25

S x X 1 2 ( X )2 X 2
Mn 1 1
Lb / ry 2( Lb / ry ) 2
Problem 9.2.A. A simple-span, uniformly loaded beam
consists of a W 18 50 with Fy = 36 ksi. Find the
percentage gain in the limiting bending moment if a fully
245(1410) 2 1
1410(0.0496)
plastic condition is assumed, instead of a condition 300 / 2.09 2(300 / 2.09) 2

limited by elastic stress.
489, 000 98, 600
1
Elastic condition limit: 144 41, 200
3390 1.84
M = Fy Sx = 36(88.9) = 3200 kip-in. = 267 kip-ft
6, 240 kip-in. or 520 kip-ft
Plastic condition limit:
Problem 9.4.A. Design for flexure a simple beam 14 ft
M = Fy Zx = 36(101) = 3640 kip-in. = 303 kip-ft [4.3 m] in length and having a total uniformly distributed
dead load of 13.2 kips [59 kN] and a total uniformly
Gain in M = 303 267 = 36 kip-ft distributed live load of 26.4 kips [108 kN].

% gain = 36/267 100 = 13.5% 13.2

wu 1.4(DL) 1.4 1.32 kips/ft
14
Problem9.3.A. Determine the nominal bending moment or
capacity ( Mn) for a W 30 90 made of A-36 steel and the
following unbraced lengths: (1) 5 ft, (2) 15 ft, (3) 30 ft. 13.2 26.4

wu 1.2(DL) 1.6(LL) 1.2 1.6
14 14
(1) Lb = 5 ft. Table 9.1: Lp = 8.71 ft, Lr = 24.8 ft. 1.14 3.02 4.16 kips/ft

Since Lb Lp, use:

wu L2 4.16(14) 2
Mu 102 kip-ft
Mn = Mp = Fy Zx = 36(283) = 10,200 kip-in. 8 8
= 849 kip-ft M 102
Mn u 113 kip-ft
Fb 0.9
(2) Lp Lb Lr, use: M n 113 12 in.
Zx 37.8 in.
3

Fy 36 1 ft
Mr = (Fy Fr) Sx = (36 10)(245) = 6370 kip-in.
= 531 kip-ft
From Table 9.1, try W 14 26
Lb - Lp
M n M p - ( M p - M r )
L - L New wu = 4.16 + 0.026 = 4.186
r p

15 - 8.71 4.186
849 - (849 - 531) New Z x (37.8) 38.0
24.8 - 8.71 4.16
725 kip-ft
W 14 26 is still OK
(3) Lb Lr, use:

26 Worked Solutions
Problem 9.4.C. A beam of 15-ft [4.6 m] length has three M u 78.5
concentrated loads of 6 kips, 7.5 kips, and 9 kips at 4 ft, Mn 87.2 kip-ft
Fb 0.9
10 ft, and 12 ft [26.7 kN, 33.4 kN, and 40.0 kN at 1.2m,
3 m, and 3.6 m], respectively, from the left-hand support.
Design the beam for flexure. M n 87.2(12)
Zx 29.1 in.3
Fy 36
Pu = 1.2(dead load) + 1.6(live load)
From Table 9.1, try a W 12 22
Live loads: Pu1 = 1.6(6) = 9.6 kips, Pu2 = 1.6(7.5) = 12
kips, Pu3 = 1.6(9) = 14.4 kips. Add weight of beam as a distributed load:
From analysis of the beam, Mu = 81.6 kip-ft = 1.2(0.022) = 0.0264 kip/ft
wu

M u 81.6 M u 0.385 kip-ft (under point load)

