EDELSTAHL WITTEN-KREFELD GMBH

NITRODUR
NITRODUR S p e c i a l e n g i n e e r i n g s te e l s

NITRODUR
NITRODUR NITRODUR
NITRODUR
Nitriding steels
2
Contents

Page 4 5 General

Page 6 7 Special features

Page 8 9 Steel portraits

Page 10 11 Application examples

Page 12 13 Steel production

Page 14 15 Steel processing

Page 16 Overview of grades and

chemical composition

Page 17 Forms supplied

Page 18 29 Material data sheets

Page 30 Sampling according to DIN EN 10085

Page 31 35 Nitriding and nitrocarburising

of steel components

Page 36 Temperature comparison

Page 37 Hardness comparison table

Page 38 List of photos

3
 NITRODUR
The use of special, high-perfor-
mance steel grades is essential
whenever machines and compo-
nents are exposed to high surface
stresses and dynamic loads.
If high surface hardness and
fatigue strength are required in
applications also involving high
temperatures, a product such as
our Nitrodur steel is the material
of choice.
Nitrodur is the name of our nitrid-
ing steel grades optimised for
use at elevated temperatures.
Different surface hardnesses and
hardening profiles can be set by
varying the nitriding parameters.
The advantage compared to the
surface hardening of standard
heat-treatable steel grades is the
lower distortion, as there are no
transformation processes during
cooling from the nitriding temper-
ature.
Our Nitrodur steel grades acquire
their high yield point, tensile and
fatigue strength (combined with
high toughness!) as a result of
4
Nitrodur
hardening with tempering at
above 550 C, but below the
microstructural transformation
temperature. The great strength
of our Nitrodur steel grades is
their optimum adaptation to the
respective intended application.
Depending on the cross-section
of the workpiece, optimum
quenching and tempering is en-
sured by selecting the appropri-
ate steel grade. The unusual
degree of purity and the homo-
geneity of the microstructure
guarantee uniform mechanical
properties, even where large
dimensions are involved.
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld is in a
position to supply round billets of
up to approx. 750 mm diameter.
In this context, the strength and
toughness can be specifically
adjusted and combined to meet
the demands on the respective
component. Nitrodur steels offer
excellent hot formability. Their
cold formability and machinability
are dependent on the analysis
and the crystalline structure.
 General

the right one

for hot jobs
Appropriate alloying and heat
treatment permit adjustment of
the material for optimum machin-
ability.
The top quality of Nitrodur is
achieved through high process
reliability and modern installations
for melting, secondary metallurgy,
vertical continuous casting, re-
melting, hot forming and heat
treatment, as well as through
advanced test facilities.
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld is in a
position to offer you a tailor-made
nitriding steel for every applica-
tion and every component. Ask
our material specialists for ad-
vice.

Nitrodur a speciality
from Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld
5
 Nitrodur specifically
Spot-on analysis
The strength and toughness of
the base material are determined
by its chemical composition and
the heat treatment it undergoes.
Consequently, the required prop-
erties are already specifically
aimed for when melting the steel.
The facilities in Witten and
Krefeld enable us to achieve a
spot-on, reliably reproducible
chemical composition.
Specific hardenability
The hardenability of the material
can be specifically adapted to the
geometry of the respective com-
ponent by selecting the right
alloying elements. The most
important alloying elements for
nitriding steels are chromium,
nickel, aluminium, molybdenum
and vanadium. We offer not only
aluminium-alloyed nitriding steels,
but also aluminium-free grades.
6
Maximum purity
Extremely high purity is achieved
by secondary metallurgical treat-
ment and vertical continuous
casting, or also by remelting.
Undesirable non-metallic inclu-
sions are reduced to a minimum.
The homogeneity of our Nitrodur
steels cannot be beaten by any
other manufacturer of high-grade
steel.
High fatigue strength
In nitriding steels, the different
service properties required for the
individual components, such as
high strength under static and
dynamic stress, high toughness
and nitriding hardness, are set by
way of the chemical composition
and a sequence of heat treatment
operations. The nitriding treat-
ment increases wear resistance
and fatigue strength.
 Special features

adapted
to elevated temperatures
Good machinability
The greater the number of com-
ponents to be manufactured, the
more important it is for the mate-
rial to have good machinability. In
other words: the cost-efficiency
of series production is already
partly determined when ordering
a specific steel grade.

Customised heat treatment

Depending on the envisaged
application and processing, we
can supply you with Nitrodur steel
grades in a wide variety of treated
conditions, e.g. with a defined
strength range.
Detailed technical information on
as-delivered conditions and pro-
cessing can be found starting on
Page 16.

Nitrodur steel grades

that get straight to the point
7
 NITRODUR
14 CrMoV 5-9
Weve got the finest
NITRODUR 31 CrMoV 9
Rolled or forged
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld supplies
a wide variety of rolled and forged
products in different heat-treated
conditions, from bar steel, uni-
versal plate/flat dimensions and
semis, all the way to open-die
forgings.
Our partners in the steel trade
offer a wide selection of Nitrodur
grades in all standard sizes.
NITRODUR 31 CrMo 12
8 NITRODUR 34 CrAlNi 7
Unmachined or machined
Our strength is steel grades not
only in a variety of hot-formed
products, but also at various pro-
cessing stages. Our processing
operations range from rough-
machining and bright surfaces with
close tolerances, all the way to
ready-to-install components. Make
use of our extensive capabilities
and let us act as your extended
workbench.
Talk to our specialists about the
individual, tailor-made Nitrodur
solution you need.
NITRODUR
NITRODUR 41 CrAlMo 7
 Steel portraits

NITRODUR 15 CrMoV 5-9

Al-free nitriding steel with good high-temper-
ature strength, high fatigue strength and tem-

specialities pering resistance, as well as optimum full

quenching and tempering.
Can be used as a nitriding, case-hardening or
heat-treatable steel. Particularly suitable for

in stock for you quenched and tempered extrusion dies.

Suitable for welding by any method.

NITRODUR 31 CrMo 12
Al-free nitriding steel for relatively large
cross-sections, and also for higher nitriding
hardnesses as a result of its chemical com-
position. Suitable for gear wheels, cylinders,
drills, connecting rods, shafts, extruders,
guides, straightening rolls, thread gauges
with relatively large cross-sections.

NITRODUR 31 CrMoV 9
Al-free nitriding steel grade for relatively low
nitriding hardnesses and relatively great
nitriding depths. Suitable for gear wheels,
cylinders, drills, connecting rods, shafts,
extruders, guides, straightening rolls, thread
gauges.

NITRODUR 34 CrAlNi 7
Al-alloyed nitriding steel grade for large
cross-sections. Suitable for piston rods,
extruders, cylinders, gear wheels, rings.

NITRODUR 41 CrAlMo 7
Al-alloyed nitriding steel for medium cross-
sections. Suitable for connecting rods, small
extruders, valve stems.

NITRODUR 34 CrAlMo 5
Al-alloyed nitriding steel for high nitriding
hardnesses and small heat-treatment cross-
sections. Suitable for valve stems, super-
heated-steam fittings, cam plates, small gear
wheels, eccentrics.

