U.D.C.: 621.317.4: 669.14.018.

583

Methods for determining the magnetic properties EURONORM

of magnetic steel sheet and strip w i t h
25 cm Epstein frame
118-87

CONTENTS

1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 SYMBOLS - DESIGNATIONS
4 DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC TOTAL LOSS
4.1 Principle of measurement
4.2 Test apparatus
4.3 Measuring apparatus
4.4 Test specimens
4.5 Method of measurement
4.6 Determination of the specific total loss
4.7 Accuracy
5 DETERMINATION OF THE MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
IN AN ALTERNATING FIELD
5.1 Principle of measurement
5.2 Test apparatus
5.3 Measuring apparatus
5.4 Test specimens
5.5 Method of measurement
5.6 Determination of the peak value of the magnetic flux
density
5.7 Accuracy
6 DETERMINATION OF THE MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
IN A DIRECT FIELD
6.1 Principle of measurement
6.2 Test apparatus
6.3 Measuring apparatus
6.4 Test specimens
6.5 Method of measurement
6.6 Determination of the magnetic flux density values
6.7 Accuracy
ANNEX: Symbols Designations

Only the last edition of the EURONORMS quoted is valid

Copyright by the Standardization Offices of the European Communities' Member States

Page 2
1 SCOPE
This EURONORM describes the methods for determining the
following magnetic properties:
specific total loss by the wattmeter method,
magnetic flux density in an alternating field and in a direct
field.
2 FIE LD OF APPLICATION
This Euronorm applies to magnetic sheet and strip intended
for the construction of magnetic circuits.
The measurements shall be carried out at an ambient tempe
rature of 23 + 5 C on test specimens which have been de
magnetized beforehand.
3 SYMBOLS DE SIGNATIONS
A list of symbols and their definitions is given in Annex I.
4 DETERMINATION OF THE SP ECIFIC
TOTAL LOSS
4.1 P rinciple of measurement
The 25 cm Epstein frame containing the test specimen to be
measured constitutes a transformer for which the total no
load losses are measured by the wattmeter method using the
basic circuit illustrated in Figure 1.
4.2 Test apparatus
4.2.1 25 cm Epstein frame
The 25 cm Epstein frame shall consist of four solenoids into
which are inserted the strips making up the test specimen in
such a way as to form a closed magnetic circuit (Figure 2).
The formers of the solenoids of rectangular crosssection
shall be made of a hard insulating material of an internal
width of 32 mm. A height of approximately 10 mm is adequate
and is recommended.
The solenoids shall be fixed to an insulating and nonmagne
tic base in such a way as to form a square (Figure 2). The
length of the sides of the internal square formed by the strips
of the test specimens shall be:
(220 1 ) mm
Each solenoid shall comprise two windings:
the primary winding, on the outside (magnetization wind
ing),
the secondary winding, on the inside (voltage winding).
It is recommended to have an electrostatic shielding between
these two windings.
The windings shall be distributed uniformly over a minimum
length of 190 mm, each solenoid having one quarter of the to
tal number of turns.
The individual primary windings of the four solenoids shall
be connected in series, as shall be the secondary windings.
The number of primary and secondary turns may be adapted
to the particular conditions prevailing with regard to source,
apparatus and measuring frequency.
The total number of turns generally used and recommended
is 700 or 1000. Other numbers are used for field strengths
greater than 10 000 A/m.
In order to reduce the effect of the impedances of the wind
ings as much as possible, the following requirements shall
be adhered to:
L R,
< 1.25 10 ( i Q < 5 . 10 " (D
-
.
< 2.5.10 ' < 2,5 . 10 ' (2)
2, 2,
R, = resistance of the primary winding, in ohms,
R2 = resistance of the secondary winding, in ohms,
Lj = inductance of the primary winding without the test
specimen in place, in henrys,
L2 = inductance of the secondary winding without the test
specimen in place, in henrys,
Nj = total number of turns of the primary winding,
N, total number of turns of the secondary winding.
These requirements are satisfied, for example, if windings
with the following characteristics are used:
- number of turns: N, = N2 = 700,
- primary windings: each solenoid comprises 175 turns of
two copper wires, connected in parallel, with a nominal
cross-section of approximately 1.76 mm 2 , wound side by
side in three layers,
- secondary winding: each solenoid comprises 175 turns of
one copper wire with a nominal cross-section of approxi
mately 0.8 mm 2 wound in one layer.
The effective length, 1 m , of the magnetic circuit shall be con
ventionally assumed to be equal to 1 0.94 m.1
Therefore, the active mass m a , that is the mass of the test
specimen which is magnetically active, is given by:
m, = T T m (3)
' 4 1
m = active mass of the test specimen, in kilograms,
m = total mass of the test specimen, in kilograms,
l m = conventional effective length of magnetic circuit, in
metres (0.94),
1 = length of a strip, in metres.
1 This value is obtained by making the following calculation:
4 . 0,03(1
m - 4 0 . 2 2 0 |(in metres)
(since the corners have a double cross-section, the length of the
magnetic path at the corners is, by convention, divided by 2).

