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Propagators of isochronous an-harmonic


oscillators and Mehler formula for the
exceptional Hermite polynomials

Article in Annals of Physics September 2015


DOI: 10.1016/j.aop.2015.09.021

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Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135

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Annals of Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aop

Propagators of isochronous an-harmonic


oscillators and Mehler formula for the
exceptional Hermite polynomials
Andrey M. Pupasov-Maksimov
Depto. de Matemtica, ICE, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

article info abstract



Article history: It is shown that fundamental solutions K (x, y; t ) = x|e i H t |y
Received 14 August 2015 of the non-stationary Schrdinger equation (Green functions, or
Accepted 18 September 2015 propagators) for the rational extensions of the Harmonic oscilla-
Available online 28 September 2015
tor H = Hosc + V are expressed in terms of elementary func-
tions only. An algorithm to calculate explicitly K for an arbitrary
MSC:
increasing sequence of positive integers is given, and compact
81S10
53Z05
expressions for K {1,2} and K {2,3} are presented. A generalization of
Mehlers formula to the case of exceptional Hermite polynomials is
Keywords: given.
Green function 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Propagator
Darboux transformation

1. Introduction

Propagator, or Green function of the non-stationary Schrdinger equation, completely describes


quantum dynamics in the Feynman path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics [1]. In this work
we present new explicit examples of propagators in the case of one-dimensional Schrdinger equa-
tion. Namely, we study a quantum particle moving in the potential of a rationally extended Harmonic
oscillator [2]. In this case the evolution of wave packets is periodic due to the quasi-equidistant spec-
trum of the Hamiltonian [3]. Therefore such deformations of the Harmonic oscillator are known as
isochronous anharmonic oscillators [4]. It was proved in [5] that all monodromy free rational ex-
tensions of the Harmonic oscillator can be obtained by a finite chain of Darboux transformations.
In other words, each rational extension V of the Harmonic oscillator is defined by a sequence of

E-mail address: pupasov.maksimov@ufjf.edu.br.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2015.09.021
0003-4916/ 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135 123

levels = { [[1]], [[2]], . . . , [[1]]}, [[i]] N which are deleted from the spectrum by Dar-
bouxCrum transformations [2].
The simplest rational extension is given by the potential [6]
x2 (x2 1)

V {1,2} [x] = +2 1+2 2 , (1)
4 (x + 1)2
1
which leads to the quasi-equidistant spectrum for the Hamiltonian [3], En = n + 2
, where n
N0 \ {1, 2}.
Another example is the two-well perturbation of the oscillator
x2 x4 9

{2,3} 2
V [x] = + 2 1 + 4x (2)
4 (x4 + 3)2
with the quasi-equidistant spectrum, En = n + 12 , n N0 \ {2, 3}.
Darboux transformations represent a powerful tool to manipulate physical properties of one-
dimensional quantum systems, [6] and to construct (polynomial) supersymmetric extensions of
quantum mechanics (SUSY QM) [7,8]. Exactly solvable models obtained by Darboux transformations
are widely applied in nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, quantum optics, etc. [914].
The possibility to calculate propagators using ideas of supersymmetric quantum mechanics and the
theory of solitons was considered in [15]. Quasiclassical approach to propagators and path integration
in SUSY QM was developed in [16]. In the case of shape-invariant potentials, SUSY relations between
propagators allow to calculate them explicitly [17,18]. We proposed a more general approach to
calculations of propagators in SUSY QM without restricting ourselves by shape-invariant potentials
in [1922]. This approach can be extended and applied to the analysis of quantum tunnelling in multi-
well potentials [23,24]. In the case of generalized Schrdinger equation the SUSY propagators were
calculated in [25]. Green functions of the Dirac equation were studied by means of SUSY QM in [26].
Here we re-examine results of [22], where propagators K {k,k+1} for the V {k,k+1} family of potentials
were defined by means of a generating function S (x, y; t |J ) which contains the error-function. We will
extend this result to arbitrary sequences . Moreover, we will show that propagators K are expressed
by elementary functions only.
In the case of potentials (1) and (2) we will obtain the following propagators