34 CrAlMo 5 Talk to our

specialists for hot subjects

9
 Nitrodur hardness
Plastics processing
Cylinders and barrels, rams,
screws, injection nozzles and
other components are exposed to
great stress during injection
moulding, compression moulding
and extrusion. Consistently high
hardness must be retained, even
at elevated working temperatures,
in order to guarantee consistent
precision of the products to be
manufactured. Nitrodur offers just
that.
Gearbox construction
When made of Nitrodur, pinions,
toothed wheels and gear wheels
with external and internal gearing
offer greater operating reliability
and a longer service life in power
stations. Nitrodur steel grades are
also the perfect material if, after
heat treatment, the components
cannot be re-worked as a result of
their geometry or their small size.
10
Engine construction
For engines, such as racing-car
engines, which are exposed to
extreme stresses, particularly in
relation to temperature, it is advis-
able to use special Nitrodur steel
grades to manufacture crank-
shafts, connecting rods, piston
pins, cylinders, cylinder liners and
drive chains.
General mechanical engineering
Nitrodur steels grades are recom-
mended in mechanical engineer-
ing wherever reliable operation
and precision functioning at ele-
vated temperatures are indis-
pensable. For instance, in the pro-
duction of pump drive shafts, tim-
ing chains, pistons for hydraulic
controllers, screws and worm
gears, spindles, straightening rolls,
superheated-steam fittings, value
guides and valve seats.
 Application examples

and precision
for increased safety
Tool-making
When it comes to precision
mechanical parts and tools that
work at elevated operating tem-
peratures, Nitrodur guarantees the
unchanging geometry of the com-
ponents, such as sizing rolls, ring
gauges, thread gauges, limit plug
gauges, gear wheels and piston
rods. Nitrodur steel grades are
also particularly suitable materials
in cases where very small compo-
nents cannot be mechanically re-
worked after being heat-treated.

Machine tool manufacture

Nitrodur steel grades ensure a
long service life, reliable operation
and consistently high precision in
machine tools. For example, in
spindles and guide rails, grinding
and drilling machines, as well as
milling machines and lathes.

11
 Our expertise in steel
Our own steel production in our
modern steelworks in Witten is
the basis for the purity and homo-
geneity of our heat-treatable
steels. Precisely defined proper-
ties are achieved by means of
exact alloying and process speci-
fications for melting, forming
and heat treatment. The steels
are melted in a 130 t electric arc
furnace.
The metallurgical precision work
is performed in a downstream
ladle furnace of the same size.
Depending on the steel grade and
the dimensions of the end prod-
uct, the steel melted in this way is
cast in ingots or continuous cast
blooms. Over 50 different mould
formats are available for ingot
casting, ranging from 600 kg to
160 t.
The continuous cast blooms are
manufactured in two strands on a
vertical continuous casting ma-
chine in a 475 x 340 mm format.
A remelting steelworks with two
electroslag remelting (ESR) fur-
naces and two vacuum arc re-
12
is
melting (VAR) furnaces is avail-
able in Krefeld for the production
of heat treatable steels involving
particularly stringent demands in
terms of homogeneity of their
microstructure and their purity.
Electroslag remelting
process
In the electroslag remelting
process (ESR), which works with
alternating current, a cast or
forged, self-consuming electrode
is immersed in a bath of molten
slag, which serves as an electrical
resistor.
The material to be remelted drips
from the end of the electrode
through the slag and forms the
new ingot in a water-cooled
mould below. The heat dissipa-
tion leads to directional solidifica-
tion in the direction of the longi-
tudinal ingot axis.
The remelting slag fulfils several
functions in this process. On the
one hand, it develops the neces-
sary process heat, while at the
same time supporting chemical
Remelting facilities
ESR I
VAR
Ladle
furnace
Scrap 130-t-electric Ladle degas-
arc furnace sing station
(VD/VOD)
Main production routes
ca
EDELSTAHL WITTEN-KREFELD GMBH
THYSSEN KRUPP STAHL AG
reactions, such as desulphurisa-
tion, and acting as an anti-oxidant
for the melting bath of the new
ingot. In addition, the slag has a
high capacity for absorbing non-
metallic inclusions, which means
that the remelted material is free
of coarse inclusions. The im-
provement in the microscopic
 Steel production

production
something you can rely on
Blooming-slabbing mill

Ingot casting

Products
As-cast ingots
Long forging Machining As-continuously cast
machines Finishing bloom material
departments,
forging shops Open-die forgings
as-forged or machined

Forged semis
Heat As-forged
LSX 55
33 MN press treatment Peeling Forged round billets
facilities machines for tubemaking
as-forged or peeled
Finishing
LSX 25 departments, Forged bar steel
rolling mills as-forged or machined

Machined tool steel

As-rolled forged or rolled

Rolled semis

Continuous bloom Rolled tube rounds

as-rolled or peeled
aster, 475 x 340 mm,
2 strands Untreated Rolled bar steel
as-rolled or machined
Blooming/billet/large-size Universal plate and flats
bar rolling mill
Special products

purity is attributable to desulphur-

isation and the resultant high
degree of sulphidic purity, and Nitrodur reliable materials
also to a reduction in the size and
quantity of oxidic inclusions. thanks to reliable processes

NITRODUR
13

Vacuum arc remelting
process
The vacuum arc remelting (VAR)
process works with cast or
forged, self-consuming elec-
trodes in a vacuum.
Using an electric arc in a vacuum,
a melting bath is generated in a
copper crucible, which acts as
the opposite pole to the remelting
electrode and is connected to a
DC voltage source via current
contacts.
A new ingot is formed from the
liquefied electrode material drop
by drop in a continuous process.
In the VAR process, refinement of
the steel is brought about by the
reaction of the oxygen dissolved
in the steel with the carbon in the
molten material under the effect
of the vacuum. This results in the
best possible degree of micro-
scopic oxidic purity and freedom
from macroscopic inclusions. As
no desulphurisation takes place
14
Nitrodur
just
during this remelting process, the
lowest possible sulphur content
has to be set prior to remelting, in
order also to meet the most strin-
gent demands on the degree of
sulphidic purity. Moreover, this
process guarantees the lowest
possible quantities of dissolved
gases in the steel and a homo-
geneous microstructure free of
segregation.
Hot forming and finishing
The blooming mill in Witten pro-
duces semi-finished products,
steel bars and universal plate/flat
dimensions. Two modern finishing
lines for checking the inner and
outer surface condition, as well
as the dimensions and identity,
are available for rolled and forged
products and steel bars. The
forge is equipped with a 33 MN
press, a GFM LSX 55 horizontal
long forging machine and a GFM
LSX 25 long forging machine.

nitriding steel,
the way you need it
Machining
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld offers
not only an optimum material in
various forms, but also pre-
machined and ready-to-install
parts. We put extensive consult-
ing know-how and modern ma-
Steel processing
Krefeld and Witten. Rotationally
symmetrical parts with a piece
weight of up to 20 tonnes are
manufactured in Krefeld on con-
ventional and modern CNC lathes
and grinding machines. The key
production fields are shafts, cylin-
ders and rolls for continuous
casting.
chining facilities at the disposal
of our customers.
After straightening, rolled or
forged bar steel and round billets
up to 300 mm diameter for tube-
making can be peeled, pressure
polished and chamfered in
15
 Overview of grades
and chemical composition
Overview of grades Table 1

Grades Material No. Code name acc. Standardised in

to EN 10085

Page 18 19 Nitrodur 15 CrMoV 5-9 1.8521 15CrMoV5-9 DIN 17211

Page 20 21 Nitrodur 31 CrMo12 1.8515 31CrMo12 EN 10085

Page 22 23 Nitrodur 31 CrMoV 9 1.8519 31CrMoV9 EN 10085

Page 24 25 Nitrodur 34 CrAlNi 7 1.8550 34CrAlNi7 EN 10085

Page 26 27 Nitrodur 41 CrAlMo 7 1.8509 41CrAlMo7 EN 10085

Page 28 29 Nitrodur 34 CrAlMo 5 1.8507 34CrAlMo5 EN 10085

Chemical composition Table 2

Steel grade Chemical composition to DIN EN 10085, except1 (% by weight)

