Improving Energy Efficiency in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

using Fuzzy Logic Techniques

Introduction:

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasingly used in many applications, such as volcano
and fire monitoring, urban sensing, and perimeter surveillance. Wireless sensor networks have
many sensor devices that send their data to the sink or base station for further processing. This
is called direct delivery. But this leads to heavy traffic in the network and as the nodes are
limited with energy, this decreases the lifetime of the network. In a large WSN, in-network
data aggregation (i.e., combining partial results at intermediate nodes during message routing)
significantly reduces the amount of communication overhead and energy consumption. Data
aggregation technique can successfully minimize the data traffic and energy consumption only
when it is carried out in a secure manner.
Data aggregation and gathering technique decreases the data traffic and further saves energy by
merging multiple incoming packets into a single packet and then forwarding it to sink. There
are different data aggregations techniques based on the network topology.

Sensor Network Communication Architecture

The sensor network comprises sensor field, where the sensor devices or nodes are scattered in
this field. Here, each of these nodes will have the capability to gather information and then
route information back to sink and end users. With the help of multi-hop infrastructure and less
architecture the information is routed back to the final user through sink as shown in figure 1.
 Figure 1: Wireless Sensor Networks
Here in this network the sink send commands or queries to other sensor node
in sensing region, on other hand sensor node collaborate to achieve the
sensing task and send sensed information to sink. In the meantime, sink even
serve as gateway to outside networks. Further sink gathers information from
sensor nodes, and executes simple processing on collected information and
then sends relevant data to end user through internet whoever made request
to make use of the information. Each of the sensor nodes makes use of single-
hop long-distance transmission to send information to sink.
In current scenarios the demand for WSN had rapidly increased in various
applications like weather monitoring, petroleum and military due to low power,
small size, light weight, and wireless sensors. However these inexpensive
sensors are equipped with limited battery power and thus constrained in
energy. One of the major issues with WSN is that one need to increase the
lifetime of network. Generally, lifetime of network is defined as the time
whenever the first node fails to send its information to base station. This issue
can be resolved by implementing data aggregation technique as it decreases
data traffic and further saves energy by merging multiple incoming packets
into a single packet whenever the sensed information are highly correlated
.Numerous researches have been carried out to further extent network
lifetime.

Radio Energy Dissipation Model and Network Model

The above diagram shows the radio energy dissipation model. In this model,
both the free space (d2 power loss) and the multipath fading (d4 power loss)
channel models were used, depending on the distance between the
transmitter and receiver. Power control can be used to invert this loss by
appropriately setting the power amplifierif the distance is less than a
threshold do, the free space model is used; otherwise, the multipath model is
used. Thus, to transmit an L-bit message a distance, the radio expands.

The electronics energy, Eelec , depends on factors such as the digital coding,
modulation, filtering, and spreading of the signal, whereas the amplifier
energy, Efs.d2 or Eamp.d4 , depends on the distance to the receiver and the
acceptable bit-error rate [2, 3]. Value of threshold distance do is given by
The Network model:
In the network model some assumptions have been made for the sensor nodes
as well as for the network. Hence the assumptions and properties of the
network and sensor nodes are: Sensor Nodes are uniformly randomly deployed
in the network. There is one Base Station which is located at the centre of the
sensing field. Nodes always have the data to send to the base station. Nodes
are location-unaware, i.e. not equipped with GPS capable antennae. All nodes
have similar capabilities in terms of processing and communication and of
equal significance. This motivates the need for extending the lifetime of every
sensor. Sensor nodes have heterogeneity in terms of energy i.e., different
energy levels. All nodes have different initial energy; some nodes are equipped
with more energy than the normal nodes
Two-level heterogeneous networks
We have used two types of nodes in the network, normal and advanced nodes.
Eo is the initial energy of the normal nodes, and m is the fraction of the
advanced nodes, which own a times more energy than the normal ones. Thus
there are m. N advanced nodes equipped with initial energy of Eo. (1 + a), and
(1 _ m).N normal nodes that are equipped with initial energy of Eo. The total
initial energy of the two-level heterogeneous networks is given by:

Three-level heterogeneous networks

In three-level heterogeneous networks, there are three types of m sensor
nodes [15, 16]. They are normal nodes, advanced nodes and super nodes. Let
m be the fraction of the total number of nodes N, and mo is the percentage of
the total number of nodes which are equipped with b times more energy than
the normal nodes, called as super nodes, the number is N.m.mo. The rest N. m.
(1-mo) nodes are equipped with a times more energy than the normal nodes;
called as advanced nodes and remaining N. (1-m) as normal nodes. The total
initial energy of the three-level heterogeneous networks is given by:

Multilevel heterogeneous networks

In multi-level heterogeneous networks, initial energy of sensor nodes is
randomly distributed over the close set [Eo, Eo (1 + amax)], where Eo is the
lower bound and amax determine the value of the maximal energy. Initially,
the node Si is equipped with initial energy of Eo. (1 + ai), which is ai times
more energy than the lower bound Eo. The total initial energy of the multi-level
heterogeneous networks is given by:

.Motivation:
Wireless Sensor Networks are networks of tiny, battery powered sensor nodes
with limited on-board processing, storage and radio capabilities [1]. Nodes
sense and send their reports toward a processing center which is called sink.
Designing protocols and applications for such networks has to be energy aware
in order to prolong the lifetime of the network, because the replacement of the
embedded batteries is a very difficult process once these nodes have been
installed. Classical approaches like Direct Trans-mission and Minimum
Transmission Energy [9] do not guarantee
well balanced distribution of the energy load among nodes of the sensor
network. Using Direct Transmission (DT), sensor nodes transmit directly to the
sink, as a result nodes that are far away
from the sink would die first [6]. On the other hand, using Minimum
Transmission Energy (MTE), data is routed over minimum cost routes, where
cost reflects the transmission power expended.
Under MTE, nodes that are near the sink act as relays with higher probability
than nodes that are far from the sink. These former nodes tend to die fast.
Under both DT and MTE, a part of the field will not be monitored for a
significant part of the lifetime of the network, and as a result the sensing
process of the field will be biased.

Problem Statement:
In this paper we study the impact of heterogeneity in terms of node energy. We
assume that a percentage of the node population is equipped with more
energy than the rest of the nodes in the same networkthis is the case of
heterogeneous sensor networks. We are motivated by the fact that there are a
lot of applications that would highly benefit from understanding the impact of
such heterogeneity. One of these applications could be the re-energization of
sensor networks. As the lifetime of sensor networks is limited there is a need
to re-energize the sensor network by adding more nodes. These nodes will be
equipped with more energy than the nodes that are already in use, which
creates heterogeneity in terms of node energy.
The research will aim to study into various election protocol and work towards
evolution of a modified version of Stable Election Protocol using Fuzzy logic
Techniques.

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