4.2.2 Mutual inductor for compensation of air flux
The total crosssection A, of the secondary winding is greater
than the crosssection A of the test specimen. Hence the air
flux in the secondary winding contributes to the induced vol
tage in the winding and the magnetic flux density ', call
culaled from the measured secondary voltage, differs from|
the flux density in the test specimen as follows:
.- + Uo a._ALzA (4)
A
' peak value of the magnetic flux density, calculated
from the measured secondary voltage, in teslas,
peak value of the magnetic flux density of the test
specimen, in teslas,
0 4 n|10"7 H/m (magnetic constant),
= peak value of the magnetic field strength in amperes
per metre,
A, total crosssection of the secondary winding of the
Epstein frame in square metres,
A = magnetic crosssection of the test specimen in square
metres.
In order to obtain the magnetic flux density , the expres
sion:
MoH(AiA)
in equation (4) shall be corrected either by calculation or by
using a mutual inductor of value:
N, N2 (A, A) (5)
Mc =
In,
Mc = value of mutual inductance for compensation of the air
flux, in henrys.
This value shall be variable and adjusted according to the
effective crosssection of each test specimen. In place of this,
it is simpler to compensate for the total air flux 0 A,
(including the flux passing through the test specimen) by
means of a mutual inductor set permanently at the value:
M n N l N 2 A |
Mt.- (6)
In this way, the magnetic polarization is given by:
} = 0 (7)
The magnetic polarization 3 does not differ sufficiently from
the magnetic flux density to be able to distinguish between
them within the context of this standard.
The primary winding of the mutual inductor shall be con
nected in series with the primary winding of the E pstein
frame, and the secondary winding of the mutual inductor
shall be connected in opposition with the secondary winding
of the E pstein frame.
The mutual inductor windings shall be wound on a cylindri
cal former made of a nonmagnetic insulating material. This
former carries an inner primary winding and an outer secon
dary winding. The secondary winding shall have a greater
number of turns than eventually required in order to make it
possible for the mutual inductance to be adjusted.
The adjustment shall be made in such a way that under the
effect of an alternating current in the primary winding and
with no test specimen in the Epstein frame, the voltage mea
sured between the noncommon terminals of the secondary
Page 3
windings of the mutual inductor and the Epstein frame shall
not exceed 0.1 % of the voltage across the terminals of the se
condary winding of the E pstein frame.
With this method of air flux compensation, the peak value of
the magnetic polarization in the test specimen shall be calcu
lated directly on the basis of the secondary voltage measured
according to the equation:
J ,?2 (8)
4 f N2 A
J = peak value of the magnetic polarization in the test spe
cimen, in teslas,
U2 = mean value of the electromotive force induced in the
secondary winding, in volts.
f = frequency, in hertz.
4.2.3 Source of supply
The source shall have a low impedance and high voltage and
frequency stability. During measurements, the voltage and
frequency variations shall not exceed + 0.2 /o of the specified
value. Also, the wave form of the induced secondary voltage
shall be sufficiently sinusoidal.
It is preferable to keep the secondary voltage form factor to
within 1.111 l/o (this is possible in several ways: for
example, by using an electronically controlled source of sup
ply ora negative feedback amplifier). If this condition cannot
be fulfilled, the losses may be corrected but only if the differ
ence (AF) between the form factor and its theoretical value
does not exceed + 5 %. The loss correction formula is derived
from the following equation:
(9)
" 1.111J
P, = measured specific total losses, in watts per kilo
gram,
Ph = apparent hysteresis losses, in watts per kilogram,
= apparent eddy current losses, for sinusoidal magnetic
flux density, in watts per kilogram,
F = measured form factor.
The corrected total specific losses (Ps) may be obtained accu
rately by means of the equation:
Pj
1\ (10)
Zb _J_ Jj> ( t12
Ps Ps i-m
but adequately precise values may be obtained using the
equation:
PS = P,AP (11)
or
=2: <i2>
= change in losses due to the variation of the form factor
(AF), in watts per kilogram,
AF = F - 1.111
Ph
p- = proportion of hysteresis losses,
s
^- = proportion of eddy current losses.
Page 4
The conventional values of proportions of hysteresis and
eddy current losses are commonly derived for the various
thicknesses and classes of commercial materials by the two
form factor loss separation procedure.
The form factor of the secondary voltage is the ratio of its rms
value to its rectified value. The first is measured by means of
