FLARE GAS RECOVERY

International Headquarters PO Box 21220 Tulsa, OK 74121-1220 +1 918.234.2903 Conversions

CFM = 1.69 9 m3/hr
Mass to Volume Calculations Compressors Pipe Sizing Velocity Identities liter/s = 2.118 9 CFM [flow rate]
PV = mRT V = m X (Ru / MW) X Tabs / Pabs Centrifugal - Liquid < 10 fps N kgm/s2 gpm = 8.020 9 ft3/hr
3
Pabs in kPa or psia : Tabs in K or R : V in m3 or ft3 : m in kg or lbm approximates Gas < 100 fps J N m kgm2/s2 m /hr = 4.402 9 gpm
constant head, kJ kPam3 in3/lb = 36.127 3 cm3/kg [specific
MW in kg/kg-mol or lbm/lb-mol (numerically equal) m3/kg = 16.018 5 ft3/lb volume]
Pa N/m2 kg/m/s2
R = Ru / MW variable volume. Pump Calculations
3 3
m /kgmol = 16.018 5 ft /lbmol
Pa 100 mBar
Ru = 8.314 472 kPam3/(kg-molK) = 10.731 59 psiaft3/(lb-molR) PD -
H = 2.31 X P / SG W J/s kgm2/s3 lb/gal = 119.826 1 kg/m 3

kPam3/(kg-molK) = kJ/(kg-molK) variable head, W hr 3600 J gr/cm3 = 62.428 0 lb/ft3 [density]