{1,2} 4i sin t xy e i t
K ( x, y ; t ) = e 2i t
Kosc (x, y; t ) 1 , (3)
(1 + x2 )(1 + y2 )

K {2,3} (x, y; t ) = e 2i t Kosc (x, y; t )



8i sin t xy(x2 y2 3) 3(x2 + y2 ) cos t 3i (x2 y2 + 1) sin t

1 , (4)
(3 + x4 )(3 + y4 )
where the propagator of the Harmonic oscillator [1] is used
1 i [(x2 +y2 ) cos t 2xy]
Kosc (x, y, t ) = e 4 sin t . (5)
4 i sin t
The paper is organized as follows. In the first section, we recall how to construct rational extensions
of the Harmonic oscillator. In the second section we first give an implicit SUSY-based expression for
propagators K (x, y; t ) in terms of generating function.
Analysing the generating function S (x, y; t |J ) we will define a suitable rational ansatz to compute
propagators K . In the general case, propagators for the rationally extended oscillators have the
following structure
[[1]]+1
Qk (x, y)e i kt

k=0
K (x, y; t ) = Kosc (x, y; t ) (6)
[[ 1]]+1

Qk (x, y)

k=0
124 A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135

where symmetric polynomials Qk (x, y) = Qk (y, x) can be determined iteratively. This iterative
method proofs to be more efficient than the method based on the generating function [22]. The
polynomials Qk (x, y) allow also to calculate Green functions G (x, y; E ) and establish an analogue
of Mehlers formula for the exceptional Hermite polynomials [27].
The obtained results and possible applications are discussed in Section 4.

2. Harmonic oscillator, Hermite polynomials and potentials with quasi-equidistant spectrum

Consider the Hamiltonian of the Harmonic oscillator


x2
Hosc = x2 + , (7)
4
with eigen-functions defined in terms of probabilistic Hermite polynomials

x2
12
n (x) = pn Hen (x)e 4 , pn = n! 2 . (8)

Rational extensions are defined by Darboux transformations of the Harmonic oscillator [27]

x2
H = x2 + 2x2 (ln Wr[ (x), x]), (9)
4
where ,
= {k1 , k1 + 1, . . . , kM , kM + 1}, | | = 2M , (10)
1
is a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers, or a KreinAdler sequence.
Following standard notations of the Mathematica program language we denote by [[i]] and by
[[1]] ith element and the last element of this sequence, respectively. The following agreement is
in order. Consider a sequence of elements (An )n>0 . If a sequence of natural numbers appears as a
subscript, A{n1 ,...,nm } , this means a set of elements A{n1 ,...,nm } = {An1 , . . . , Anm }. For instance, (x),
implies a set of wave-functions,
(x) = {n1 ,n2 ,...,n2M } (x) = {n1 (x), n2 (x), . . . , n2M (x)}.
This agreement allows us to write Wronskians in a compact form
[[1]] (x) [[2]] (x) ... [[1]] (x)

[[1]] (x) [[2]] (x) ... [[1]] (x)

Wr[ (x), x] = ... ... ... ... . (11)
(| |1) (| |1) (| |1)
[[1]] (x) [[2]] (x) ... [[1]] (x)

Hamiltonians Hosc and H can be embedded into a polynomial SUSY algebra [28,29]
2M 2M
LHosc = H L, (H [[j]]),

L+ L = (Hosc [[j]]), LL+ = (12)
j =1 j =1

where L is a differential operator of 2Mth order [7]

Wr[ (x) {f (x)}, x]


Lf (x) = . (13)
Wr[ (x), x]
Here and in what follows we use to define concatenation, (x) {f (x)} = { [[1]] (x), . . . , [[1]]
(x), f (x)}.