Code DIN EN Mate-

name 10085 rial No. C Si Mn P max. S Al Cr Mo Ni V

Nitrodur 15CrMoV5-9 1.8521 0.13 0.40 0.80 0.025 0.030 1.20 0.80 0.20
15 CrMoV 5-9 1 0.18 1.10 1.50 1.10 0.30

Nitrodur 31CrMo12 1.8515 0.28 0.40 0.40 0.025 0.035 2.80 0.30
31 CrMo12 0.35 0.70 3.30 0.50

Nitrodur 31CrMoV9 1.8519 0.27 0.40 0.40 0.025 0.035 2.30 0.15 0.10
31 CrMoV 9 0.34 0.70 2.70 0.25 0.20

Nitrodur 34CrAlNi7 1.8550 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.025 0.035 0.80 1.50 0.15 0.85
34 CrAlNi 7 0.37 0.70 1.20 1.80 0.25 1.15

Nitrodur 41CrAlMo7 1.8509 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.025 0.035 0.80 1.50 0.20
41 CrAlMo 7 0.45 0.70 1.20 1.80 0.35

Nitrodur 34CrAlMo5 1.8507 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.025 0.035 0.80 1.00 0.15
34 CrAlMo 5 0.37 0.70 1.20 1.30 0.25

1) DIN 17211

16
Forms supplied

Product Dimensions Tolerances

NITRODUR Lengths/ End As-supplied Surface finish
weights condition condition
Dia. or edge length Lengths Straightness
Bar steel 55 250 mm dia. DIN 1013 Subject to 80 mm: 4.0 10 m, Hot-sawn Untreated Rough-peeled finish
and round purchase 4.0 mm/m other lengths or hot abra- available for 52 -
> 200 mm dia. standard in- Cold-shear-
billets for order on request sive-cut 240 mm
company tolerance, closer > 80 mm: able
tubemaking Max. permissible
rolled tolerance on request Special:*) 2.5 mm/m Special:*)
Cold-sawable surface defect
+100/-0 Cold-sawn,
cold abrasive- Normalized depths:
Sharp-edged DIN 1014 < 1000 mm2: cut Round: 1% max. of
50 160 mm square 4.0 mm/m Treated to
dia. + 0.05 mm
ferrite-pearlite
> 1000 mm2: structure Square: 1% max. of
Flat: DIN 1017 2.5 mm/m
up to 150 mm width and edge length
Width: 80 510 mm Treated to
Thickness: 60 mm thickness; Special:*) hardness Flat: 1.5% max. of
25 160 mm over 150 mm width Specially range width, 2.0% max. of
Width/thickness standard in-company toler- straightened thickness
ratio 10:1 max ance Soft-annealed
Special:*)
Width: Spheroidize- Smaller surface
Sheet bars Tolerance on request defect depth on
25 160 mm annealed
rolled with request
bulbous nar- Thickness: Stress-
row face 80 550 mm relieved
Quenched
Semis 50 320 mm square, 210 mm +/- 2% Standard: 210 mm Edge radius:
and tempered
rolled rising in 1 mm incre- > 210 mm +/- 3% 6 mm/m square:
ments hot-sawn 210 mm - 12-18%
of edge length
Special:*) or hot abra- of edge length
Special:*) 4 mm/m sive-cut > 210 mm: without
100 mm +/- 1%
> 210 mm defined edge radius
of edge length
square: Max. perm. surface
> 100 mm 210 mm hot-sheared defect depth:
+/- 1.5% of edge length Special:*) 140 mm sq.
Cold abrasive- 0.3 mm max.
cut, cold-sawn
> 140 - 200 mm sq.
0.6 mm max.
> 200 mm sq.
visible defects elimi-
nated

Bar steel 65 750 mm dia. DIN 7527 Semis: Lengths as Hot abrasive- Special:*)
and semis as-forged a function of cut or cold-
265 650 mm straightness dimensions - Rough-peeled
forged sawn
square and heat- - Turned
Bar steel: Special:*) - Milled
flat: on request treatment
to DIN within Cold abrasive-
condition
the tolerance cut
on request
limit

Bright steel As-peeled 3 - 10 m, on Hot-sawn/hot Technically crack-free

straightness request 30 m abrasive-cut condition e.g. eddy-
peeled 52 400 mm dia. ISA Tol. 11 or comparable 2 mm/m, max. as a current tested or
tolerance 1 mm/m or function of Special:*)
comparable tech-
closer as a dia. and Cold-sawn/
peeled and 52 300 mm dia. ISA Tol. 11 or comparable nique, defined depth
function of max. bar abrasive-cut
polished tolerance of roughness and
dimensions dead weight Dimensions 50 suitable packaging by
on request of 7 t - 105 mm with special arrangement
round chamfer
30 or 45,
chamfer width
ground 52 100 mm dia. ISA-Tol. 8 or comparable 38m approx. 5 -12
tolerance mm, other
widths by ar-
rangement

As-cast on request
ingots/c.c.
blooms
Open-die Forgings forged to
forgings shape on request
(drawing)

*) Special finishes subject to further inquiry (partly dependent on quality, dimensions and condition)

17
NITRODUR 15 CrMoV 5-9
Material No.
Code
Material No. Code

1.8521 15CrMoV5-9

Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo V
Typical analysis in %
acc. to DIN 17211 0.13 0.18 0.40 0.80 1.10 0.025 0.030 1.20 1.50 0.80 1.10 0.20 0.30

Mechanical properties
in different Quenched and tempered QT
treatment conditions
Heat treatment 0.2% proof Tensile strength Elongation at Reduction of Notch impact energy
To DIN 17211 diameter stress in N/mm2 fracture in % area at fracture (ISO-V)
in mm (Rp 0.2) min. Rm A in % Z in J Av
N/mm2 min. min. min.

100 750 900 1100 10 30

100 < d 250 700 850 1050 12 35

Hardness in different
treatment conditions
Treated for Soft annealed Nitrided,
To DIN 17211 shearing S A surface hardness
HB HB HV1

max. 255 max. 248 approx. 800

Applications
Al-free nitriding steel with good high-temperature strength, high fatigue strength and tempering resistance, as well
as optimum full quenching and tempering. Can be used as a nitriding, case-hardening or heat-treatable steel.
Particularly suitable for quenched and tempered extrusion dies. Suitable for welding by any method.

Heat treatment
Soft annealing Hardening Quenching medium Tempering Nitriding
To DIN 17211
Temperatures in C
680 740 940 980 Oil/polymer or water 600 700 500 580

Thermal expansion
Temperature From -191 20 20 20 20 20
in C to +16 100 200 300 400 500

Coefficient of linear thermal 9.1 11.1 12.1 12.9 13.5 13.9

expansion 10-6 K-1

18
 NITRODUR 15 CrMoV 5-9
Tempering diagram High-temperature strength diagram

Pre-treatment: 980 C, 30 min./air

Hardening: 980 C, 30 min./oil
Heat treatment cross-section: 60 mm dia.