where: lb/ft3 = 16.018 5 kg/m3
SCFM = lbs/hr / 60 X Vm / MW Density constant volume. H in ft P in psi m3 1000 liter
cm3/g liter/kg grain/100 scf = 22.888 35 mg/m3
Nm3/hr = kg/hr X Vm / MW v = MW X Pabs SG = specific gravity grain/gallon = 17.118 06 g/m3
Torr mm Hg
mmscfd = 1,177.529 Sm3/hr Ru X Tabs ft3 H2O = 62.427 lb
mm H2O (4C) kg/m2
gallon H2O = 8.345 lb
[@ 1 atm & 60F] [@ 1 atm & 15C] k = Cp / Cv = MW X Cp / (MW X Cp - 1.99) (Angstrom) liter H2O = 1 kg [mass]
scfm = 1.607 466 Nm3/hr k = 1.4 air, k = 1.28 typical flare gas 1 x 10-10 m kg = 2.204 62 lb
for k = 1.0 to 1.1 gas easily compressed 0.0001 m short ton = 2,000 lb
[@ 1 atm & 60F] [@ 1 atm & 0C]
for k > 1.35 gas difficult to compress m (Micron) metric tonne = 1,000 kg
mmscfd = 694.44 scfm (large T incr. opposes compression process) 1 x 10-6 m = 1.102 3 short ton
0.001 mm grain = 64.798 9 mg
STP T P Vm oz = 28.349 5 g
ACFM = gas volume at actual gas T & P BTU = British m = 3.280 8 ft = 39.37 in
API (Standard) 15 C 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 23.645 Nm3/kgmol Thermal Unit = energy inch = 2.54 cm
(ignoring humidity effects)
Asia (Standard) 15 C 1 bar 23.959 Nm3/kgmol required to raise 1 lb of m = 3.937 x 10-5 in [length]
SCFM = gas volume at one of the listed STP mile = 5,280 ft = 1.609 3 km
water 1F at 68F
EC (Normal) 0 C 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 22.414 Nm3/kgmol (Standard Temperature & Pressure) kcal = energy naut. mile = 1.852 km = 6,076.12 ft
conditions required to raise 1 kg fathom = 6 ft = 1.828 8 m
US customary 60 F 14.696 psia (1 atm) 379.482 scf/lbmol league = 3 mile = 5.556 km
ICFM = T & P at compressor inlet flange of water 1C at 20C
CAGI & ISO 68 F 14.5 psia (1 bar) 390.439 scf/lbmol gallon = 3.785 4 liter = 231 in3
Fluid Flow in3 = 16.387 1 cm3 [volume]
IUPAC (Normal) 0C 100 kPa (1 bar) 24.277 Nm3/kgmol m3 = 35.314 7 ft3 = 264.171 4 gallon
P = Force = Weight = m g = V g = A h g = h g 3
NIST 20 C 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 24.055 Nm /kgmol 3 ft = 7.480 5 gallon = 28.316 8 liter
Area Area A gc A gc A gc gc
bbl = 42 gal = 0.159 m3
= A v = ( r2) v = ( A v)in = ( A v)out fl oz = 29.573 5 cm3
Gas Volume Conversion (T&P in absolute terms)
NR = v D NR < 2000 -> laminar; NR > 3500 -> turbulent liter = 33.814 fl oz = 61.023 7 in3
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 V2 = V1 X P1 / P2 X T2 / T1 psi = 2.308 9 ft H2O = 703.758 mm H2O
gc elevation velocity pressure
Remember (in absolute terms): head head head ID (in) ft H2O = 2.986 1 kPa
double the pressure, half the volume z1 + v12 + P1 gc + Hp = z2 + v22 + P2 gc + Hf ID = 1.748 [Q(cfm)/v] kPa = 7.5 mm Hg = 9.806 4 cm H2O
2g g 2g g ID = 1.341 [Q(m3/hr)/v]
in Hg = 3.386 4 kPa
double the temperature, double the volume atm = 33.931 7 ft H2O [pressure]
Hf = f L v2 = k v2 ; Leq = k D ; k = f Leq ID = 0.639 [Q(gpm)/v]
Theoretical Gas HP = 760 Torr = 29.921 3 in Hg
D2g 2g f D Torr = 133.322 Pa = 1,000 (micron)
(adiabatic, ideal gas, neglecting compressibility)
P = lbf/in2 ; m = mass (lbm) ; g = 32.17 ft/sec2 ; A = ft2 ; = lbm/ft3 bar = 750.064 Torr = 100 kPa
HP = P1 X V1 X k / (k-1) X 144 / 33000 X [ (P2 / P1)((k-1) / k) -1 ] gc = 32.17 lbm-ft / lbf-sec2 ; V = ft3 = A h ; h = ft ; = ft3/sec ; v = ft/sec lb/in2 = 2.036 in Hg = 51.715 1 Torr
Theoretical Discharge Temperature (adiabatic) kPa = 20.885 4 lb/ft2
= lbm/sec ; r = ft ; NR = Reynolds no. Cp kW = 1.341 02 hp = 3,412.14 BTU/hr