an rms voltmeter, such as a movingiron instrument, the
second by a rectified value voltmeter, such as an instru
ment with a rectifier.
Note:
If an electronically controlled source of supply is used, it
may be necessary to observe the wave form of the induced
secondary voltage by means of an oscilloscope in order to en
sure that the wave form of the fundamental frequency is
satisfactory.
4.3 Measuring apparatus
4.3.1 Measurement of voltage
The average value of the induced secondary voltage of the
Epstein frame shall be measured using an average value volt
meter of accuracy class 0.5 or better.
The load on the secondary circuit shall be as low as possible.
Therefore, the internal resistance of the average value volt
meter shall be at least 1 000 /V. An amplifier with an input
resistance of at least 1000 /V may be used if the total accu
racy of the device (including the rectifier and the measuring
instruments) is at least equal to 0.5 /o of the maximum de
flection.
4.3.2 Measurement of current
The primary current may be measured by means of a low
impedance ammeter of class 1. In this case, the ammeter
shall be shortcircuited when the secondary voltage has been
adjusted and when the loss is being measured.
4.3.3 Measurement of frequency
A frequency meter of accuracy class 0.2 or better is required.
4.3.4 Measurement of power
The power is measured by means of a very sensitive watt
meter of accuracy class 0.5 or better, suitable for circuits
with a low power factor (cos < 0.2). Readings in the first
quarter of the scale shall be avoided where possible.
The resistance of the wattmeter voltage circuit shall be equal
to or greater than 100 /V for all voltage ranges.
In addition, the ohmic resistance of the voltage circuit shall
be at least 5 000 times its reactance unless the wattmeter is
compensated for the latter. In this way, phase angle correc
tions are avoided.
4.4 Test specimens
The magnetic circuit consists of a core of strips to be tested,
with double lapped joints (see Figure 3) forming four
branches of equal length and crosssection.
The strips making up the test specimen shall be taken and
prepared in accordance with the requirements of the product
specification and all have the following dimensions:
Length: 280 to 310 mm, the lengths being equal to within a
tolerance of 0.5 mm,
Width: 30 0.2 mm.
Unless otherwise specified in the product standard, the toler
ance for the angle between the direction of rolling and the di
rection of cutting shall be as follows:
I o for grainoriented sheet and strip,
5 for nonoriented sheet and strip.
The number of strips comprising the test specimen shall be a
multiple of four and is specified in the product standard.
However, the effective mass of the test specimen shall be at
least 240 g for strips 280 mm long. A mass of nonmagnetic
and nonconducting material of the order of a few hundred
grams may be applied to each of the corners of the test
specimen.
4.5 Method of measurement
4.5.1 P reparation for measurement
The test specimen shall be weighed and its mass determined
to within 0.1 /o. After weighing, the strips shall be stacked
into the solenoids of the E pstein frame with doublelapped
joints at the corners. Where strips are cut halfparallel and
halfperpendicular to the direction of rolling, care shall be
taken to ensure that the strips cut in the direction of rolling
are all inserted in two opposite branches of the frame and
those cut perpendicular to this direction are all inserted in
the other two opposite branches. In the overlapping portions,
care shall be taken to see that the air gap between the strips is
as small as possible. The strips are placed against the inter
nal side surfaces of the formers so that the length of the mag
netic circuit is as small as possible. The number of strips
shall be the same in each branch of the frame. The strips shall
then be demagnetized in a decreasing alternating magnetic
field.
4.5.2 Adjustment of source
The source shall be adjusted in such a way that the mean
value of the secondary voltage is:
R
U2 = 4 f N 2 . AJ (13)
Ri
Rj = combined equivalent resistance of the instruments in
the secondary circuit, in ohms,
R( = sum of the resistances of the secondary windings of
the E pstein frame and the mutual inductance Mc,
in ohms.
The crossseclion A is given by the equation:
(14)
4ld
d = density of the material tested, in kilograms per cubic
metre.
4.5.3 Measurement
The primary current is checked with the ammeter to see that
the wattmeter current circuit is not overloaded. The ammeter
is then shortcircuited and the secondary voltage readjusted.
The form factor is determined with an rms voltmeter 1 and
an average type voltmeter. The wave form of the secondary
voltage is checked, and after the voltmeters have been dis
connected from the circuit, the wattmeter reading is laken.
l The accuracy class of the rms value voitmeter shall be 0.5 or
better.