2000 200 100,0 1200

0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and tensile strength Rm in N/mm2

1750 175 87,5 Rm

1000

0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and

tensile strength Rm in N/mm2
Av

Elongation at fracture A5 and reduction of area

Notch impact energy Av in J (ISO-V)
1500 Z 150 75,0
800
Rp0,2
1250 125 62,5
600
1000 100 50,0

400
750 75 37,5

at fracture Z in %
Rm
Rp0,2 200
500 50 25,0

area at fracture
Reduction of
A5 90

Z in %
250 25 12,5 80 Z

70
0 0 0,0
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 60
Elongation
at fracture
Tempering temperature in C (tempering time: 2 hours) 30

A5 in %
A5
20
10
200 ISO-V
Notch impact energy

175
150
Av in J

125 DVM
100
75
RT 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Test temperature in C

Time-temperature-
transformation diagram
(continuous) 1200

1100

1000
Ac3
900

800
F Ac1
Temperature in C

700 5 20 50 60 75
A
600

500
MS
400 10
M 90
300 B
200
Hardness
353 236
100 values
427 393 363 353 337 337 336 325 322 292 269 278
HV 10
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Time in s
100 101 102 103 104
Time in min
100 101 102
Time in h

19
NITRODUR 31 CrMo 12
Material No.
Code
Material No. Code

1.8515 31CrMo12

Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo
acc. to DIN EN 10085
Typical analysis in % 0.28 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.025 0.035 2.80 3.30 0.30 0.50

Mechanical properties
in different Quenched and tempered QT
treatment conditions
Heat treatment 0.2% proof Tensile strength Elongation at Reduction of Notch impact energy
To DIN EN 10085 diameter stress in N/mm2 fracture in % area at fracture (ISO-V)
in mm (Rp 0.2) min. Rm A in % Z in J Av
N/mm2 min. min. min.

16 d 240 835 1030 1230 10 25

40 < d 100 785 1980 1180 11 30
100 < d 160 735 930 1130 12 30
160 < d 250 675 880 1080 12 30

Hardness in different
treatment conditions
Treated for Soft annealed Nitrided,
To DIN EN 10085 shearing S A surface hardness
HB HB HV1

max. 255 max. 248 approx. 800

Applications
Al-free nitriding steel for relatively large cross-sections, and also for higher nitriding hardnesses as a result of its
chemical composition. Suitable for gear wheels, cylinders, drills, connecting rods, shafts, extruders, guides,
straightening rolls, thread gauges with relatively large cross-sections.

Heat treatment
Soft annealing Hardening Quenching medium Tempering Nitriding
To DIN EN 10085
Temperatures in C
650 700 870 930 Oil/polymer or water 580 700 480 570

Thermal expansion
Temperature From -191 20 20 20 20 20
in C to +16 100 200 300 400 500

Coefficient of linear thermal 9.1 11.1 12.1 12.9 13.5 13.9

expansion 10-6 K-1

20
 NITRODUR 31 CrMo 12
Tempering diagram High-temperature strength diagram

Pre-treatment: 920 C, 30 min./air

Hardening: 900 C, 30 min./oil
Heat treatment cross-section: 15 mm dia.

2000 200 100 1200

0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and tensile strength Rm in N/mm2

1800 180 90
Rm
1000

0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and

tensile strength Rm in N/mm2
Elongation at fracture A5 and reduction of area
1600 160 80 Rm

Notch impact energy Av in J (ISO-V)

Rp0,2
1400 140 70 800

1200 120 60
Z 600 Rp0,2
1000 100 50

800 80 40 400

at fracture Z in %
600 60 30
200

area at fracture
Reduction of
400 40 20 90
Av

Z in %
Z
80
200 20 10
A5
70
0 0 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 60

Elongation
Tempering temperature in C (tempering time: 2 hours)

at fracture
30

A5 in %
A5
20
10
ISO-V
200
Notch impact energy

175
150
Av in J

DVM
125
100
75
RT 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Test temperature in C

Time-temperature-
transformation diagram
(continuous) 1200

1100

1000

900
Ac3
800
3 11 Ac1
Temperature in C

3
700 P
3 5 35 82
600
A
500

400 MS
5 B
10
300 40 95 97 98 94 92 62 15
M
200
Hardness
100 530 548 525 498 493 421 397 394 330 238
values
337 327
HV 10
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Time in s
100 101 102 103 104
Time in min
100 101 102
Time in h

21
NITRODUR 31 CrMoV 9
Material No.
Code
Material No. Code

1.8519 31CrMoV9

Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo V
acc. to DIN EN 10085
Typical analysis in % 0.27 0.34 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.025 0.035 2.30 2.70 0.15 0.25 0.10 0.20

Mechanical properties
in different Quenched and tempered QT
treatment conditions
Heat treatment 0.2% proof Tensile strength Elongation at Reduction of Notch impact energy
To DIN EN 10085 diameter stress in N/mm2 fracture in % area at fracture (ISO-V)
in mm (Rp 0.2) min. Rm A in % Z in J Av
N/mm2 min. min. min.

16 d 240 900 1100 1300 19 25

40 < d 100 800 1000 1200 10 30
100 < d 160 700 1900 1100 11 35
160 < d 250 650 1850 1050 12 40

Hardness in different
treatment conditions
Treated for Soft annealed Nitrided,
To DIN EN 10085 shearing S A surface hardness
HB HB HV1

max. 255 max. 248 approx. 800

Applications
Al-free nitriding steel grade for relatively low nitriding hardnesses and relatively great nitriding depths. Suitable for
gear wheels, cylinders, drills, connecting rods, shafts, extruders, guides, straightening rolls, thread gauges.

Heat treatment
Soft annealing Hardening Quenching medium Tempering Nitriding
To DIN EN 10085
Temperatures in C
680 720 870 930 Oil/polymer or water 580 700 480 570

Thermal expansion
Temperature From -191 20 20 20 20 20
in C to +16 100 200 300 400 500

Coefficient of linear thermal 9.1 11.1 12.1 12.9 13.5 13.9

expansion 10-6 K-1

22
 NITRODUR 31 CrMoV 9
Tempering diagram High-temperature strength diagram

Pre-treatment: 890 C, 30 min./air

Hardening: 870 C, 30 min./oil
Heat treatment cross-section: 15 mm dia.
2000 200 100 1200
0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and tensile strength Rm in N/mm2

1800 180 90
Rm 1000

0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and

tensile strength Rm in N/mm2
1600 160 80

Elongation at fracture A5 and reduction of area

Rm
Rp0,2

Notch impact energy Av in J (ISO-V)

1400 140 70 800

1200 120 60
Z 600 Rp0,2
1000 100 50

800 80 40 400

at fracture Z in %
600 60 30
200

area at fracture
Reduction of
400 40 20 90
Av

Z in %
80 Z
200 20 10
A5 70
0 0 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 60

Elongation
at fracture
Tempering temperature in C (tempering time: 2 hours) 30

A5 in %
A5
20
10
200
Notch impact energy

175 ISO-V
150
Av in J

125
100 DVM

75
RT 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Test temperature in C

Time-temperature-
transformation diagram
(continuous) 1200

1100

1000

900
Ac3
800
Temperature in C

70 70 Ac1
700 70 70
F 30 30
40 30 30
3 P
600
A
500
B
400 MS 60 50 100
300 100 100
100
M 100
97
60
200
Hardness 172
100 values
496 478 481 493 428 404 390 351 374 351 264 186 177 170
HV 10
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Time in s
100 101 102 103 104
Time in min

100 101 102

Time in h

23
NITRODUR 34 CrAINi 7
Material No.
Code
Material No. Code

1.8550 34CrAINi7

Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S AI Cr Mo Ni
acc. to DIN EN 10085
Typical analysis in % 0.30 0.37 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.025 0.035 0.80 1.20 1.50 1.80 0.15 0.25 0.85 1.15

Mechanical properties
in different Quenched and tempered QT
treatment conditions
Heat treatment 0.2% proof Tensile strength Elongation at Reduction of Notch impact energy
To DIN EN 10085 diameter stress in N/mm2 fracture in % area at fracture (ISO-V)
in mm (Rp 0.2) min. Rm A in % Z in J Av
N/mm2 min. min. min.