MW
T2 = T1 X { [(P2 / P1)((k-1) / k) -1 ] + 1 } D= ft ; = lbfsec/ft2 ; z = ft ; Leq = equiv. L (BTU/lb/F)
= 1.359 6 metric hp [power]
P in psia T in R V in actual ft3/min (acfm) Hp = pump added head ; Hf = friction head Methane 0.5266 16.043 kcal/hr = 1.163 W
L = ft ; f = fric. Factor ; k = loss coefficient Ethane 0.4097 30.070 hp = 550 ft lbf/s = 2,544.43 BTU/hr
Converting SCFM to ACFM (and vice-versa) = 1.013 9 metric hp
Propane 0.3881 44.097
SCFM = ACFM X 35.374 1 X (Pact psig + 14.7) / (Tact F + 460) BTU/s = 1.055 056 kW
Typical Values of Leq / D n-Butane 0.3867 58.124 ton refrig = 12,000 BTU/hr = 3.516 9 kW
ACFM = SCFM X 0.028 3 X (Tact F + 460) / (Pact psig + 14.7)
Globe Valve Leq / D i-Butane 0.3872 58.124 kWhr = 3,412.14 BTU = 3.6 MJ
lb/hr = SCFM X MW X 0.158 1 (STP - 14.7 psia & 60F) n-Pentane 0.3883 72.151 = 2,655,223.737 4 ft lbf
Conventional 400 hphr = 2,684.52 kJ [energy]
Air/Water Properties Y-Pattern 160 i-Pentane 0.3827 72.151
ftlbf = 1.355 8 J = 1.355 8 Nm
air property dimension H 2O Gate Valve n-Hexane 0.3864 86.178 kgfm = 7.233 ftlbf = 9.807 Nm
28.964 MW lb/lbmol 18.015 Ethylene 0.3622 28.054 kJ = 737.562 1 ft lbf
Fully Open 13 BTU = 1,055.056 J = 778.169 4 ft lbf
0.075 density @60F,14.7 psia lb/ft3 62.427 75% Open 35 Propylene 0.3541 42.081
kcal = 3.968 3 BTU = 4.186 8 kJ
1.4 K (Cp/Cv) 1.326 1-Butene 0.3548 56.108 therm (EU) = 100,000 BTU
50% Open 160
0.241 Cp V BTU/lb/F 0.448 C-2-Butene 0.3269 56.108 = 105.505 6 MJ
25% Open 900 therm (US) = 99,976.12 BTU
Cp L BTU/lb/F 1.0 Standard Tee T-2-Butene 0.3654 56.108
= 105.480 4MJ
0.172 Cv BTU/lb/F Isobutene 0.3701 56.108 ton TNT = 3,965,666.277 4 BTU
Flow thru Run 20
0.0243 therm cond (100 F) BTU/hr/ft2/(F/ft) 0.363 1-Pentene 0.3635 70.135 BTU/hrft = 2.712 5 kcal/hrm2 [heat
2
Flow thru Branch 60 kW/m2 = 316.998 BTU/hrft2 flux]
CO 0.2484 28.010
Multiply units in left column by proper factor below: Check Valve ft2hrF/BTU = 176.11 m2C/kW [fouling
CO2 0.1991 44.010 resistance]
Pressure psi Bar kPa kg/cm2 atm in W.C.* Conventional Swing 135
H2S 0.2380 34.076 BTU/F = 1.899 1 kJ/C [heat
psi 1 0.068948 6.894757 0.07031 0.068046 27.707 Clearway Swing 50 Hydrogen 3.408 2.016 capacity]
3 3
bar 14.50377 1 100 1.01972 0.986923 401.856 Butterfly Valve BTU/ft = 37.258 9 kJ/m [heating
Oxygen 0.2188 31.999 3 3
>8 inch, fully open 40 MJ/m = 26.839 2 BTU/ft value]
kPa 0.145038 0.01 1 0.0102 0.009869 4.01463 Nitrogen 0.2482 28.013 BTU/lb/F = cal/gr/C [entropy]
kg/cm2 14.223 0.98067 98.0665 1 0.967841 393.701
90 Standard Ell 30 Water 0.4446 18.015 = 4.186 8 kJ/kg/C
45 Standard Ell 16 Air 0.241 28.964
cal/gr = 1.801 2 BTU/lb [enthalpy]
atm 14.696 1.01325 101.325 1.03323 1 406.7825 BTU/lb = 2.325 98 kJ/kg
Return Bend 50
in W.C.* 0.0361 0.00249 0.24884 0.00254 0.002458 1 Latent heat knot = 1.150 8 mph = 1.852 km/hr
the amount of heat added ft/s = 1.097 3 km/hr [speed]
* water @ 60 F
or removed to produce m/s = 196.850 4 ft/min
Temp F C K R speed sound = 1,125.328 1 ft/s
only a phase change.
F 1 (F - 32) X 5 / 9 (F - 32) X 5 / 9 + 273.15 F + 459.67 1/4 steel plate = 10.2 lb/ft2
Sensible heat radian = 180/ = 57.295 8 degrees
C (C X 9 / 5) + 32 1 C + 273.15 (C + 273.15) X 9 / 5 rev = 360 = 2 radians
the heat added or
K (K - 273.15) X 9 / 5 + 32 K - 273.15 1 KX9/5 removed that causes a gc = 32.174 ft/s2 = 9.806 7 m/s2
temperature change. dia. human hair = 0.003 5 inch
R R - 459.67 (R 459.67) X 5 / 9 RX5/9 1 = 0.088 9 mm

