Angiosperm phylogeny poster (APP) Flowering plant

systematics, 2017

The "Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster Flowering Plant Systematics" is an educational tool presenting an
overview of the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants according to APG IV and APweb as of
2016. The phylogenetic tree depicts the 64 orders and the majority of the 416 families, listing the main
apomorphies and plesiomorphies as well as diagnostic and nondiagnostic anatomical, morphological, and
phytochemical features for orders and higher levels within the tree. The intuitive color-coding facilitates
memorization and teaching.

Translations of the poster by internationally renown botanists are now available in 18 languages.
Hyperlinks to APweb (Peter F. Stevens, Missouri Botanical Garden) are provided for the orders and higher
ranks.

This is one in a series of three educational posters on the phylogeny of land plants: Poster 1:
"Angiosperms", Poster 2: "Tracheophytes: Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms", Poster 3: "Bryophytes:
Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts".

PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2320v3 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 9 Jan 2017, publ: 9 Jan 2017
 Angiosperm Phylogeny
Flowering Plant Systematics

A
woody, vessels lacking; dioecious; flw T58, A, G58, 1 ovule/carpel, embryo sac 9-nucleate; 1 species (New Caledonia) A mborellAles Amborellaceae

1/1/1
G

n ymphAeAles
aquatic, herbaceous; cambium absent; aerenchyma; flw T412, A1, embryo sac 4-nucleate
r
seeds operculate with perisperm but endosperm reduced or small; mucilage; alkaloids (no benzylisoquinolines) Cabombaceae Hydatellaceae Nymphaeaceae
n

3/6/74
A
woody, vessels solitary; flw T>10, A, G ca.9, embryo sac 4-nucleate
AustrobAileyAles
ethereal oils in spherical idioblasts

D
Austrobaileyaceae Schisandraceae (incl. Illiciaceae) Trimeniaceae

3/5/100
tiglic acid, aromatic terpenoids
A e

chlorAnthAles
lvs opposite, interpetiolar stipules; nodes swollen
A flw small T03, A15, G1, 1 apical ovule/carpel Chloranthaceae

1/4/75
e n
A G woody; foliar sclereids, K and C distinct
cAnellAles
sesquiterpenes

2/10/100
aromatic terpenoids Canellaceae Winteraceae
r i
tension wood +
(pellucid dots)

nodes trilacunar
l o herbaceous; lvs two-ranked, leaf base sheathing
piperAles

4/17/4090
single adaxial prophyll; swollen nodes Aristolochiaceae (incl. Hydnoraceae) Piperaceae Saururaceae
y s
woody; lvs opposite; flw with hypanthium, staminodes frequent Calycanthaceae Hernandiaceae Monimiaceae
lAurAles

7/91/2858
p often valvate anthers; carpels with 1 ovule; embryo large
Gomortegaceae Lauraceae Siparunaceae
e mAGnoliiDs
benzylisoquinoline alkaloids

mAGnoliAles
woody; pith septate; lvs two-ranked; ovules with obturator Annonaceae Eupomatiaceae Magnoliaceae

6/154/2829
r features as in endosperm ruminate
Degeneriaceae Himantandraceae Myristicaceae
embryo sac 8-nucleate

m Early Angiosperms
infl spadix with spathe; lvs axils with mucilaginous intravaginal squamules
AcorAles
endosperm triploid

s ovules atropous, seeds with epidermal perisperm and copious endosperm; ethereal oils Acoraceae

1/1/2-4
Alismataceae Butomaceae Posidoniaceae Scheuchzeriaceae
AlismAtAles

14/166/4560
woody; vessels absent mostly herbs and aquatics; rhizomatous; hydrophilous; intravaginal squamules
eustele infl scapose; flw G apocarpous; placentation often laminar; endosperm helobial; embryo large/green Aponogetonaceae Hydrocharitaceae Potamogetonaceae Tofieldiaceae
sieve tube plastids Araceae Juncaginaceae Ruppiaceae Zosteraceae
with starch grains stem with ring of bundles
lvs simple, persistent, entire
monocots Ca oxalate
fr a follicle
East Asia petrosAviAles Petrosaviaceae

1/2/4
flw strobilar, perfect, parts free raphides
P parts varying, often in threes,
weakly differentiated scattered bundles in stem endosperm often twining vines; lvs often reticulate
DioscoreAles Burmanniaceae Dioscoreaceae Nartheciaceae Taccaceae

5/21/1037
anthers tetrasporangiate nuclear ovary often inferior, style short, branched; steroidal sapogenins/alkaloids
no secondary thickening helobial
stamen with broad filaments mostly herbaceous
pollen monosulcate pollen monosulcate some woody (with terminally tufted leaves)
pAnDAnAles