16 d 240 680 1900 1100 10 30

40 < d 100 650 1850 1050 12 30
100 < d 160 600 1800 1000 13 35
160 < d 250 600 1800 1000 13 35

Hardness in different
treatment conditions
Treated for Soft annealed Nitrided,
To DIN EN 10085 shearing S A surface hardness
HB HB HV1

max. 255 max. 248 approx. 950

Applications
Al-alloyed nitriding steel grade for large cross-sections. Suitable for piston rods, extruders, cylinders, gear wheels,
rings.

Heat treatment
Soft annealing Hardening Quenching medium Tempering Nitriding
To DIN EN 10085
Temperatures in C
650 700 870 930 Oil/polymer or water 580 700 480 570

Thermal expansion
Temperature From -191 20 20 20 20 20
in C to +16 100 200 300 400 500

Coefficient of linear thermal 9.1 11.1 12.1 12.9 13.5 13.9

expansion 10-6 K-1

24
 NITRODUR 34 CrAINi 7
Tempering diagram High-temperature strength diagram

Pre-treatment: 920 C, 30 min./air

Hardening: 900 C, 30 min./oil
Heat treatment cross-section: 15 mm dia.

2000 200 100 1200

0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and tensile strength Rm in N/mm2

Rm
1800 180 90
1000

0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and

tensile strength Rm in N/mm2
Elongation at fracture A5 and reduction of area
1600 160 80
Rp0,2

Notch impact energy Av in J (ISO-V)

Rm
1400 140 70 800

1200 120 60
600
1000 100 50
Z Rp0,2
400
800 80 40

at fracture Z in %
600 60 30
200

area at fracture
Reduction of
400 40 20 90

Z in %
Av 80 Z
200 20 10
A5 70
0 0 0 60
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Elongation
at fracture
Tempering temperature in C (tempering time: 2 hours) 30 A5

A5 in %
20
10
200
ISO-V
Notch impact energy

175
150
Av in J

125
DVM
100
75
RT 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Test temperature in C

Time-temperature-
transformation diagram
(continuous) 1200

1100

1000

900 Ac3
800
Ac1
Temperature in C

A 50 50
40 50
700 F 50
50 50

3
15
P
600 40

500
MS B
400 5 90
2 30 80
60 80
90 95 15
300

200
Hardness 566 442 361 240 219
100 values
534 543 505 383 368 348 333 293 233
HV 10
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Time in s
100 101 102 103 104
Time in min
100 101 102
Time in h

25
NITRODUR 41 CrAIMo 7
Material No.
Code
Material No. Code

1.8509 41CrAIMo7

Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S AI Cr Mo
acc. to DIN EN 10085
Typical analysis in % 0.38 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.025 0.035 0.80 1.20 1.50 1.80 0.20 0.35

Mechanical properties
in different Quenched and tempered QT
treatment conditions
Heat treatment 0.2% proof Tensile strength Elongation at Reduction of Notch impact energy
To DIN EN 10085 diameter stress in N/mm2 fracture in % area at fracture (ISO-V)
in mm (Rp 0.2) min. Rm A in % Z in J Av
N/mm2 min. min. min.

16 d 240 750 1950 1150 11 25

40 < d 100 720 1900 1100 13 25
100 < d 160 670 1850 1050 14 30
160 < d 250 625 1800 1000 15 30

Hardness in different
treatment conditions
Treated for Soft annealed Nitrided,
To DIN EN 10085 shearing S A surface hardness
HB HB HV1

max. 255 max. 248 approx. 950

Applications
Al-alloyed nitriding steel for medium cross-sections. Suitable for connecting rods, small extruders, valve stems.

Heat treatment
Soft annealing Hardening Quenching medium Tempering Nitriding
To DIN EN 10085
Temperatures in C
650 700 870 930 Oil/polymer or water 580 700 480 570

Thermal expansion
Temperature From -191 20 20 20 20 20
in C to +16 100 200 300 400 500

Coefficient of linear thermal 9.1 11.1 12.1 12.9 13.5 13.9

expansion 10-6 K-1

26
 NITRODUR 41 CrAIMo 7
Tempering diagram High-temperature strength diagram

Pre-treatment: 930 C, 30 min./air

Hardening: 910 C, 30 min./oil
Heat treatment cross-section: 15 mm dia.

2000 200 100 1200

0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and tensile strength Rm in N/mm2

Rm
1800 180 90
1000 Rm

Elongation at fracture A5 and reduction of area

1600 160 80

0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and

Notch impact energy Av in J (ISO-V)

tensile strength Rm in N/mm2

Rp0,2 800
1400 140 70

1200 120 60
600 Rp0,2
1000 100 50
Z
800 80 40 400

at fracture Z in %
600 60 30
200
Av
400 40 20 90

area at fracture
Reduction of
80 Z
200 20 10

Z in %
A5 70
0 0 0 60
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Tempering temperature in C (tempering time: 2 hours) Elongation 50
at fracture 30
A5 in %
A5
20
10
175
Notch impact energy

150
ISO-V
125
Av in J

100
75 DVM

50
RT 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Test temperature in C

Time-temperature-
transformation diagram
(continuous) 1200

1100

1000

900 Ac3
800
30 ~ 30 Ac1
Temperature in C

F 25
~

700 30
~

70
P
~

75 70
A 3 15
600

500

400 MS
3
10
B
40
300 85
M 95
200 92
55
Hardness
590
100 values
613 599 595 483 409 375 339 244 223 206
HV 10
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Time in s
100 101 102 103 104
Time in min
100 101 102
Time in h

27
NITRODUR 34 CrAIMo 5
Material No.
Code
Material No. Code

1.8507 34CrAIMo5

Chemical
composition
C Si Mn P S AI Cr Mo
acc. to DIN EN 10085
Typical analysis in % 0.30 0.37 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.025 0.035 0.80 1.20 1.00 1.30 0.15 0.25

Mechanical properties
in different Quenched and tempered QT
treatment conditions
Heat treatment 0.2% proof Tensile strength Elongation at Reduction of Notch impact energy
To DIN EN 10085 diameter stress in N/mm2 fracture in % area at fracture (ISO-V)
in mm (Rp 0.2) min. Rm A in % Z in J Av
N/mm2 min. min. min.

16 d 240 600 1800 1000 14 35

40 < d 100 600 1800 1000 14 35

Hardness in different
treatment conditions
Treated for Soft annealed Nitrided,
To DIN EN 10085 shearing S A surface hardness
HB HB HV1

max. 255 max. 248 approx. 950

Applications
Al-alloyed nitriding steel for high nitriding hardnesses and small heat-treatment cross-sections. Suitable for valve
stems, superheated-steam fittings, cam plates, small gear wheels, eccentrics.