Mn 90.7 kip-ft
Fb 0.9
M u 0.385
M 90.7(12) Mn 0.427 kip-ft
Zx n 30.2 in.3 Fb 0.9
Fy 36
New total Mn = 87.6 kip-ft
From Table 9.1, select: W 10 26
M n 87.6(12)
Add weight of beam as a uniformly distributed load. Zx 29.3 in.3 . W 12 22 still OK
Fy 36

wu = 1.2(dead load) = 1.2(0.026) = 0.0312 kips/ft

Problem 9.4.G. A steel beam 16-ft [4.9 m] long has a
2 2 uniformly distributed dead load of 100 lb/ft [1.46 kN/m]
wu L 0.0312(15)
Mu 0.88 kip-ft and a uniformly distributed live load of 100 lb/ft [1.46
8 8 kN/m] extending to 10 ft [3 m] from the left support. In
addition, there is a concentrated live load of 8 kips [35.6
M u 0.88 kN] at 10 ft [3 m] from the left support. Design the
Mn 0.98 kip-ft beam for flexure.
Fb 0.9
wu = 1.2(DL) + 1.6(LL) = 1.2(0.1) + 1.6(0.1) = 0.28
New total Mn = 90.7 + 0.98 = 91.69 kip-ft
kips/ft
New required Zx = 30.5 in.3 , selection still OK.
Pu = 1.6(8) = 12.8 kips
Problem 9.4.E. Design for flexure a beam 12 ft [3.6 m]
From the beam analysis:
in length, having a uniformly distributed dead load of 1
kip/ft [14.6 kN/m], a uniformly distributed live load of 1
Mu = 54.6 kip-ft (under the point load)
kip/ft [14.6 kN/m], and a concentrated load of 8.4 kips
[37.4 kN] a distance of 5 ft [1.5 m] from one support.
M u 54.6
Mn 60.7 kip-ft
wu = 1.4(DL) = 1.4(1) = 1.4 kips/ft Fb 0.9

or, wu = 1.2(DL) + 1.6(LL) = 1.2(1) + 1.6(1) = 2.8 M n 60.7(12)

kips/ft Zx 20.2 in.3
Fy 36
Pu = 1.4(DL) = 1.4(8.4) = 11.9 kips From Table 9.1, try W 10 19

From the beam load analysis: Beam weight: wu = 1.2(0.019) = 0.0228 kips/ft

Mu = 78.5 kip-ft (under the point load) Adjusted Zx = 20.5 in.3, selection still OK
27
Problem 9.4.I. A cantilever beam is 12 ft [3.6 m] long Lb - Lp
M n M p - (M p - M r )
and has a uniformly distributed dead load of 600 lbs/ft L - L
[8.75 kN/m] and a uniformly distributed load of 1000 r p

lbs/ft [14.6 kN/m]. Design the beam for flexure. 6 - .71

462 - (462 - 286) 457 kip-ft
17.2 - 5.71
wu = 1.2(DL) + 1.6(LL) = 2.32 kips/ft
Close but OK, use the W 24 62.
wu L2 2.32(12) 2
Mu 167 kip-ft
2 2 (b) Lb = 10 ft. From Table 9.1, try a W 24 68.
Additional weight makes the required Mn = 455 kip-ft.
M u 167
Mn 186 kip-ft
Fb 0.9 Lb - L p
Mn M p - M p - Mr
L - L
M n 186(12) r p

Zx 61.9 in.3 10 - 7.50

Fy 36 =480 - (849 - 303) 451 kip-ft
22.8- 7.50
From Table 9.1, try W 16 36
As this is less than the required value, the shape does not
For beam weight, wu = 1.2(0.036) = 0.0432 kips/ft work. Use a W 16 77 or a W 24 76.

New Mn = 190 kip-ft, Zx = 63.3 in.3, selection still OK (c) Lb = 15 ft. Based on previous work, try a W 24 76.