5/36/1345
G apocarpous (style short in most) sieve tube plastids with infl sometimes spathe + spadix Cyclanthaceae Pandanaceae Triuridaceae Velloziaceae
compitum (if present) extragynoecial protein crystals
nectaries absent often geophytes (bulbs, tubers, rhizomes); leaf bases often not sheathing
sympodial branching Alstroemeriaceae Corsiaceae Melanthiaceae Philesiaceae
liliAles

10/67/1558
siphonogamy lvs parallel-veined, entire flw tepals sometimes spotted, nectaries on tepals, anthers extrorse
extrafloral nectaries

double fertilization > endosperm no glandular teeth many seeds; phytomelan lacking; fructans in stems, chelidonic acid Colchicaceae Liliaceae Petermanniaceae Smilacaceae
embryo very small flw pentacyclic
P 3-merous, A opp. P often geophytes
Amaryllidaceae ( incl. Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae) Hypoxidaceae Iridaceae

14/1122/36205
AspArAGAles
filaments narrow capsule or berry
anthers broadly attached seed coat obliterated or with phytomelan Asparagaceae ( incl. Agavaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Ruscaceae) Lanariaceae Orchidaceae
septal nectary
single cotyledon Tecophilaeaceae Asphodelaceae ( incl. Xanthorrhoeaceae, Hemerocallidaceae)
radicle not persistent
woody, often monopodial

ArecAles
lvs often palmately or pinnately pseudocompound, reduplicate-plicate

15/997/18875 2/192/2585
stem-borne roots numerous
intense primary growth, large apical meristem, infl often with spathe; alkaloids Arecaceae Dasypogonaceae
mostly herbaceous; epidermis siliceous; mostly mycorrhiza absent Bromeliaceae Eriocaulaceae Poaceae Restionaceae Xyridaceae
lvs grassy; flw often anemophilous, minute, chaffy, without nectaries poAles Cyperaceae Juncaceae Rapateaceae Typhaceae (incl. Sparganiaceae)
flw monosymmetric or not, few fertile stamens
commeliniDs infl thyrsus of scorpioid cymes
commelinAles Commelinaceae Haemodoraceae Hanguanaceae

5/68/812
phenylphenalenones
Philydraceae Pontederiaceae
UV-fluorescing cell walls rhizomatous, large-leafed herbs; pseudostem common
(ferulic/coumaric acids) flw irregular/monosymmetric, septal nectaries
Cannaceae Heliconiaceae Marantaceae Strelitziaceae
ZinGiberAles
silicic acid in leaves A often strongly modified/reduced, G inferior

8/92/2185
cuticular waxes often in rodlets
aggregated into scallops
seeds often arillate, silicic acid Costaceae Lowiaceae Musaceae Zingiberaceae
aquatic; herbaceous; monoecious; lvs whorled, no pellucid dots; vessels lacking
flw T0 or 910*, A1, G1, 1 apical ovule/carpel
pollen inaperturate, pollen tube branched, hydrophilous cerAtophyllAles Ceratophyllaceae

1/1/2
Berberidaceae Eupteleaceae Menispermaceae
rAnunculAles
lvs often divided; flw parts whorled, P single or multiple whorls

7/199/4510
G apocarpous/paracarpous, superior; berberines Ranunculaceae
ethereal
oils
Circaeasteraceae Lardizabalaceae Papaveraceae

proteAles
mostly woody; flw tepals often 4-merous

4/85/1750
not in
idioblasts A epitepalous, connectives sometimes with apical appendage Nelumbonaceae Platanaceae Proteaceae Sabiaceae
woody; vessels lacking; flw tepals missing, A
G>5 laterally connate with abaxial nectaries; fr aggregate of follicles trochoDenDrAles Trochodendraceae

1/2/2
recepta-
e cular

buxAles
nectary mostly woody; mostly monoecious, flw unisexual; lvs evergreen, stomata cyclocytic
u Buxaceae (incl. Haptanthaceae)

1/7/120
common flw tepals uniform or missing; pregnane pseudoalkaloids

D dioecious, flw unisexual; lvs toothed, sec. veins palmate

i flw tepals small to lacking
GunnerAles Gunneraceae Myrothamnaceae

2/2/50
ellagic acid
c
absent

o mostly woody; lvs if veins strong, proceed to apex of teeth

flw mostly K5, persisting, mostly A, G mostly slightly connate
DilleniAles Dilleniaceae

1/10/300
t seeds often with aril; fr usually follicles
benzylisoquinolines

s lvs with glandular teeth; often hypanthium, apically unfused carpels, stigma decurrent
Altingiaceae Cynomoriaceae Haloragaceae Peridiscaceae
sAxifrAGAles