Heat treatment
Soft annealing Hardening Quenching medium Tempering Nitriding
To DIN EN 10085
Temperatures in C
650 700 870 930 Oil/polymer or water 580 700 480 570

Thermal expansion
Temperature From -191 20 20 20 20 20
in C to +16 100 200 300 400 500

Coefficient of linear thermal 9.1 11.1 12.1 12.9 13.5 13.9

expansion 10-6 K-1

28
 NITRODUR 34 CrAIMo 5
Tempering diagram High-temperature strength diagram

Pre-treatment: 950 C, 30 min./air

Hardening: 930 C, 30 min./oil
Heat treatment cross-section: 15 mm dia.
2000 200 100 1200
0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and tensile strength Rm in N/mm2

Rm
1800 180 90
1000

0.2% proof stress Rp0.2 and

tensile strength Rm in N/mm2
Rp0,2

Elongation at fracture A5 and reduction of area

1600 160 80
Rm

Notch impact energy Av in J (ISO-V)

1400 140 70 800

1200 120 60
600
1000 100 50
Rp0,2
Z 400
800 80 40

at fracture Z in %
600 60 30
200

area at fracture
Reduction of
400 40 20 90

Z in %
Av
80 Z
200 20 10
A5 70
0 0 0 60
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Elongation
at fracture
Tempering temperature in C (tempering time: 2 hours) 30 A5

A5 in %
20
10
200
ISO-V
Notch impact energy

175
150
Av in J

125
DVM
100
75
RT 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Test temperature in C

Time-temperature-
transformation diagram
(continuous)
1200

1100

1000

900 Ac3
800
Temperature in C

50
50 P Ac1
700 45 50 50 50
10 F 50 50
10 10 15
600
A 5
500 B
400 MS 7 30 174
45
300 60
65
M 75 80
80
200
Hardness
472 318 287 265 179
100 values
490 460 383 345 293 260 229 192 174
HV 10
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Time in s
100 101 102 103 104
Time in min
100 101 102
Time in h

29
 Sampling
according to DIN EN 10085
Sampling of bar steel and wire rod

Round sections Square and rectangular sections

d up to 25 mm 1) d over 25 mm a up to 25 mm 1) a over 25 mm
ba ba
b
b

a
a

12.5
d
.5
12

12.5 12.5
d
b
2) b 3) 3)

a
a

12.5
.5

d
12

d 12.5 12,5

Tensile specimen notched bar impact specimen

1) For thin products (d or b 25 mm) the specimen should,
as far as possible, consist of an unmachined part of the bar.
2) With products having a round section, the longitudinal axle of the notch
should be generally in the direction of a diameter.
3)
With products having rectangular sections, the longitudinal axle of the notch
must be at right angles to the wider roll surface.

The values given for the mechani- treated condition, taken in accor-
cal properties in the material data dance with DIN EN 10085.
sheets apply to samples in the
quenched and tempered heat-

30

Nitriding and nitrocarburising
of steel components
The surfaces of steel components
are subject to a wide variety of
stresses, such as wear, rolling and
bending stresses. In such cases,
it makes sense to increase the re-
sistance to such stresses on the
surface of the component by way
of appropriate hardening.
Nitriding and nitrocarburising are
two hardening processes with
particularly low distortion. In con-
trast to flame, induction and case
hardening, where the increase in
hardness is achieved by micro-
structural transformation of the
steel, low treatment temperatures
are sufficient for nitriding and ni-
trocarburising.
Temperatures of 490 to 530 C are
customary for nitriding, while ni-
trocarburising is performed at
temperatures of 550 to 580 C.
The two processes differ in that
nitrogen alone is used for nitrid-
ing, whereas nitrocarburising in-
volves a simultaneous combina-
tion of nitrogen and carbon.
The aim of nitriding is to form a
diffusion layer (precipitation layer)
with a material-dependent nitrid-
ing depth of up to 0.9 mm. The
prerequisite for successful nitrid-
ing is the use of alloyed steel
grades containing nitride-forming
elements (Al, Cr, V, Mo, Mn). Only
in this way is it possible for so-
called alloy nitrides to form, which
in turn create high residual com-
pression stresses in the case.
The achievable surface hardness
is dependent not only on the ni-
triding temperature and the
amount of nitrogen available, but
particularly also on the quantity of
nitride-forming elements and the
strength of the components in
quenched and tempered condi-
tion. The higher the content of
these elements, the higher the
surface hardness after nitriding.
Aluminium is a particularly effec-
tive element when it comes to in-
creasing hardness by nitriding.
For instance, surface hardnesses
of approx. 1000 HV can be
Technical information
achieved in a steel grade contain-
ing 1% aluminium. In steel grades
that contain no aluminium, but
roughly 1% chromium, the achiev-
able surface hardness is in the re-
gion of 600 HV. In order to obtain
a surface hardness of approx.
1000 HV in chrome steels, the
chromium content has to be in-
creased to approx. 5%. The differ-
ent effects of the alloying ele-
ments is clearly illustrated by
hardness profiles, such as shown
in Figs. 1 and 2 (Page 32) for com-
parable nitriding parameters.
The top diagram applies to a
31 CrMoV 9 steel and the bottom
diagram to a 34 CrAlNi 7 steel.
The carbon content of the steels
to be nitrided should not exceed
0.5%, as most nitride-forming ele-
ments also form carbides and sta-
ble carbides only allow limited
binding of nitrogen.
31
Hardness profiles of NITRODUR 31 CrMoV 9 steel after different nitriding times Fig. 1

Gas-nitrided
1200 500C 10 to 20h
500C 36h
500C 84h
1000

Surface hardness
Surface hardnesstotoDIN
DIN EN
EN 10085
10085
800
HV 0,5

600

400

200
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
Distance from
Distance fromthe
thesurface inmm
surface in mm

Hardness profiles of NITRODUR 34 CrAlNi 7 steel after different nitriding times Fig. 2

Gas-nitrided
1200 500C 10 to 20h
500C 36h
500C 84h
1000
Surface hardness
Surface to DIN
hardness EN
to DIN EN10085
10085

800
HV 0,5

600

400

200
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
Distance
Distancefrom
from the surface
surfaceininmm
mm

32

Consequently, nitriding results in
increasingly high surface hard-
nesses at increasing strengths in
Q+T condition, as the carbides
present are less stable.
Nitriding treatment can be carried
out in gas or plasma. Ammonia
gas (NH3) is used as the nitrogen
source in gas nitriding.
It dissociates at the surface of the
steel, which acts as a catalyst.
The nitrogen, which is then pres-
ent in atomic form, diffuses into
the steel surface and combines
with the iron there to form iron ni-
tride (Fe2-3 N, Fe4 N). The nitrogen
diffuses further into the material in
the course of treatment, leading
to the formation of the alloy ni-
trides.
In plasma nitriding, the compo-
nents to be treated are loaded
into a vacuum retort that is fed
with a mixture of nitrogen and hy-
drogen as the treatment gas. A
plasma is ignited by applying a
constant or pulsating direct volt-
age (300 to 800 V) between the
Technical information
components, which act as the plain steels, which cannot be ni-
cathode, and the retort, which trided owing to the absence of ni-
serves as the anode. The ionised tride-forming elements. Nitrocar-
nitrogen molecules hit the surface burising can be performed in a
of the components with high ki- salt bath (Tenifer treatment), in
netic energy, are split into nitrogen gas or in plasma. This process
atoms and trigger the nitriding should not be used when aiming
process, which then takes place for relatively great depths of nitra-
via the diffusion processes de- tion, as high nitrogen concentra-
scribed. As atoms are also de- tions are required and lengthy
tached from the surface at the treatment times would otherwise
same time, this process also per- involve a risk of embrittlement of
mits the nitriding of corrosion-re- the nitrided layer.
sistant steel grades by way of de-
struction of the passive chromium
oxide layer.
The aim of nitrocarburising is to
form a largely monophase -com-
pound layer (Fe2-3 N), which is sta-
bilised by the addition of carbon
to the treatment cycle. This layer
possesses high hardness, as well
as good sliding, wear and anti-
corrosion properties. Its thickness
is usually approx. 10 to 20 m.
The precipitation layer below it
has a material-dependent depth
of approx. 0.2 to 0.4 mm. This
method is particularly suitable for
33