1 We assume that V is defined for all x R, which restricts possible choice of , in particular, | | = 2M. See for the

details [2].
A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135 125

Operator L maps the oscillator eigen-functions (8) to the eigen-functions of the rationally extended
oscillator

n (x) = Nn Ln (x), (14)

where a normalization factor is taken into account


12
2M

Nn = (n [[j]]) , n , (15)
j =1
0, n .

Using the explicit form of oscillator eigen-functions (8) and the following identities
2M
Mx2
Wr[ (x), x] = e 2 Wr[He (x), x] p [[n]] ,
n=1
2M
Mx2
ln Wr[ (x), x] = + ln p [[n]] + ln Wr[He (x), x]
2 n=1

we can express rationally extended Harmonic oscillators through the Wronskian of probabilistic
Hermite polynomials only

x2
H = x2 + 2x2 (ln Wr[He (x), x]) + 2M . (16)
4
Note (see for instance [2]) that Wr[He (x), x] (for the chosen class of ) is the polynomial of x2 and
2M

degx Wr[He (x), x] = ( [[n]] n + 1).
n=1

It is convenient to introduce normalized polynomials hn (x)

hn (x) = pn Hen (x), (17)

and the corresponding normalized exceptional Hermite polynomials

hn (x) = Nn Wr[h hn , x]. (18)

Finally, we define compact notations

W (x) = Wr[ (x), x], (x) = Wr[He (x), x],


W (19)

Wn (x) = Wr[ \{ [[n]]} (x), x], n (x) = Wr[He \{ [[n]]} (x), x],
W (20)
Wr[He (x) {f }, x]
=
Lf . (21)
Wr[He (x), x]
Note that
2M
Mx2
W (x) = e 2 (x)
W p [[n]] , (22)
n =1

2M
(2M 1)x2
Wn (x) = e 4 n (x)p
W 1
[[n]] p [[j]] , (23)
j =1

x2 x2
Le 4 f = e 4 .
Lf (24)
126 A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135

3. Propagators of rationally extended harmonic oscillators

3.1. Generating function formalism

The Schrdinger equation for the Green function reads


(i t H )x K (x, y; t ) = 0, K (x, y, 0) = (x y). (25)

If two Hamiltonians H0 and HN are related by Nth order Darboux transformation which remove N
levels from the spectrum of H0 , then corresponding propagators K0 and KN are related as follows [22],

Wn (y) b
N
KN (x, y; t ) = Lx (1)n K0 (x, z ; t )un (z )dz . (26)
n =1
W (y) y

In the case of rationally extended Harmonic oscillators we put b = , N = | |, and the


transformation solutions coincide with Harmonic oscillator eigenfunctions un = [[n]] (z ).
Using (22) we can replace Wronskians of wave functions by Wronskians of Hermite polynomials


2M
y2 n (y)
W

z2
K (x, y; t ) = (1) e n 4 Lx Kosc (x, z ; t )e 4 He [[n]] (z )dz . (27)
n=1
(y)
W y

z2
The occurring integrals y Kosc (x, z , t )e 4 Hen (z )dz can be represented as derivatives of the
generating function with respect to the auxiliary current J

z2
Kosc (x, z , t )e He [[n]] (z )dz = He [[n]] J S (J ) J =0

4
y


[[n]]
k S (J )
= h [[n]],k ,
k=0
Jk
J =0

where hm,k are coefficients of the Hem . The generating function reads

it

i t x2
1 i2t xe 2
S ( J | x, y , t ) = , E [J , x, y , t ]
2 4
e R iJ 2i sin te (28)
2 i 2i sin t

where
it

i2t xe 2
R iJ 2i sin te , = exp (J (i J sin t + x) exp(it )) ,
i 2i sin t

i t i i it
i2t

E [J , x, y, t ] = 1 + erf J i sin te 2 ye 2 xe ,
2 sin t
z
2
erf (z ) = exp(t 2 )dt .
0

Function R is the generating function of rescaled Hermite polynomials (see also Appendix A)

z 2
zn

x
R z , = exp xz = n (x)
He[] .
2 n=0
n!