15- 8
M n 600 - (600 - 381) 500 kip-ft
Problem 9.5.A. A W shape is to be used for a uniformly 23.4 - 8
loaded simple beam carrying a total live load of 50 kips
[222 kN] and a total dead load of 22 kips [98 kN] on a 30 Which indicates that the shape is adequate.
ft [9.2 m] span. Select the lightest weight shape for
unbraced lengths of (a) 6 ft [1.83 m], (b) 10 ft [3.05 m],
(c) 15 ft [4.57 m]. (Note: This process is really laborious. It makes a case
for using some aid to shortcut the process. One aid is the
Wu = 1.2 (DL) + 1.6 (LL) use of a computer program. Another aid consists of the
= 1.2(22) + 1.6(50) = 106.4 kips series of graphs similar to Fig. 9.6 which are provided in
the AISC Manual (Ref. 5).
WL 106.4(30)
Mu 399 kip-ft
8 8

M u 399
Mn 443 kip-ft
Fb 0.9

M n 443(12)
Zx 148 in.3
Fy 36

(a) Lb = 6 ft. From Table 9.1, a W 24 62 is lightest (Lp)

is 5.71 ft or less (Lb). Try this shape and check for
buckling. Adding the weight of the beam, new values
are:

Wu = 108.6 kips, Mn = 452 kip-ft

Check for: LpLbLr , 5.71617.2

28 Worked Solutions

Problem 9.5.C. A W shape is to be used for a uniformly
loaded simple beam carrying a total live load of 50 kips
[222 kN] and a total dead load of 22 kips [98 kN] on a 30
ft [9.14 m] span. Select the lightest weigh shape for
unbraced lengths of (a) 6 ft; (b) 10 ft; (c) 15 ft.
Which indicates that the chosen shape is OK.
(c) unbraced length = 15 ft
Try the W 24 76, requires Mn = 454 kip-ft.

Wu 1.2( DL)1.6( LL) 1.2(22) 1.6(50) 106.4 kips 15- 8

M n 600 - (600 - 381) 501 kip-ft
23.4 - 8
WL 106.4(30)
Mu 399 kip-ft
8 8 Which indicates that the shape is still OK for this
unbraced length.
M u 399
Mn 443 kip-ft Problem 9.6.A, B, C. Compute the shear capacity (vVn)
Fb 0.9
for the following beams of A36 steel: A, W 24 84, C, W
10 19.
M n 443(12)
Zx 148 in.3
Fy 36 h 418
Case 1: 69.7
tw 36
From Table 9.1, lightest shape is a W 24 62 if unbraced
length is 5.71 ft or less. h 523
Case 2: 87.2
(a) unbraced length Lb = 6 ft Try the W 24 62 for the tw 36
case of LpLbLr, or 5.71617.2. Then
A: From Table A.3 = d = 24.1 in., tw = 0.470 in., tf =
Add weight of beam at 1.2(62 30) = 2.23 kips. 0.770 in.

New required Mn = 453 Kip-ft h = d 2(tf) = 24.1 2(0.770) = 22.56

Lb - Lp h 22.56
48.0 Case 1 condition
M n M p - (M p - M r )
L - L tw 0.47
r p

6 - 5.71 Aw = d tw = 24.1 0.470 = 11.33 in.2

462 - (462 - 286)
17.2 - 5.71
458 kip-ft vVn = 0.9 0.6 36 11.33 = 220 kips

As this is greater than the required value, the shape C: h = 10.24 2(0.395) = 9.45 in.
chosen is OK.
h 9.45
37.8, Case 1
(b) unbraced length Lb = 10 ft Same case as (a). tw 0.25
Trials will show W 24 62, and 68 do not work.
Try W 24 76. New total Wu = 109.1 kips. Aw = 10.24 0.25 = 2.56 in.2

109.1 vVn = 0.9 0.6 36 2.56 = 49.8 kips

New required M n (443) 454 kip-ft
106.4

10 - 8
M n 600 - (600 - 381) 572 kip-ft
23.4 - 8
29
Problem 9.7.A-D. Find the maximum deflection in Beam weight adds 1.2(0.055 36) = 2.16 kips.
inches for the following simple beams with uniformly Not critical for the selection.
distributed load. Find the values using: (a) the equation
for the beam: and (b) the curves in Fig. 9.11. (b) W 18 86, Table load = 112 kips.