Advantages of the methods de-
scribed:
Wear-resistant surfaces
High fatigue strength
Good sliding properties
High temperature resistance
Low distortion
Good corrosion resistance
(nitrocarburising)
The methods have the following
disadvantages:
Relatively low hardening
depth
Occasionally long treatment
times
Sensitivity to shock loads
Hardness testing
Nitrided layers should be tested
using the hardness test according
to Vickers. A test load of 5 daN
has proven successful (HV 5).
Higher test loads falsify the re-
sults, as the hardness of the core
has a major influence on the test
results.
34
When testing nitrocarburised lay-
ers, a test load of 1 daN (HV 1)
has become generally accepted
for material testing. The exact
hardness of the compound layer
can only be measured by micro-
hardness testing.
The depth of nitration is deter-
mined on the cross-section by
low-load hardness testing with
the HV 0.5 test load in accor-
dance with DIN 50190, Part 3.
Fatigue strength
Nitriding generates residual com-
pression stresses in the case, re-
sulting in increased fatigue
strength. Precise information as to
the degree of improvement, e.g. in
the fatigue test under reversed
bending stresses, cannot be
given, as the result is influenced
by a host of factors. By way of ap-
proximation, it can be assumed
that the fatigue strength in ni-
trided condition is approx. 30%
higher than in quenched and tem-
pered condition.
As a special safety precaution
during nitriding and during the
subsequent loading of nitrided
workpieces in operation, it should
be pointed out that there must be
no defects in the brittle nitrided
layer, which can be damaged by
even slight impact loads. Surface
defects lead to a notch effect,
which eliminates the advantages
of the nitriding process and has a
negative effect on the service life
of the workpiece. Bearing this in
mind, it is advisable to use ni-
trided surfaces primarily in cases
of severe wear, but on surfaces
which should not be exposed to
any impact-type stresses, if at all
possible.
Corrosion resistance of
nitrided components
The corrosion resistance of the
iron nitride layer is greater than
that of the nitrided steel in its
original condition. However, in or-
der to exploit this effect to the full,
this layer must be free of pores,
as discontinuities in the formation
 Technical information

of the nitride layer and in the con- Permissible deviations between check analysis and ladle analysis Table 3
centration profile again reduce the Element Maximum permissible Deviation from limit1 of the
degree of additional corrosion re- content in the ladle analysis check analysis from the
% by weight defined ladle analysis
sistance. This applies to the nitrid- to DIN EN 10085
C 0.45 0.02
ing steels described in this
Si 0.40 + 0.03
brochure. However, in the possi-
ble event of nitriding chromium- Mn 0.80 0.04

containing stainless materials P 0.025 + 0.005

with 13 or 17% Cr the corrosion S 0.035 + 0.005

resistance must be expected to
Al 0.80 1.20 0.10
decline after nitriding in compari-
Cr 1.00 2.00 0.05
son with that of the base material. > 2.00 3.50 0.10

Mo 0.30 0.03
> 0.30 1.00 0.04

Ni 1.15 0.05

Sn 0.030 + 0.005

V 0.25 + 0.02
1
means that, for a given melt, either the upper or the lower limit of the range given for the
ladle analysis in Table 2 may be exceeded, but not both at once.

35
Temperature Comparison

Chart

C F K

X = Particular K X 273 9 /5 (X273) + 32 X

measured C X 9 /5 X + 32 X + 273

temperature F 5 /9 (X32) X 5 /9 (X32) + 273

C F K C F K C F K
273.15 459.67 0.00 380.00 716.00 653.15 910.00 1670.00 1183.15
270.00 454.00 3.15 390.00 743.00 663.15 920.00 1688.00 1193.15
200.00 328.00 73.15 400.00 752.00 673.15 930.00 1706.00 1203.15
150.00 238.00 123.15 410.00 770.00 683.15 940.00 1724.00 1213.15
100.00 148.00 173.15 420.00 788.00 693.15 950.00 1742.00 1223.15
90.00 130.00 183.15 430.00 806.00 703.15 960.00 1760.00 1233.15
80.00 112.00 193.15 440.00 824.00 713.15 970.00 1778.00 1243.15
70.00 94.00 203.15 450.00 842.00 723.15 980.00 1796.00 1253.15
60.00 76.00 213.15 460.00 860.00 733.15 990.00 1814.00 1263.15
50.00 58.00 223.15 470.00 878.00 743.15 1000.00 1832.00 1273.15
40.00 40.00 233.15 480.00 896.00 753.15 1010.00 1850.00 1283.15
30.00 22.00 243.15 490.00 914.00 763.15 1020.00 1868.00 1393.15
20.00 4.00 253.15 500.00 932.00 773.15 1030.00 1886.00 1303.15
17.78 0.00 255.37 510.00 950.00 783.15 1040.00 1904.00 1313.15
10.00 14.00 263.15 520.00 968.00 793.15 1050.00 1922.00 1323.15
0.00 32.00 273.15 530.00 986.00 803.15 1060.00 1940.00 1333.15
10.00 50.00 283.15 540.00 1004.00 813.15 1070.00 1958.00 1343.15
20.00 68.00 293.15 550.00 1022.00 823.15 1080.00 1976.00 1353.15
30.00 86.00 303.15 560.00 1040.00 833.15 1090.00 1994.00 1363.15
40.00 104.00 313.15 570.00 1058.00 843.15 1100.00 2012.00 1373.15
50.00 122.00 323.15 580.00 1076.00 853.15 1110.00 2030.00 1383.15
60.00 140.00 333.15 590.00 1094.00 863.15 1120.00 2048.00 1393.15
70.00 158.00 343.15 600.00 1112.00 873.15 1130.00 2066.00 1403.15
80.00 176.00 353.15 610.00 1130.00 883.15 1140.00 2084.00 1413.15
90.00 194.00 363.15 620.00 1148.00 893.15 1150.00 2102.00 1423.15
100.00 212.00 373.15 630.00 1166.00 903.15 1160.00 2120.00 1433.15
110.00 230.00 383.15 640.00 1184.00 913.15 1170.00 2138.00 1443.15
120.00 248.00 393.15 650.00 1202.00 923.15 1180.00 2156.00 1453.15
130.00 266.00 403.15 660.00 1220.00 933.15 1190.00 2174.00 1463.15
140.00 284.00 413.15 670.00 1238.00 943.15 1200.00 2192.00 1473.15
150.00 302.00 423.15 680.00 1256.00 953.15 1210.00 2210.00 1483.15
160.00 320.00 433.15 690.00 1274.00 963.15 1220.00 2228.00 1493.15
170.00 338.00 443.15 700.00 1292.00 973.15 1230.00 2246.00 1503.15
180.00 356.00 453.15 710.00 1310.00 983.15 1240.00 2264.00 1513.15
190.00 374.00 463.15 720.00 1328.00 993.15 1250.00 2282.00 1523.15
200.00 392.00 473.15 730.00 1346.00 1003.15 1260.00 2300.00 1533.15
210.00 410.00 483.15 740.00 1364.00 1013.15 1270.00 2318.00 1543.15
220.00 428.00 493.15 750.00 1382.00 1023.15 1280.00 2336.00 1553.15
230.00 446.00 503.15 760.00 1400.00 1033.15 1290.00 2354.00 1563.15
240.00 464.00 513.15 770.00 1418.00 1043.15 1300.00 2372.00 1573.15
250.00 482.00 523.15 780.00 1436.00 1053.15 1310.00 2390.00 1583.15
260.00 500.00 533.15 790.00 1454.00 1063.15 1320.00 2408.00 1593.15
270.00 518.00 543.15 800.00 1472.00 1073.15 1330.00 2426.00 1603.15
280.00 536.00 553.15 810.00 1490.00 1083.15 1340.00 2444.00 1613.15
290.00 554.00 563.15 820.00 1508.00 1093.15 1350.00 2462.00 1623.15
300.00 572.00 573.15 830.00 1526.00 1103.15 1360.00 2480.00 1633.15
310.00 590.00 583.15 840.00 1544.00 1113.15 1370.00 2498.00 1643.15
320.00 608.00 593.15 850.00 1562.00 1123.15 1380.00 2516.00 1653.15
330.00 626.00 603.15 860.00 1580.00 1133.15 1390.00 2234.00 1663.15
340.00 644.00 613.15 870.00 1598.00 1143.15 1400.00 2552.00 1673.15
350.00 662.00 623.15 880.00 1616.00 1153.15 1500.00 2732.00 1783.15
360.00 680.00 633.15 890.00 1634.00 1163.15 2000.00 3632.00 2273.15
370.00 698.00 643.15 900.00 1652.00 1173.15 2500.00 4532.00 2773.15

