7. An ton khi hn
My hn h quang in s dng cng sut in ln, dng in qua dy hn c
cng cao ( xp x 100 A ) . Qu trnh hn, u que hn hoc m hn pht ra nh
sng h quang ng thi pht ra cc tia hng ngoi v tia cc tm. nh sng h quang
v cc loi tia hng ngoi, tia cc tm lm hi mt v da ca c th ngi. Kim loi b
chy do nhit cao di tc ng ca dng in hoc hi chy lm bn vng ra x
hn ( gi l tia la hn) c th gy bng v chy.
Dy dn in hn thng tri ngay trn mt sn i li v my hn v v tr vt c
hn khng c nh. Phi thng xuyn kim tra cch in ca dy dn dng in
hn. Nu c du hiu b try, xc phi dn bng cch in kp thi, khng in r
r ra bn ngoi.
Cng nhn hn v ngi ph hn phi eo knh v mt n bo v mt v mt
khi b nh sng v cc dng tia lm hi. Cng nhn hn phi mang gng tay di
bo v tay khi b sc nng ca tia la hn, ca kim loi nng chy v bc x.
Cng nhn cn mang giy cao c chng tia la bn vo chn. Phi lm nhng vch
ngn khng ngi qua li nhn trc tip vo tia h quang. Ngi v nhn trc
tip vo ngn la h quang khi ang hn c th b tn thng mt do tia bc x v
cc tia cc tm, tia hng ngoi.
Hn hi thng dng kh axtylen v xy. Bnh cha tng loi kh cn tch
bit v hn hp hai kh ny, nu r r c th gy n mnh. Cc bnh kh hn phi xa
ngun nhit v nh nng mt tri. Kho cha cc bnh kh phi c thng gi tht tt.
Nhng bnh ang dng phi t trn gi hay xe y, khng c ng n c t
do. Thit b ct ngn la tt li ca thit b hn hi phi c lp trn van iu chnh
ca bnh v van mt chiu phi c lp u ng dn, pha c ngn la.
ng dn kh phi tt, d phn bit v c bo v chng nng v chng b va
chm, bi bn hoc b du, m bm. Mi mi ni ( mngxng ) phi cht, kht, khng
c r r. Khi bnh axtylen b pht nng, phi kho van ngay tc th, pht lnh bo
ng s tn ngi khi khu vc s nguy him v tm nc lm lnh bnh nhanh
chng ng thi pht lnh bo ng chy, gi cu ho.
Khi cng nhn ang s dng cc cng c cm tay c in, phi tt in cc cng
c ny trc khi t cng c xung t. Tuyt i khng c dim hay bt la
trong ti khi hn.
Khi hon thnh cc thao tc hn, phi kho cc van cn thn. Khng c dng
kh xy phi bi trn qun o.
Khi hn trong mi trng kn, kim loi c hn trc y sn, do nhit
cao, kh c s bc hi lm nguy hi cho cng nhn. Khi s dng mt s loi que hn
c bit cng c th c kh c bc ra gy hi cho cng nhn khi ht th. Nu mi
trng hn khng th thng gi c th ngi lao ng phi c trang b mt n v
c cung cp dng kh. Nu kim loi hn c che ph b mt bng cc hp cht c
cha kim loi ch, km, thu ngn, cadmi th mi trng hn nht thit phi trang b
ht khi v nhng hn hp c cc kim loi ny rt c, rt nguy him. Tt nht, trc
khi hn nhng kim loi c ph bng sn hay cht do, hy ty sch sn v cht do
ri mi tin hnh hn.
10. Bin bo v nhng gii php an ton c bn cho h thng in tm trn cng
trng
chng in git, v tr nhng vt dn in phi t ni thch hp. Nhng
cm phi t cao trn 1,2 mt. H thng u mi in phi trong khng gian
c bo v nh t cha, phng ring. Phi chng in git do con ngi tip xc gin
tip qua kim loi khi dng in b r. Phi lm cc tm che chn ni cha thit b
in m nu con ngi v c th va chm ngoi mun. Cc vt dn in phi
c cch in vi mc cch in an ton cho ngi. Vi nhng ph ti thng
xuyn tip sc vi ngi c gi l thit b nhm II, nh qut my, ng ngt
in, nhng thit tr m ngi hay tip sc phi lm bng vt liu khng dn in nh
bnt hay loi nha tng ng.
