZ, M. A. (1999): Hacienda, comercio y contrabando en la frontera de Portugal. Ed. Ficn. Cceres; SANTINHO,
M Cristina (1984), Quadrazais: terra de contrabando, Universidade Nova.; SILVA, Luis, 2009 A patrimonializao e a turistificao do
contrabando. In: FREIRE, Dulce; ROVISCO, Eduarda; FONSECA, Ins (coord.). Contrabando na fronteira luso-espanhola: prticas, memrias
e patrimnios. Lisboa: Nelson de Matos;VALCUENDE, Jos M., FERIA, Rafael Cceres. Viviendo de la frontera: redes sociales y significacin
simblica del contrabando. In: FREIRE, Dulce; ROVISCO, Eduarda; FONSECA, Ins (coord.). Contrabando na fronteira luso-espanhola:
prticas, memrias e patrimnios. Lisboa: Nelson de Matos, 2009; KOPYTOFF, lgor, 1987, The African Frontier. The Reproduction of
Tradicional African Societies, Indiana University Press. Para as ilhas tenha-se em conta o nosso estudo: A Madeira e o Contrabando no Espao
Atlntico, Anurio 2012, Centro de Estudos de Histria do Atlntico, ISSN: 1647-3949, Funchal, Madeira (2012), pp. 9 65. GRGOIRE,
Emmanuel, 1991, Les chemins de la contrebande: tude des rseaux commerciaux en pays hausa, Cahiers dtudes Africaines 31 (124-
Anthropologie de lentreprise), pp. 509-552; FODOUOP, Kengne, 1988, La contrebande entre le Cameroun et le Nigeria, Cahiers d'Outre-Mer
41 (161), pp. 5-26; GRGOIRE, Emmanuel, 1991, Les chemins de la contrebande: tude des rseaux commerciaux en pays hausa, Cahiers
dtudes Africaines 31 (124-Anthropologie de lentreprise), pp. 509-552.
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