A: W 10 33, span = 18 ft, service load = 1.67 klf. Beam weight not critical.

5wL4 5(1.67 /12)(18 12) 4 E Factored load = 1.2(0.625 18) + 1.6(0.333 18)
(a) D 0.794 in. = 23 kips
384 EI 384(29,000)(171)
(a) W 12 16, Table load = 24.1 kips.
(b) = 0.9 in.
Beam weight = 1.2(0.016 18) = 0.35 kips.
C: W 18 46, span = 24 ft, service load = 2.29 klf
Not critical for the shape.

5wL4 5(2.29 /12)(24 12) 4 (b) W 10 19, Table load = 25.9 kips
(a) D 0.829 in.
384 EI 384(29, 000)(712)
Beam weight = 1.2(0.019 18) = 0.41 kips
(b) = 0.8 in. Not critical for shape.

Problem 9.8.A-H. For each of the following conditions G Factored load = 1.2(0.238 42 + 1.6(1 42) =
find (a) the lightest permitted shape and (b) the =79 kips
shallowest permitted shape of A36 steel.
(a) W 24 76, Table load = 103 kips
Span (ft) Superimposed Load (klf) Beam weight not critical.
Live Dead
(b) W 21 83, Table load = 101 kips
Beam weight not critical.
A 16 3 3
C 36 1 0.5 Problem 9.10.A. Open web steel joists are to be used for
E 18 0.333 0.625 a roof with a live load of 25 psf and a dead load of 20 psf
G 42 1 0.238 (not including joist weight) on a span of 48 ft. Joists are
4 ft on center and deflection under live load is limited to
A Factored load = 1.2(3 16) + 1.6(3 16) = 134 kips 1/360 of the span. Select the lightest joist.
(a) W 16 57, Table load = 142 kips
Live load = 25(4) = 100 lbs/ft
Beam weight adds 1.2(0.057 16) = 1.09 kips, which is
not a problem for the selection. Dead load = 20(4) = 80 lbs/ft (without joists)

(b) W 10 88, Table load = 153 kips Factored load = 1.2(80) + 1.6(100) = 256 lbs/ft

Try 26K7 at 10.9 lbs/ft, Table load = 282 kips

Beam weight adds 1.2(0.088 16) = 1.69 kips, selection
OK.
Joist weight not critical.
C Factored load = 1.2(0.278 36) + 1.6(0.833 36)
Load for deflection from Table is 100 lbs/ft, exactly what
= 60 kips is required.
(a) W 21 50, Table load = 66 kips
30 Worked Solutions

psf (without the joists) on a span of 36 ft. Joists are 2 ft

on center and deflection is limited to 1/360 under live
Problem 9.10.C. Open web steel joists are to be used for load and to 1/240 of the span under total load. Select (a)
a floor with a live load of 50 psf and a dead load of 45
the lightest possible joist, and (b) the shallowest possible Problem 10.4.A. Using Table 10.2, select a column
joist. section for an axial dead load of 60 kips and an axial live
load of 88 kips if the unbraced height about both the x
Live load = 50(2) = 100 lbs/ft and y axes is 12 ft. A36 steel is to be used and K is
assumed as 1.0.
Dead load = 45(2) = 90 lbs/ft, without the joists.
Pu = 1.2(DL) + (1.6(LL) = 1.2(60) + 1.6(88) = 213 kips
Total service load = 190 lbs/ft
KL = 1.0(12) = 12 ft
Total factored load = 1.2(90) + 1.6(100) = 268 lbs/ft
From Table 10.2, possible choices are:
For total load deflection ned (240/360)(190) = 127 lbs/ft
Shape: Design Load:
(a) Try 24K4 at 8.4 lbs/ft, Table load = 340 lbs/ft for
total factored load, 150 lbs/ft for deflection due to total W 14 53 355 kips
service load. W 12 45 301 kips
W 10 33 222 kips
(b) Try 22K6 at 8.8 lbs/ft, Table load = 381 lbs/ft for W 8 31214 kips
total factored load, and 153 lbs/ft for deflection due to
total service load. Problem 10.4.C. Same data as Problem 10.4.A, except
the dead load is 142 kips and the live load is 213 kips.
Added joist weights not critical. The unbraced height about the x-axis is 20 ft and the
unbraced height about the y-axis is 10 ft.
Problem 10.3.A. Determine the maximum factored axial
load for a W 10 49 column with an unbraced height of Pu = 1.2(DL) + 1.6(LL) = 1.2(142) + 1.6(213) = 511 kips
15 ft. Assume K = 1.0.
( KL) y 1.0(10) 10 ft
Table A.3: A = 15.6 in.2, ry = 2.48 in.

