Electromagnetic radiation is energy that is propagated through free space or through a material medium in the form

of electromagnetic waves, such as radiowaves, visible light, and gamma rays. The term also refers to the emission and
transmission of such radiant energy.

Basically this change in the field is an EM wave, which is travelling at the speed of light. So yes, the EM field's change moves, like
the book has told you. Classically,electromagnetic waves are propagating disturbances in the electric and magnetic fields.

A Microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate which has a
ground plane on the other side

For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is desirable
since this provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth and better radiation

Microwave frequencies.

Slide 4: Hence can be manufactured in large quantities.

Easily integrated

Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.

Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.

Power division by 2n

Simplicity and Flexible

Simultaneous ability to be fabricated on the substrate

Choice of element spacing

Broader bandwidth

Divider with equal line lengths (from the feed point to each element)

Phase and the Multi-beam arrays

Three Parameters Considered when designing our antenna

Change in Dielectric material (FR4)

Change in Air thickness

Change in Patch Area (Keeping W & L at specified valued)

Three Parameters Considered when designing our antenna

Change in Dielectric material (FR4)

Change in Air thickness

Change in Patch Area (Keeping W & L at specified valued)

The transmission of signal through feedline is established by means of loseless VIA at the bottom
side of the antenna

Via Size : 1x1 mm square in order to make a suitable hole at the feeding line from the bottom
side.

Having high gain, simple layout, low path loss are the essential reasons that makes this design more
preferable.

Easy fabrication

Easy procurable

Low cost

are the reasons for selecting FR 4 substrate for the design