Flare Gas Recovery Its more than just a Compressor Skid 6.20.11 r7.56 reb
 FLARE GAS RECOVERY
International Headquarters PO Box 21220 Tulsa, OK 74121-1220 +1 918.234.2903

Atmospheric Pressure at Site Elevation ISO VG

SAE
Crankcase
psi = 14.697 * (1 - alt/145422.156)^5.255879746 Grade
Oil Grade
alt in feet asl
22 5W
Feet Meters psia Atm Bar (a) kPa kg/cm2 in Hg mm Hg 32 10W
0 0 14.7 1.00 1.013 101 1.03 29.9 760 46 15W
328 100 14.5 0.99 1.000 100 1.02 29.5 752 68 20W
500 150 14.4 0.98 0.994 99.4 1.01 29.4 747 100 30
656 200 14.3 0.97 0.988 98.8 1.01 29.2 743 150 40
1,000 300 14.2 0.96 0.976 97.6 1.00 28.9 734 220 50
1,312 400 14.0 0.95 0.964 96.4 0.98 28.5 725 320 60
Retrieved 4.20.2010 from
1,500 450 13.9 0.94 0.956 95.6 0.98 28.3 719
http://
2,000 600 13.7 0.93 0.939 93.9 0.96 27.8 706 www.engineeringtoolbox.com
2,500 750 13.4 0.91 0.923 92.3 0.94 27.3 694 /iso-vg-grade-d_1206.html