4.6 Determination of the specific total loss
The power (Pm) measured with the wattmeter includes the
power consumed by the instruments in the secondary circuit ;
this is equal to (1.111 U 2 ) 2 /R, as the secondary voltage is sinu
soidal.
The total losses (Pc) of the test specimen are therefore calcu
lated using the equation:
(1.111,)2
^ N2 Ri
Pc = total losses of the test specimen, in watts,
P m = power measured with the wattmeter.
The measured specific total losses (P,) in watts per kilo
gram are obtained by dividing Pc by the effective mass m a
of the test specimen.
p. = _ L =
', H
m ml.
The specific total losses (Ps) are equal to the measured spe
cific total losses (P() when there is not a correction due to the
variation of form factor.
In the case where it is necessary to allow for the variation of
the form factor, the measured specific total losses (P,) shall
be corrected according to equation (11) to obtain the specific
total losses (Ps).
The corrected values are rounded off to the nearest hund
redth of a watt per kilogram.
4.7 Accuracy
The reproducibility is 3 % for a probability of 95%.
5 DE TE RMINATION OF THE MAGNE TIC FLUX
DENSITY IN AN ALTERNATING FIE LD
This measurement shall be carried out in an alternating field
at a frequency of 50 Hz for the field strengths specified.
5.1 P rinciple of measurement
The peak value of the magnetic flux density is a function of
the peak value of the magnetic field strength. The magnetic
flux density is determined on the basis of the secondary vol
tage of the E pstein frame whereas the value of the field is
obtained on the basis of the secondary voltage of a mutual in
ductor M the primary winding of which carries the magnetiz
ing current as shown in the basic circuit diagram in Figure 4.
5.2 Test apparatus
5.2.1 25 cm Epstein frame (see 4.2.1)
The frame shall be supplemented by the mutual inductor for
the compensation of the air flux as described in 4.2.2.
5.2.2 Mutual inductor M
The primary impedance of the mutual inductor used in the
circuit shown in Figure 4 shall be as low as possible.
The mutual inductance of M shall be sufficiently high and
known with an accuracy at least equal to 0.5%. The maxi
mum loss angle of the mutual inductor (including that of the
measuring instruments) shall be such that tan < IO"3.
Page 5
During calibration, and during measurement, care shall be
taken to ensure ihat the leakage flux of the Epstein frame or
of any other apparatus does not interfere with the measure
ments.
5.2.3 Source of supply
The supply shall be identical with that defined in 4.2.3.
5.3 Measuring apparatus
(15)
5.3.1 Measurement of the average voltage
The average value of the secondary voltage of the E pstein
frame and of the mutual inductor M shall be measured using
an average type voltmeter with accuracy class 0.5 or better
whose internal resistance is at least 1000 /V.
5.3.2 Measurement of current
(16) The rms value of the primary current shall be measured by
means of an rms ammeter of low impedance. For example, a
movingiron instrument of accuracy class 0.5 or better may
be used.
5.4 Test specimens
The test specimens used shall be identical to those specified
for determination of the specific total loss (see 4.4).
5.5 Method of measurement
5.5.1 P reparation for measurement
The test specimen shall be weighed and the strips stacked in
the solenoids of the Epstein frame in the same way as for de
termining the specific total loss (see 4.5.1).
5.5.2 Measurement
The specified peak value of the magnetic field strength fi
shall be set by adjusting the primary current on the basis of
the average value of the secondary voltage across the termi
nals of the mutual inductor by connecting the average value
type voltmeter to the terminals of the mutual inductor, in ac
cordance with the following equation:
4 I'Ml,,, Rv
U il (17)
N, Rv + Rin
average value of the secondary voltage across the ter
u
minals of M, in volts,
M = value of the mutual inductance, in henrys,
Rm = resistance of the secondary winding of M, in ohms,
Rv = internal resistance of the average value type voltmeter,
in ohms.
The secondary voltage of the Epstein frame shall then be read
from the average type voltmeter.
5.6 Determination of the peak value of the magnetic
flux density
Given that according to 4.2.2, a mutual inductor completely
compensates for the inductance of the empty Epstein frame,
the magnetic flux density shall be determined using the fol
lowing equation:
= 3 + 0
Page 6