For the compact writing we define

it 1 1
= 2i sin te i t = 1 e 2i t , e2 i sin t = 1 e 2i t 2 . (29)
2
A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135 127

In what follows we need derivatives of generating functions R, E and



i i
i2t it

E0 [x, y; t ] = E [0, x, y, t ] = 1 + erf xe ye 2 .
2 sin t

1. J-derivatives of R-function


i t x i (km)t
J R J e ,
km
= He[]
km (x) e
J =0
(k m)! i (km)t dm []
= e He (x) . (30)
k! dxm k
2. J-derivatives of E-function

m+1 E [J ] m

x2 y2 i t
= Kosc (x, y; t )e 4 e 2 2i sin t qj,m+1 (x, y)e i tj . (31)
J m+1 J =0 j =0

3. x-derivatives of E0 -function

k+1 E0 [x, y, t ]
k
k
x2 y2 i t 1
= Kosc (x, y; t )e 4 e 2 wj,m+1 (x, y)e i tj . (32)
x k + 1 2i sin t j =0

4. Mixed derivatives of E-function

k m+1 E [J ]
k1 m+k
1 i t x2 y2
= e 2 Kosc (x, y; t )e 4 qj,m+k+1 (x, y)e i tj . (33)
xk J m+1 J =0 2i sin t j =0

In the above expressions qi,j and wk,m are some polynomials of x and y with constant coefficients.
Now we will substitute these derivatives to calculate

He [[j]] J S (J ) J =0

i t x2

[[j]] k
e 2 4 x
Ckm km
J e i t ,
m
[J , x, y, t ] .

= h [[j]],k R J E (34)
2 k=0 m=0
J

J =0

Consider first the following double sum




[[j]] k
k! x
km
J e i t , J E [J , x, y, t ] .
m
h [[j]],k R
k=0 m=0
m!(k m)! J

J =0

We will change the order of summation (k, m m, k), that is we will fix m and calculate first sum
by k ( [[j]] m, [[j]]).


[[j]]
k
1 i (km)t dm []
(x) Jm E [J , x, y, t ]

h [[j]],k e Hek
k=0 m=0
m! dxm
J =0


[[j]] [[j]] m
1 i (km)t d
m
[J , x, y, t ] []
Hek (x) .

= J E h [[j]],k e
m=0
m! k=m
dxm
J =0
128 A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135

dm []
In the last expression we can change the inferior limit k = m to k = 0 since dxm
Hek (x) = 0 when
k < m,

dm

[[j]] [[j]]
i [[j]]t e i mt [[j]]k
e m
J E [J , x, y, t ] m
h [[j]],k (e 2i t ) 2 Hek (x)
[]
.
m=0
m! dx k=0 J =0
[[j]]k
Afterwards we note that h [[j]],k (e 2i t ) = h[1[[]
2
j]],k (see Appendix A, (55)),


dm

[[j]] [[j]]
i [[j]]t e i mt
J E [J , x, y, t ] [1] []
h [[j]],k Hek (x) .
m
e m
m=0
m! dx k=0 J =0

The sum by k represents the umbral composition (57) for the generalized Hermite polynomials
Hek (x) [30], which yields
[]



[[j]]
e i mt d m
e i [[j]]t Jm E [J , x, y, t ] He [[j]] (x) .

m! m dx
m=0 J =0

As a result we obtain the following intermediate expression for the propagator K =


y2 e i ( [[j]]m)t Jm E [J ]

i2t [[j]]
e 4
2M
(1)j W
j (y) x2 J =0 dm He [[j]] (x)
Lx e 4 .
2 j=1
(y)
W m=0
m! dxm