3,000 900 13.2 0.89 0.906 90.6 0.92 26.8 681 Retrieved 4.20.2010 from http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/iso-vg-grade-d_1206.html
3,500 1,070 12.9 0.88 0.888 88.8 0.91 26.3 668 ISO VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
4,000 1,220 12.7 0.86 0.871 87.1 0.89 25.8 655 Many petroleum products are graded according to the ISO Viscosity Classification
4,500 1,370 12.4 0.85 0.858 85.8 0.87 25.4 645 System. Each ISO viscosity grade number corresponds to the mid-point of a viscosity
range expressed in centistokes(cSt) at 40 deg C. For example, a lubricant with an ISO
5,000 1,520 12.2 0.83 0.842 84.2 0.86 24.9 633
grade of 32 has a viscosity within the range of 28.8-35.2, the midpoint of which is 32.
5,500 1,680 12.0 0.81 0.825 82.5 0.84 24.4 620 Rule of Thumb: The comparable ISO grade of a given product whose viscosity in SUS at
6,000 1,830 11.8 0.80 0.811 81.1 0.83 24.0 610 100F is known can be determined by using the following conversion formula:
6,500 1,980 11.5 0.78 0.794 79.4 0.81 23.5 597 SUS @ 100 deg F/5=cSt @ 40 deg C. cst= 0.226xSUS-(195/SUS)
Retrieved 4.20.2010 from http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/visc.html
7,000 2,130 11.3 0.77 0.781 78.1 0.80 23.1 587
7,500 2,290 11.1 0.76 0.767 76.7 0.78 22.7 577 Fan Affinity Laws
Volume flow rate, Q, is directly proportional to the
8,000 2,440 10.9 0.74 0.750 75.0 0.76 22.2 564 fan rotational speed, N.
8,500 2,590 10.7 0.73 0.737 73.7 0.75 21.8 554 (Q1/Q2) = (D1/D2)3 (N1/N2)
Total or static pressure, P, is proportional to the
Retrieved 2.11.2009 from http://www.uigi.com/Atmos_pressure.html square of the fan rotational speed, N.
(P1/P2) = (D1/D2)2 (N1/N2)2 (1/2)
Viscosity
Standard NEMA Motor Sizes (HP) Power, W, is proportional to the cube of the fan
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity () = Shear Stress () / Shear Rate () rotational speed, N.
1 25 200 800 3000 Kinematic viscosity () = Dynamic (absolute) viscosity () / Density () (W1/W2) = (D1/D2)5 (N1/N2)3 (1/2)
1.5 30 250 900 3500 Pas = Ns/m2 = kg/m/s = 10 P Derivatives of Fan Laws
2 40 300 1000 4000 cP = mPa-s = 10-3 kg/m/s (Q1/Q2) = (D1/D2)2 (P1/P2)1/2 (1/2)-1/2
P = g/cm/s (P1/P2) = (D1/D2)-4 (Q1/Q2)2 (1/2)
3 50 350 1250 4500 poise = dynes/cm2 = g/cm/s = 0.01 Pas (N1/N2) = (D1/D2)-1 (P1/P2)1/2 (1/2)-1/2
5 60 400 1500 5000 cSt = 10-6 m2/s = 1 mm2/s = 92,903.4 ft2/s (N1/N2) = (D1/D2)-3 (Q1/Q2)
(SUS) = 4.63 (cP) / SG (W1/W2) = (D1/D2)2 (P1/P2)3/2 (1/2)-1/2
7.5 75 450 1750 6000 (W1/W2) = (D1/D2)-4 (Q1/Q2)3 (1/2)
liquid inversely proportional to temperature
10 100 500 2000 7000 gas directly proportional to temperature D = Fan size , N = Rotational speed , P = Pressure
Q = Volume flow rate , W = Power , = Gas density
15 125 600 2250 8000 based on standard air density of 0.075 lb/ft3 (1.20 kg/m3) &
20 150 700 2500 zero elevation
Pump Affinity Laws
Standard IEC Motor Sizes (kW) Capacity, Q, is directly proportional to impeller
diameter, D, or rotational speed, N:
0.75 15 132 400 1250 4000 Q2 = Q1 x [ D2 / D1 ]
1.1 18.5 160 450 1400 Q2 = Q1 x [ N2 / N1 ]
Head, H, is directly proportional to the square of
1.5 22 185 500 1600 impeller diameter, or speed:
2.2 30 200 560 1800 H2 = H1 x [ D2 / D1 ]2
H2 = H1 x [ N2 / N1 ]2
3 37 220 630 2000
Horsepower, HP, is directly proportional to the cube
4 45 250 710 2240 of impeller diameter , or speed:
5.5 55 280 800 2500 HP2 = HP1 x [ D2 / D1 ]3
HP2 = HP1 x [ N2 / N1 ]3
7.5 75 300 900 2800 If both diameter and speed are changed, the
9.2 90 315 1000 3150 equations are combined to become:
Q2 = Q1 x [(D2 x N2) / (D1 x N1)]
11 110 355 1120 3550 H2 = H1 x [(D2 x N2) / (D1 x N1)]2
HP2 = HP1 x [(D2 x N2) / (D1 x N1)]3
Power Factor (PF) = Watts / Volts/ Amps subscript 1 is for initial condition, subscript 2 is for
3 Ph kW = V X I X PF X 1.732 / 1000 new condition
Synch. RPM = Hz X 120 / # poles The information contained in these materials is for infor-
mational purposes only and is provided "AS IS", without
Torque (ft-lb) = HP X 5252 / RPM warranties of any kind. John Zink Company, LLC expressly
Est. starting current or lock rotor current disclaims any representations, warranties or guaranties,
including without limitation, the implied warranties of
= 6 to 7 X full load current [std. eff. mtr.] merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. John
= 10 to 12 X full load current [hi. eff. mtr.] Zink Company, LLC will have absolutely no liability
Retrieved 2.11.2009 from http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-ohm.htm (whether direct, indirect or consequential) in connection
with the materials including without limitation, any liability
for damage to person or property.

Flare Gas Recovery Its more than just a Compressor Skid 6.20.11 r7.56 reb