KL 1.0(15 12) ( KL) x 1.0(20)

72.6 Table 10.1: Fc = 27.2 ksi ( KL)y 11.4 ft
ry 2.48 rx / ry 1.75

Pu = c Fc A = 0.85 27.2 15.6 = 361 kips X-axis controls, from Table 10.2 possible choices are:

Shape: Design Load:

Problem 10.3.C. Determine the maximum factored axial
load for the column in Problem 10.3.A, if the conditions
W 14 68 511 kips
are as shown in Figure 10.5 with L1 = 15 ft and L2 = 8 ft.
W 12 79 631 kips
Table A.3: A = 15.6 in.2, rx = 5.23 in., ry = 2.48 in. W 10 68 520 kips

KL 1.0(96) KL 1.0(180) Problem 10.4.E-H. Select the minimum size standard

38.7 , 34.4 weight steel pipe for an axial dead load of 20 kips, a live
ry 2.48 rx 5.23 load of 30 kips, and the following unbraced heights: (e) 8
ft; (g) 18 ft.
Y axis governs, from Table 10.1: Fc = 33.2 ksi
Pu = 1.2(20) + 1.6(30) = 72 kips
Pu = cFcA = 0.85(33.2)(15.6) = 440 kips
(e) 4 in. pipe, table load = 77 kips

(g) 6 in. pipe, table load = 104 kips

31

an effective unbraced height of 12 ft. Find the maximum

factored axial load.
Problem 10.4.I. A structural tubing column, designated
as HHS 4 4 3/8, of steel with Fy = 46 ksi, is used with From Table 10.5, factored load = 98 kips