We split the last expression in two terms K = KE + KR , where the first term contains error function
in E0 (x, y; t ) whereas the second term contains elementary functions only
i t
e 2
2M
y2 j (y)
W x2
e i [[j]]t E0 [x, y, t ]He [[j]] (x) ,

KE = (1)j e 4 Lx e 4
2 j =1
(y)
W
[[j]] i mt m E [J ]
i t

e 2
2M
j (y)
y2 W x2 i [[j]]t e J J =0 d He [[j]] (x)
m
KR = (1) e 4
j
Lx e 4 e .
2 j =1 (y)
W m=1
m! dxm

Changing operator L by L with the aids of (22) we get


i t
e 2
2M
y2 x2 j (y)
W
e i [[j]]t

KE = (1)j e 4 L x E0 [x, y, t ]He [[j]] (x) ,
2 j =1
(y)
W

e
i t
2
2M
j (y)
y2 x2 W
[[j]] i ( [[j]]m)t
e dm He [[j]] (x)
(1)j e 4 J E [ J ] J =0 .
m
KR = L x
2 j =1 (y) m=1
W m! dxm

Let us consider the first term KE . Though the function E0 contains non-elementary error function erf
it can be seen that KE (x, y; t ) is expressed in terms of elementary functions only. The error function
will be cancelled due to the operator L as follows
i t
e
2M
2 y2 x2 j (y)
W
(1)j e 4 e i [[j]]t

KE = L x E0 [x, y, t ]He [[j]] (x)
2 j =1 (y)
W
i t
e
2M
2 y2 x2 W j (y)
(1)j e 4 e i [[j]]t

=
2 j =1 W (y)

2M
An,j (x)x E0 (x, y; t )
n


n =1
E0 [x, y, t ]L x He [[j]] (x) + ,

W ( x)
A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135 129

where An,j (x) are some polynomials in x. By the definition (21) of the operator L we have
L x He [[j]] (x) = 0, therefore
i t y2 x2
2M 2M 1
e 2 e 4
(1)j e i [[j]]t W

KE = j (y) An,j (x)xn+1 E0 (x, y; t )
(y)W
2W (x) j=1 n =0

i t y2 x2
e 2 e 4 x2 y2 i t
= Kosc (x, y; t )e 4 e 2
(y)W
2W (x)
An,j (x)
2M 2M 1 n
(1)j e i [[j]]t W

j (y) wl,n+1 (x, y)e i tl
j =1 n=0
(2i sin t ) n
l =0

Kosc (x, y; t )e i t An,j (x)


2M 2M 1 n
(1)j e i [[j]]t W

= j (y) wl,n+1 (x, y)e i tl .
(y)W
2W ( x) j =1 n=0
(2i sin t )n l =0

Thus we proved that KE contains elementary functions only. Denote e i t by . We can further simplify
KE writing it as a product of Kosc and a rational function of x, y and ,
Kosc (x, y; t ) An,j (x)n
2M 2M 1 n
KE = (1)j [[j]] W
j (y) n wl,n+1 (x, y)l
(y)W
(x) 1 2

W j =1 n=0 l=0

4M + [[1]]1
Q n (x, y)n

Kosc (x, y; t ) n =1
= ,
(y)W
W (x) (1 2 )2M 1
where Q n (x, y) are some polynomials.
Following the same line we will consider the second term. It can be seen that structures of KE and
KR coincide, and KR reads
4M + [[1]]1
Q n (x, y)n