1 Rv + Ri
(18)
strengths, the source shall have a voltage of at least 20 V. The
B = U 2 + 0 fi
4fN 2 .\ Rv residual ripple shall be less than 1 %. T h e constancy of the
primary current shall be e n s u r e d throughout the m e a s u r e
For a relatively low field strength, 0 fi may be disregarded
ment and the deviations and fluctuations of the primary cur
in relation to J.
rent shall not result in any variations greater than 0.2 % in the
The following table gives the noload magnetic flux density magnetic flux.
values 0 fi c o r r e s p o n d i n g to certain values of H:
6.2.5 Switches

ft in A / m 2 500 5 000 10 000 30 000 The switches shall permit reproducible current values to be
obtained. The stability shall be greater than the accuracy
M0 in 0.003 0.006 0.013 0.038 limit of the fluxmeter. The switches shall:

not be affected by any bounce p h e n o m e n o n ,

5.7 A c c u r a c y satisfy the relation: [R, + R'] > 1000 R s . (21)

The reproducibility is 2 % with a probability of 9 5 % . R' variable resistance of the supply circuit, in o h m s ,
Rc = resistance of the switch, in ohms.

6. DETERMINATION OF THE MAGNETIC FLUX 6.3 M e a s u r i n g a p p a r a t u s

DENSITY IN A DIRECT FIELD
6.1 P rinciple of measurement
The magnetic flux density in a direct field is d e t e r m i n e d by
m e a n s of the 25 cm E pstein frame. The test specimen is s u b
jected to a direct magnetic field via the primary winding. The
magnetic flux density is m e a s u r e d with a fluxmeter ' con
nected to the secondary winding terminals (see Figure 5).
6.2 Test apparatus
6.2.1 25 cm Epstein frame. See 4.2.1
6.3.1 Accuracy of apparatus
The accuracy classes of the m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s shall be
such that the total accuracy (calibration mutual inductor,
fluxmeter, ammeter) is at least 0 . 5 % .
6.3.2 Fluxmeter
The drift of the fluxmeter shall not exceed 2 IO"3 of the scale
per m i n u t e . For m e a s u r e m e n t s at magnetic field strengths
greater than 10 000 A / m , the fluxmeter shall satisfy the fol
lowing condition:

R f > 1000 R2 (22)

6.2.2 Mutual inductor for compensation of air flux
Rf = resistance of the flux m e a s u r i n g apparatus, in o h m s .
T h e mutual inductor for the compensation of air flux shall be
identical to that described in 4.2.2.
6.4 Test specimens
The flux m e a s u r e d in the secondary winding m a k e s it p o s
sible to calculate the polarization in the material using the The test specimens used shall be identical to those specified
following equation: for the determination of the specific total loss (see 4.4).

J =
^ <19>
N2A
J = magnetic polarization, in teslas,
'P = m e a s u r e d flux in webers.
To convert from polarization to magnetic flux density, a cor
rection has to be m a d e using the following equation:
B = J + p0H
6.2.3 Calibration mutual inductor M.
In order to calibrate the fluxmeter, the mutual inductor of va
lue M, is used to enable the test to be carried out at all field
values.
A m u t u a l inductor of mutual inductance between 50 and
100 mH known to within 0 . 2 % is generally a d e q u a t e . The
primary winding shall be capable of carrying the calibration
current without u n d e r g o i n g any appreciable t e m p e r a t u r e
rise.
6.2.4 Source of supply
The choice of the source d e p e n d s on the m a x i m u m value of
the magnetic field strength which is required. For low field
6.5 Method of measurement
6.5.1 P reparation for measurement
The test specimen shall be weighed and the strips shall be
stacked into the solenoids of the E pstein frame in the s a m e
way as for the determination of the specific total loss (see
4.5.1).
(20)
6.5.2 Demagnetization of the test specimen
The test specimen shall be demagnetized by a series of rever
sals of the magnetic field decreasing progressively from an
initial value of at least 5 000 A / m . The demagnetization is g e
nerally produced with a direct current by operating the re
versing switch D, at a frequency of approximately 2 reversals
per second whilst the current is reduced to zero by m e a n s of
the resistance R'. The reversing switch D 2 shall be closed to
position m and the reversing switch D 3 opened.
Demagnetization is also possible with alternating current by
slowly reducing the current to zero from a m a x i m u m field va
lue equal to that indicated by the directcurrent d e m a g n e t i
zation process.
6.5.3 Calibration of fluxmeter

l If agreed by the parties involved, the fluxmeter may be replaced The fluxmeter shall be calibrated for each of the magnetic
by a ballistic galvonometer or an electronic integrator. flux density values to be measured.
 Page 7

In order to calibrate using the mutual inductor M,, close the ,, (24)
reversing switch D2 to position t and the reversing switch D 3 . =
Then reverse the calibration current I, by means of reversing
switch D,. The constant K which gives the value of the mag I, = current in the primary winding, in amperes.
netic flux density per scale division /( is:
The current is reversed by means of reversing switch D, ; the
M,I,
' (23) magnetic polarization is read from the fluxmeter.
K =
, ,
The magnetic flux density is calculated according to the
M, = value of the mutual calibration inductance, in henrys,
equation:
I, = value of the calibration current, in amperes, (25)
= J + 0
( = reading on the fluxmeter.
The following table gives the noload magnetic flux density
The resistance R" fitted in the circuit is used for varying the values corresponding to certain values of H:
sensitivity of the instrument and to allow, as far as possible,
the magnetic flux density values to be read off directily.
in A/m 2 500 5 000 10 000 30 000
6.6 Determination of the magnetic flux density values

In order to determine the magnetic flux density values, re M0 in 0.003 0.006 0.013 0.038
versing switch Dj shall be kept closed in one of the two pos
sible positions with reversing switch D 2 in position m.