Problem 10.4.K. Using Table 10.5, select the lightest
structural tubing column to carry an axial dead load of 30
kips and a live load of 34 kips if the effective unbraced
height is 10 ft.
Pu = 1.2(30) + 1.6(34) = 90.4 kips
From Table 10.5, possible choices are:
Section: Area: Table Load:
HHS 6 6 3/16 3.98 in.2 131 Kips
HHS 5 5 4.3 in.2 130 kips
HHS 4 4 3/8 4.78 in.2 119 kips
6 in. tube is lightest.
Problem 10.4.M. A double-angle compression member
8 ft long is composed of two A36 steel angles 4 3 3/8
in. with long legs back-to-back. Determine the
maximum factored axial load for the angles.
From Table 10.6: y-axis load: 104 kips, x-axis load: 112
kips. y-axis governs, load is 104 kips.
Problem 10.4.O. Using Table 10.6, select a double-angle
compression member for an axial compression
dead load of 25 kips and a live load of 25 kips if
the effective unbraced length is 10 ft.
Pu = 1.2(25) + 1.6(25) = 70 kips
Possible choice from Table 10.6:
5 3.5 5/16, for x-axis the table load limit is 70 kips.
Problem 10.5.A. It is desired to use a 12-in. W shape for
a column to support a beam as shown in Fig. 10.7.
32 Worked Solutions
Problem 11.2.A. A bolted connection of the general
form shown in Fig. 11.6 is to be used to transmit a
tension force of 75 kips dead load and 100 kips live load
by using 7/8 in. A325 bolts and plates of A36 steel with
threads included in the planes of shear. The outer plates
are to be 8 in. wide and the center plate is to be 12 in.
Select a trial size for the column for the following data:
column factored axial load = 200 kips, factored beam
reaction = 30 kips, unbraced column height is 14 ft.
From Table 10.2, m = 1.8 for the 14 ft height.
Pu Pu (m M ux ) (200 30) (1.8 30 6 /12)
257 kips
Pu 230
0.89 > 0.2, therefore correct formula was used
Pu 257
From Table 10.2, select W 12 45
Problem 10.5.C. Same as Problem 10.5.A, except axial
load is 485 kips, beam reaction is 100 kips, unbraced
height is 18 ft.
Pu Pu m M ux (485 100) (1.6 100 6 /12)
= 665 kips
Pu 485
0.73 > 0.2, therefore correct formula used
Pu 665
From Table 10.2, select W 12 96
Problem 10.5.E. a 14-in. W shape is to be used for a
column that sustains bending on both axes. Select a trial
section for an unbraced height of 16 ft and the following
factored values: total axial load = 80 kips, Mx = 85 kip-
ft, My = 64 kip-ft., unbraced height is 16 ft.
Pu Pu (m M ux ) (2m M uy )
= (80 kips) + (1.7 85) + (2 1.7 64) = 443 kips
Pu 80
0.18 < 0.2, thus incorrect formula was used
Pu 443
Pu 9
Pu [(m M ux ) (2m M uy )]
2 8
80 9
[(1.7 85) (2 1.7 64)] 448 kips
2 8
From Table 10.2, select W 14 82
wide. Find the required thickness of the plates and the
number of bolts needed if the bolts are placed in two
rows. Sketch the final layout of the connection.
Pu = 1.2(DL) + 1.6(LL) = 1.2(75) + 1.6(100) = 250 kips
From Table 11.1, design strength of a single bolt
experiencing double shear with threads included is 43.3 Thus the tension on the net area is not critical.
kips.
For bearing:
V 250
n u 5.77 or 6 vRn = 1.5(1.5)(0,6875)(58) = 89.7 kips
FvVr 43.3
Thus bearing is not critical.
From Table 11.2, minimum edge distance is 1.5 in. and
minimum spacing is 2.625 in.
Check for block shear on the middle plate.
For the plates, required cross-sectional area is
Tension: net w = 5 1 = 4 in.
Pu 250
As 7.72 in.2 Ae = 4(11/16) = 2.75 in.2
Ft Fy 0.9(36)
Ft Pn Ft Fu Ae 0.75(58)(2.75) 120 kips
For the outer plates:
Shear: net w = 2(1.5 0.5) = 2 in.
As 7.72
t 0.482 in., use 1/2 in.
2(width) 2(8) Ae = 2(11/16) = 1.375 in.2

Net width = 8 2(1.0) = 6 in. Fv Rn Fv Fu Ae 0.75(58)(1.375) 59.8 kips

Net area: Ae = 6(0.5) = 3 in.2 per plate Combined resistance = 120 + 59.8 = 180 kips

Allowable tension on the net area: Problem 12.2.A-F. Using data from Table 12.1, select
the lightest steel deck for the following:
Ft Pn Ft Fu Ae 0.75(58)(2 3) 261 kips
Span Condition: Total Load (psf): Choice:
Thus the tension on the net area is not critical.
A simple span, 7 ft 45 WR20
For bearing resistance of a single bolt:
C two-span, 8.5 ft 45 WR18
vRn = 1.5 Lc t Fu
E three-span, 6 ft 50 IR22
= 1.5(1.5)(0.5)(58) = 65.25 kips

As this is greater than the bolt capacity, bearing is not

critical

For the middle plate:

As 7.72
t 0.642 in., use 11/16 in.
width 12

Net width = 12 2(1.0) = 10 in.

Net area: Ae = 10(11/16) = 6.875 in.2

Allowable tension on the net area:

tPn = 0.75 Fu As

= 0.75(58)(6.875) = 299 kips