Kosc (x, y; t ) n=0
KR = .
(y)W
W ( x) (1 ) 2 2M 1

Combining now KE and KR we obtain the following expression


[[1]]+
1+4M 2
Q n (x, y)n
Kosc (x, y; t ) n =0
K = 2M 1
(y)W
(x) 1 2

W
[[1]]+
1+4M 2
Q n (x, y)n
Kosc (x, y; t ) n =0
=
Wr[h (x), x]Wr[h (y), y]
2M 1
1 2

where some constant multiplier Wr[h (x), x] = C W (x) is absorbed by redefinition of polynomials Q .
Consider the limit t 0, where K (x y) and Kosc (x y). From here it follows that
the rational -depending factor has no pole, therefore
[[1]]+
1+4M 2 2M 1 [[
1]]+1
Q n (x, y)n 1 2 Qn (x, y)n

[[ 1]]+1
Qn (x, y)n
n n=0

2M 1 = =
1 2 1 2 2M 1

n =0

and
[[ 1]]+1
Qk (x, y) = Wr[h (x), x]Wr[h (y), y].

(35)
k=0
130 A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135

We finally get a rational ansatz for the propagators


[[
Kosc (x, y; t )
1]]+1
K (x, y; t ) = Qk (x, y)e i kt

(36)
Wr[h (x), x]Wr[h (y), y] k=0

where Qk (x, y) = Qk (y, x) are some polynomials to be determined.

3.2. Rational ansatz for the propagators

Substituting into the rational ansatz (36) expansions of propagators in terms of eigen-functions

x2 +y2 1
Kosc (x, y; t ) = e 4 2 hn (x)hn (y)n , = e i t , (37)
n =0

x2 +y2
e 4 1
hn (x)hn (y)n

K (x, y; t ) = 2 (38)
Wr[h (x), x]Wr[h (y), y] nN\

we obtain a system of equations for the polynomial coefficients Qk (x, y). The solution of this system
is given by a finite recursive procedure

k
1
Qk (x, y) = hk (x)hk (y) Qkj (x, y)hj (x)hj (y) ,

0 k [[1]] + 1. (39)
h0 (x)h0 (y) j =1

3.2.1. Nonlinear connection Lemma for the exceptional Hermite polynomials

Lemma. Given a KreinAdler sequence = {k1 , k1 + 1, . . . , kM , kM + 1}, the corresponding family


of (formally normalized) polynomials hn (x) obeys the following relation

[[ 1]]+1
hmk (x)hmk (y)Qk (x, y) = hm (x)hm (y),

(40)
k=0

where polynomials Qk are given by (39).


Proof. The proof follows from (36)(39). 
Relation (40) can also be written in terms of wave functions
[[ 1]]+1
mk (x)mk (y)Qk (x, y)

= m (x)m (y).
k=0
(41)
[[ 1]]+1
Qk (x, y)

k=0

Polynomials Q provide a non-linear connection between two families of orthogonal polynomials.


There are following properties of the Q -polynomials:
(1) Symmetry
Qk (x, y) = Qk (y, x)
(2) Parity
Qk (x, y) = Qk (x, y)
(x, y) = (1)(deg h0 ) Q2k (deg h0 ) Q (x, y)

Q2k (x, y), Q2k+1 (x, y) = (1) 2k+1

where deg h0 =
| |
j=1 ( [[j]] j + 1) | |.
In Appendix B we present an example of a non-KreinAdler sequence = {1} when the nonlinear
connection lemma also holds. We suppose that (40) holds for an arbitrary .
A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135 131

3.2.2. x-Mehler formula


We first recall the Mehler formula

n 2 (x2 +y2 )+2xy
1
Hen (x)Hen (y) = e 2(12 ) . (42)
n=0
n! 1 2
Using the nonlinear connection lemma (40) we obtain the following generalization of the Mehler
formula to the case of exceptional Hermite polynomials

1 2 (x2 +y2 )+2xy [[1]]+1
hn (x)hn (y)n = Qj

e 2(12 ) (x, y)j . (43)
n=0 2 (1 2 ) j =0

3.2.3. Alternative form of the rationally extended Harmonic oscillators


Consider integral kernels of Hamiltonian operators


Hosc (x, y) = xx
2
+ Vosc (x) (x y) = nn (x)n (y),

(44)
n =0

H (x, y) = xx + V (x) (x y) = nn (x)n (y),

2

(45)
n =0

using (41) we can represent the second kernel as follows


[[

1]]+1

kQk (x, y)