36
 Technical information

Hardness comparison table

Tensile strength, Brinell,

Vickers and Rockwell hardness
Tensile Brinell hardness Vickers Rockwell hardness Tensile Brinell hardness Vickers Rockwell hardness
strength Ball inden- hardness strength Ball hardness
Rm tation mm Rm indentation
N/mm2 d HB HV HRB HRC HR 30 N N/mm2 mm d HB HV HRB HRC HR 30 N
255 6.63 76.0 80 2030 2.54 (580) 610 55.7 73.7
270 6.45 80.7 85 41.0 2070 2.52 (589) 620 56.3 74.2
285 6.30 85.5 90 48.0 2105 2.51 (599) 630 56.8 74.6
305 6.16 90.2 95 52.0 2145 2.49 (608) 640 57.3 75.1
320 6.01 95.0 100 56.2 2180 2.47 (618) 650 57.8 75.5
335 5.90 99.8 105 660 58.3 75.9
350 5.75 105 110 62.3 670 58.8 76.4
370 5.65 109 115 680 59.2 76.8
385 5.54 114 120 66.7 690 59.7 77.2
400 5.43 119 125 700 60.1 77.6
415 5.33 124 130 71.2 720 61.0 78.4
430 5.26 128 135 740 61.8 79.1
450 5.16 133 140 75.0 760 62.5 79.7
465 5.08 138 145 780 63.3 80.4
480 4.99 143 150 78.7 800 64.0 81.1
495 4.93 147 155 820 64.7 81.7
510 4.85 152 160 81.7 840 65.3 82.2
530 4.79 156 165 860 65.9 82.7
545 4.71 162 170 85.0 880 66.4 83.1
560 4.66 166 175 900 67.0 83.6
575 4.59 171 180 87.1 920 67.5 84.0
595 4.53 176 185 940 68.0 84.4
610 4.47 181 190 89.5
625 4.43 185 195
Conversions of hardness values using this conversion table are only approximate.
640 4.37 190 200 91.5
660 4.32 195 205 92.5 See DIN 50 150, December 1976.
675 4.27 199 210 93.5
690 4.22 204 215 94.0
705 4.18 209 220 95.0
720 4.13 214 225 96.0
740 4.08 219 230 96.7
755 4.05 223 235
770 4.01 228 240 98.1 20.3 41.7
785 3.97 233 245 21.3 42.5
800 3.92 238 250 99.5 22.2 43.4
820 3.89 242 255 23.1 44.2
835 3.86 247 260 (101) 24.0 45.0
850 3.82 252 265 24.8 45.7
865 3.78 257 270 (102) 25.6 46.4
880 3.75 261 275 26.4 47.2
900 3.72 266 280 (104) 27.1 47.8
915 3.69 271 285 27.8 48.4
930 3.66 276 290 (105) 28.5 49.0
950 3.63 280 295 29.2 49.7
965 3.60 285 300 29.8 50.2
995 3.54 295 310 31.0 51.3
1030 3.49 304 320 32.2 52.3
1060 3.43 314 330 33.3 53.6
1095 3.39 323 340 34.4 54.4
1125 3.34 333 350 35.5 55.4
1155 3.29 342 360 36.6 56.4
1190 3.25 352 370 37.7 57.4
1220 3.21 361 380 38.8 58.4
1255 3.17 371 390 39.8 59.3
1290 3.13 380 400 40.8 60.2
Tensile strength N/mm2 Rm
1320 3.09 390 410 41.8 61.1
1350 3.06 399 420 42.7 61.9
Brinell hardness1) Diameter of the d
1385 3.02 409 430 43.6 62.7 1)
Calculated from: ball indentation in mm
1420 2.99 418 440 44.5 63.5
HB = 0.95 HV
1455 2.95 428 450 45.3 64.3
1485 2.92 437 460 46.1 64.9
1520 2.89 447 470 46.9 65.7 0.102 2 F
(0.102 F/D2 = 30) Hardness HB
1555 2.86 (456) 480 47.7 66.4 D = 10 value = D (D D2 d2)
1595 2.83 (466) 490 48.4 67.1
1630 2.81 (475) 500 49.1 67.7 Vickers hardness Diamond pyramid HV
1665 2.78 (485) 510 49.8 68.3 Test forces 50 N
1700 2.75 (494) 520 50.5 69.0
1740 2.73 (504) 530 51.1 69.5 Rockwell hardness Ball 1.588 mm (1/16) HRB
1775 2.70 (513) 540 51.7 70.0 Total test force = 98 N
1810 2.68 (523) 550 52.3 70.5
1845 2.66 (532) 560 53.0 71.2 Diamond cone HRC
1880 2.63 (542) 570 53.6 71.7 Total test force = 1471 N
1920 2.60 (551) 580 54.1 72.1
1955 2.59 (561) 590 54.7 72.7 Diamond cone
1995 2.57 (570) 600 55.2 73.2 Total test force = 294 N HR 30 N

37
 List of photos
Page Source Object/Motif

Cover Bernex Mller Screw

3 Bernex Mller Screw
4 Bernex Xaloy Twin cylinder
4 Carl Gommann Gear wheel
45 Carl Gommann Gear wheels
5 Steinmetz Team meeting
6 Bernex Xaloy Cylinder
6 Brninghaus Hydromatic A4VG variable displacement pump
67 Cincinnati Extrusion Screw
6-7 Cincinnati Extrusion Screws
7 Carl Gommann Gear wheels
7 Cincinnati Extrusion Screws

8 Steinmetz Material store for rotary hearth furnace

8-9 Steinmetz Rudder spindles/shafts
9 Company photo Bar stock store
10 Bavaria Hydroelectric power station
10 Company photo Wheel loader
10 Bavaria Formula 1 racing car
10 Bernex Xaloy Screw
10 Bernex Xaloy Screw
10 Brninghaus Hydromatic Axial piston motor
11 Zefa Motorcycle
11 Steinmetz Bumper production
11 Carl Gommann Gear wheel
12 Company photo Electric arc furnace
12 Company photo Vacuum plant
12 Company photo Continuous casting plant
12 Company photo Slab
13 Company photo ESR plant
14 Company photo Control room, 3000 t press
14 Company photo Forging bar steel
14 Company photo Blooming mill
14-15 Steinmetz Rotary hearth furnace
15 Calow Peeling machine
15 Steinmetz Removal from the rotary hearth furnace
33 Bernex Xaloy Cylinder
35 Cincinnati Extrusion Screw
35 Cincinnati Extrusion Screw kit
36 Carl Gommann Gear wheels

38
General note (liability)

All statements regarding the properties

of utilisation of the materials or products

mentioned are for the purposes of

description only. Guarantees regarding

the existence of certain properties or a

certain utilisation are only ever valid if

agreed upon in writing.

39
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