Then, the magnetization current I, is adjusted by means of re 6.7 Accuracy

sistance R'.
The reproducibility is the same as that obtained for the deter
The field value is stabilized in accordance with the equation: mination of the magnetic flux density in an alternating field.
Page 8

Test specimen

.
4$

This connection is switchable; certain wattmeters

already have a connection of this kind.

Figure I : Basic circuit diagram of the wattmeter method

 Page 9

280 mm

220 mm
^K*X>UX&MM

- J-
LK^K^^^^^^K^^^KKAf

Im = 0.94 m

J
^.^>.<>.^< ? L

Y A V A V N ' < " ' > : T ^

j- 190 m m
TTIITI.

Figure 2: 25 cm E pstein frame

Figure 3 : Double-lapped joint

Page 10

Test specimen

<>

a CM

54
m
O v i v U
D Ht
M
Um 'CZ
2

Figure 4: Basic circuit diagram for determining the magnetic flux density in an alternating field

Test specimen

0-
V
u

Figure 5: Basic circuit diagram for determining the magnetic flux density in a direct field
 Page 11

ANNEX
Symbols Designations

SI Units SI Units
A Magnetic crosssection of the test specimen m2 N2 Total number of turns in the secondary winding
A, Total crosssection of the secondary winding of the E pstein frame

of the E pstein frame m2 Pc Total loss calculated for the test specimen W

Magnetic flux density of the test specimen P h Apparent hysteresis loss W/kg

Peak value of magnetic flux density P m Loss measured by wattmeter W

' Peak value of magnetic flux density calculated Apparent eddy current loss for sinusoidal flow W/kg

on the basis of the measured secondary voltage
J Magnetic polarization
J Peak value of magnetic polarization
d Density of the material tested
f Frequency
F Measured form factor
AF F 1.111
H Magnetic field strength.
fi Peak value of magnetic field strength
I, Current in the primary winding
I, Calibration current of the fluxmeter
Constant giving the value of magnetic flux density
per scale division of the fluxmeter
1 Length of a strip
l m E ffective conventional length of the magnetic circuit m
L, Inductance value of the primary winding of the
Epstein frame without the test specimen in place
L2 Inductance value of the secondary winding of the
Epstein frame without the test specimen in place
m Total mass of the test specimen
m a E ffective mass of the test specimen
M Mutual inductance for the determination of fi
P, Specific total loss measured
in the test specimen W/kg
Correction of the losses due to variation
of the form factor (AF) W/kg
kg/m 3
Ps Specific total loss of the test specimen W/kg
Hz
Magnetic flux Wb
R' Variable resistance of the magnetizing circuit
R" Variable resistance of the fluxmeter circuit
A/m
Rj Resistance of the primary winding
A/m of the E pstein frame
A R2 Resistance of the secondary winding
A of the E pstein frame
Rf Resistance of the flux measuring apparatus
Rj E quivalent resistance of the instruments
m in the secondary circuit
D Resistance of the secondary winding of
m
Rs Resistance of the switches
H
Rt Sum of the resistances of the secondary
windings of the E pstein frame and of the
H mutual inductance Mc
kg Rv Internal resistance of the voltmeter
kg U2 Average value of the electromotive force induced
H in the secondary windings V

Mc Mutual inductance for the compensation of air flux H U m Average value of the secondary voltage across
the terminals of M V
M, Mutual calibration inductance of the fluxmeter H
( Reading on the fluxmeter
0 Magnetic constant H/m
Nj Total number of turns in the primary winding
of the E pstein frame
 Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg
ECU 9.20 BFR 4 0 0 DKR 73 DR 1430 IRL 7.20 UKL 6.50 USD 10.70

. - OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS . Catalogue number: CB-48-87-670-EN-C

. . . " OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

L-2985 Luxembourg

EURONORMs are on sale at:

United Kingdom: British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London W1A 2BS
Ireland: Institute for Industrial Research and Standards, Ballymun Road, Dublin 9
Denmark: Dansk Standardiseringsrad, Aurehjvej 12, Postboks 77, DK-2900 Hellerup
Greece: ELOT - Hellenic Organization for Standardization, Didotou 15, Athens 144