H (x, y) = xx
k=0
2
+ Vosc (x) (x y). (46)

[[ 1]]+1
Qj (x, y)

j =0

From here it follows that


[[ 1]]+1
kQk (x, x)

k =0
V (x) = 2xx log [Wr[ (x), x]] = .
[[ 1]]+1
Qj (x, x)

j =0

3.2.4. Green functions


Consider the Green function (resolvent kernel of the Hamiltonian operator)

G(x, y; E ) = i K (x, y; t )e i Et dt .
0

The transformation formula for the propagators implies also the following relation for the Green
functions
[[1]]+1
1
G (x, y; E ) = Qk (x, y)Gosc (x, y; E k).

(47)
W [h (x), x]W [h (y), y] k=0

3.3. Examples

Using first and second excited states of Harmonic oscillator


2 /4 2 /4
1 (x) = p1 xe x 2 (x) = p2 (x2 1)e x
132 A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135

we obtain a perturbed Harmonic oscillator potential [31]

x2 (x2 1)

V{1,2} [x] = +2 1+2 2 . (48)
4 (x + 1)2
Connection polynomials read
x2 y2 + x2 + y2 1

{1,2} 1 xy xy
Q{0,1,2,3} = , , , .
2 2 4 2

The propagator for the Schrdinger equation with Hamiltonian K (1,2) = x2 + V {1,2} (x) has the
following compact expression

{1,2} 4i sin t xy e i t
K (x, y; t ) = e 2i t
Kosc (x, y; t ) 1 . (49)
(1 + x2 )(1 + y2 )
We can obtain the next simple expression for the propagator using second and third excited states
of Harmonic oscillator
2 /4 2 /4
2 (x) = p2 (x2 1)e x 3 (x) = p3 x(x2 3)e x .
In this case we obtain two-well perturbed Harmonic oscillator potential (potentials V{k,k+1} have k
shallow minima at their bottom)

x2 x4 9

V{2,3} [x] = + 2 1 + 4x2 4 . (50)
4 (x + 3)2
Connection polynomials read
(x2 + 1)(y2 + 1) xy(3 x2 y2 ) x4 y4 + 3x4 + 3y4 12x2 y2 3

{2,3}
Q{0,1,2} = , , ,
4 6 24
xy(x2 y2 3) (x2 1)(y2 1)

{2,3}
Q{3,4} = , .
6 4

The propagator for the Schrdinger equation with Hamiltonian H {2,3} = x2 + V {2,3} (x) reads

K {2,3} (x, y; t ) = e 2i t Kosc (x, y; t )



8i sin t xy(x2 y2 3) 3(x2 + y2 ) cos t 3i (x2 y2 + 1) sin t

1 . (51)
(3 + x4 )(3 + y4 )

4. Conclusions

Propagators
[[ 1]]+1
Qk (x, y)e i kt

K (x, y; t ) = Kosc (x, y; t )


k=0
(52)
[[ 1]]+1
Qk (x, y)

k=0

present a new example of Feynman path integrals that can be calculated analytically [32]. The key
formula (39)

k
1
Qkj (x, y)hj (x)hj (y)

Qk (x, y) = hk (x)hk (y) , 0 k [[1]] + 1,
h0 (x)h0 (y) j=1
A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135 133

which defines a non-linear connection between x-Hermite and Hermite polynomials can be easily
realized in any computer algebra system. Since the definition of polynomials Qk (x, y) requires
calculations of first [[1]] + 1 exceptional Hermite polynomials, new recurrence relations [33] can
be useful.
One can use these propagators to test various approximations for the corresponding path integrals.
A typical rationally extended Harmonic oscillator has a multi-well profile, that is may contain a
degenerate classical vacuum (global minimum of the potential energy) and various pseudo-vacua.
In this case it is interesting to compare the exact answer with a multi-instanton approximation [34].
Another possible application of obtained propagators is related with studies of quantum dynamics
in multi-well potentials [3539,24], quantum transients [40]. In particular, a non-linear representa-
tion of the potential (46) involves squares of first [[1]] + 1 wave functions which indicates a pos-
sibility to relate rational extension of Harmonic oscillator with a non-linear Schrdinger equation.