Bo v chng cc tc ng nhit thng dng cc thit tr che chn. Ch yu
chng cc tc ng nhit nhm chng chy. Khng c lp t ng dy in,
bng in trn ng thot him. Vt liu xy dng s dng ti li thot him phi l
vt liu kh chy. Lu rng dng in r c th khng ln gy in git, lm
nh hng n an ton ca con ngi nhng nu ko di c th gy ra chy.
Trong h thng cc thit b in phi lp cc thit tr t ng ngt mch khi c s
c. Ti nhng u mi ca cng trnh in nh:
* Cc thit b phn phi v trm bin p trong nh , trm bin p ngoi tri
* Cc b chnh lu
* Cc my in , thit b khi ng , iu chnh v bo v
* Thit b in ca my trc
* Cc h thng thanh ci
* Cc thit tr in phn
* u mi cc thit b chiu sng
* u ngun ng dy in 1 chiu v xoay chiu
* u ng cp in lc
* u ng dy dn in trn khng.
Phi c bng ghi r tn ca u mi ny, cc tnh nng k thut ch yu ca ton
b u mi, s h thng cc thit b t trong u mi, ch dn vn hnh v an
ton khi thao tc. Bng ln ch vit khng qu nh hoc qu dy c. Kh
ch cao t nht 2 cm, nt dy trn 2 mm.
ng dy trn qua l giao thng, ti im thp nht ca ng dy phi treo mt
tm bin c kch thc 0,8 x 0,5 mt bng vt liu cch in, nn sn mu da cam
nht. Trn bin phi ghi dng trn cng hai ch nguy him , dng di ghi cao
hin nay ca dy ti im ct ny ( n v mt) so vi mt ng, tit din dy v
in p ti.
su t b phn H s thay i in
Hnh thc ni t
ni t (m) tr sut (y) Ghi ch
r,W.Cm
<5104 5104 10104 20104 40104
lth , mt 25 35 50 80 100
Trng hp phi tng s thanh (tia) cng khng nn tng qu 4 thanh tia v gc
to thnh gia cc thanh trn mt bng khng nn nh hn 90 o. Nn u tin s dng
hnh thc ni t ko di.
(b) Khi in tr sut ca t bng t 3 n 7104 W.Cm, cn s dng hnh thc
ni t hn hp ( cc kt hp vi thanh ). C th s dng ni t hn hp kiu hnh
vung , hnh ch nht , hnh trn .
Cc cc ch nn ng trong khong 2:3 chiu di ca thanh , tnh t u thanh ,
pha ni vi dy xung.
(c) Khi tr s in tr sut ca t ln hn 7 x 104 W.Cm , hoc t c nhiu
tng , va cho php ko di thanh ti ch c tr s in tr sut nh nh h , ao ,
sng , sui nhng khng nn ko qu 100 mt.
(i) B phn thu st phi m bo kiu dng chn , v tr t thit b , kch thc
vt liu , kim tra lp m ca u kim , cc mi hn , ni .
(ii) B phn dn st : v tr b tr , qui cch v s lng dy dn xung t ,
khong cch an ton n nhng v tr cn trnh , phng thc neo gn dy dn vo
cng trnh , phng thc ni dy dn st , phng thc sn , m , ph tip xc .
(iii) B phn ni t : qui cch vt liu , cch hn , ni , khong cch an ton n
cc thit b kim loi trong nh , phi dng dng c o in tr t kim tra cc tr
s in tr ni t. Khi t thit b chng st c lp, tr s in tr ni t xung kch
phi t cc yu cu sau y :
* Khng qu 20 W nu rtt < 5.104 W.cm
* Khng qu 50 W nu rtt 5.104 W.cm
Nu t thit b chng st ngay trn cng trnh v nhng cng trnh
khng thng xuyn c ngi hoc lm vic , tr s in tr ni t xung kch qui
nh nh sau:
* Khng qu 20 W nu rtt < 5.104 W.cm
* Khng qu 50 W nu rtt 5.104 W.cm
Nu t thit b chng st trn cng trnh c ngi v lm vic thng
xuyn th in tr xung kch qui nh nh sau:
* Khng qu 10 W nu rtt < 5.104 W.cm
* Khng qu 30 W nu rtt 5.104 W.cm