Appendix A. Rescaled Hermite polynomials, Appell sequences and umbral composition [30]

The generating function of the probabilistic Hermite polynomials reads



z2 zn

R[z , x] = exp xz = Hen (x) . (53)
2 n=0
n!
n

Hen (x) = h n ,k x k .
k=0

Rescaled Hermite polynomials



n x
Hen (x) = Hen
[] 2 , (54)

(nk)
hn,k = h n ,k ,
[] 2 (55)
with the following generating function
z 2
zn

x
R z , = exp xz = He[] ( x )
2 n =0
n
n!

form an Appell sequence of polynomials.


Let An (x) and Bn (x) be two Appell sequences of polynomials [41] generated by functions S [x, g ],
R[x, g ],

gn
S [x, g ] = s(g )e xg = An (x) ,
n =0
n!

gn
R[x, g ] = r (g )e xg = Bn (x) ,
n =0
n!

where An (x) = k=0 an,k x , Bn (x) =


n k k
n
k=0 bn,k x .
Define the umbral composition by the following formula
n
n
k
(An B)(x) = an,k Bk (x) = an,k bk,j xk . (56)
k=0 k=0 j=0

Then the sequence Cn (x) = (An B)(x) also is an Appell sequence. Its generating function, denoted by
U [x, g ] = S [x, g ] R[x, g ], has the following form

gn
U [x, g ] = s(g )r (g )e xg = Cn (x) .
n =0
n!
134 A.M. Pupasov-Maksimov / Annals of Physics 363 (2015) 122135

n (x)
We can apply these facts to the sequences of generalized Hermite polynomials He[]

z 2 z2 ( + )z 2

exp xz exp xz = exp xz .
2 2 2
As a result we get the umbral composition of rescaled Hermite polynomials
n
[]
He[] []
(x) = hn,k Hek (x) = He[+]
[]
(x).

n He n (57)
k=0

Appendix B. Q -polynomials for non-KreinAdler sequence

Here we consider an example of the polynomial connection when = {1}, which is a non-
KreinAdler sequence [2], and hence, when polynomials h1n do not represent a sequence of orthogonal
polynomials. Nevertheless, by direct calculations we can verify that the Non-linear connection lemma
is valid in this case. Consider formally normalized product of two wronskians
x hm (x) y hm (y)

1
hm (x)hm (y) =
{1} {1}
2 (1 m) 1 hm (x) 1 hm (y)



1
x mhm1 (x) hm (x) y mhm1 (y) hm (y) .

= (58)
2 (1 m)
Using the recurrence relation for the normalized probabilistic Hermite polynomials

x mhm1 (x) = mhm (x) + m(m 1)hm2 (x)
we get
1
h{m1} (x)h{m1} (y) = (hm (x)hm (y) xyhm1 (x)hm1 (y) hm2 (x)hm2 (y)) .
2
{1} {1}
That is, polynomials hm (x)hm (y) satisfy to the following 3-term representation
2
{1}
h{m1} (x)h{m1} (y) = hmk (x)hmk (y)Qk (x, y),
k=0

where
{1} 1
Q0 (x, y) = ,
2
{1} xy
Q1 (x, y) = ,
2
{1} 1
Q2 (x, y) = .
2
We also verified by computer algebra that the nonlinear connection Lemma is valid for an arbitrary
with [[1]] < 5.

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