15/112/2500
fr mostly dry, dehiscent
pollen tricolpate
protandry common
myricetin, flavonols Cercidiphyllaceae Daphniphyllaceae Hamamelidaceae Paeoniaceae
flw K/C/P opp A often tendrillar vines; lvs often divided and with glandular teeth Crassulaceae Grossulariaceae Iteaceae Saxifragaceae
filaments rather narrow

vitAles
nodes 3:3 A epipetalous, 2 ovules per carpel; raphides, pearl glands

1/14/850
stomata anomocytic berries Vitaceae
microsporogenesis
simultaneous cork origin deep-seated
endosperm lacking
resinous, lignans/neolignans, harman alkaloids
2/24/345

ZyGophyllAles Krameriaceae Zygophyllaceae

ellagic and gallic acids

stipules infl cymose, flw small

G often 3-merous, nectary often intrastaminal disk
celAstrAles
2/94/1355

seeds often arillate (red-orange) or winged Celastraceae (incl. Hippocrateaceae, Brexiaceae, Parnassiaceae) Lepidobotryaceae
s lvs often compound, pulvini (sleep movement)
u Brunelliaceae Connaraceae Elaeocarpaceae
COM clade flw A5 or multiple, branched style common
oxAliDAles Oxalidaceae
7/60/1815

p mucilage cells; oxalates Cephalotaceae Cunoniaceae Huaceae

e
r f habits and habitats extremely diverse Achariaceae Euphorbiaceae Rafflesiaceae Ochnaceae Podostemaceae
e mAlpiGhiAles
36/716/16065

lvs margins toothed Chrysobalanaceae Hypericaceae Passifloraceae Rhizophoraceae

c r A flw G often tricarpellate
Clusiaceae Linaceae Phyllanthaceae Salicaceae
o u o
r b
Erythroxylaceae Malpighiaceae Picrodendraceae Violaceae
r D s i flw often papilionaceous: wing, standard, keel, C clawed, mostly G1
o
4/754/20140

fAbAles
mostly A10; fr a pod; symbiosis with root nodule bacteria
i i D Fabaceae Polygalaceae Quillajaceae Surianaceae
e c D s s
diverse alkaloids, NP amino acids, lectins (in Fabaceae)

o s i lvs mostly simple with stipules Barbeyaceae Elaeagnaceae Rosaceae

D rosAles
9/261/7725

flw K valvate (and hypanthium) persisting

t N fix Cannabaceae Moraceae Ulmaceae
s s carpels with 1 ovule, stigma dry; dihydroflavonols
Dirachmaceae Rhamnaceae Urticaceae (incl. Cecropiaceae)
embryo large
endosperm scanty lvs mostly alternate

cucurbitAles Apodanthaceae Begoniaceae Corynocarpaceae Datiscaceae

7/129/2320

flw often unisexual, G mostly inferior

parietal placentation; cucurbitacins
Anisophyllaceae Coriariaceae Cucurbitaceae Tetramelaceae
mostly trees; lvs mostly undivided; flw small, unisexual
anemophilous, thus T reduced or lacking, G mostly inferior
Betulaceae Fagaceae Myricaceae
infl spikes or catkins; fr 1-seeded, mostly nuts
fAGAles
7/33/1055

Ticodendraceae
ectomycorrhiza; tannins, dihydroflavonols Casuarinaceae Juglandaceae Nothofagaceae
stems sometimes jointed at nodes; lvs with glandular teeth

GerAniAles
2(5)/17/836

flw A obdiplostemonous, nectary outside A; fr capsule Geraniaceae Francoaceae (incl. Ledocarpaceae, Melianthaceae, Vivianiaceae)
ethereal oils, ellagic acid
flw 5-merous lvs opposite, colleters (glandular hair on adaxial surface of petiole base) Combretaceae Myrtaceae Penaeaceae (incl. Oliniaceae)
parts whorled
p stipules small (if any), cork deep seated

myrtAles
Lythraceae (incl. Punicaceae, Sonneratiaceae, Trapaceae)
9/380/11731

K + C free flw K valvate, persisting, A incurved in bud, ovary inferior, ovules many
diplostemonous
pollen tricolporate
e endosperm scanty, scaly bark, flavonols, myricetin Melastomataceae (incl. Memecylaceae) Onagraceae Vochysiaceae
G connate n woody
style + t stylodia free
crossosomAtAles Crossosomataceae Stachyuraceae
Strasburgeriaceae
7/12/66

hypanthium with nectary

endosperm nuclear
A Geissolomataceae Staphyleaceae
trees, dioecious, lvs compound, extrafloral nectaries
p
e
m staminate flw: A = and opposite C
picrAmniAles Picramniaceae
1/3/49

bark bitter, anthraquinones

A
t l mostly woody (silica/silicified)
Anacardiaceae Burseraceae Kirkiaceae Nitrariaceae Sapindaceae
sApinDAles
9/471/6700

lvs often alternate, odd-pinnately compound

A v flw often imperfect, intrastaminal disk, ethereal oils Biebersteiniaceae Meliaceae Rutaceae Simaroubaceae
l i vessel elements with scalariform perforations; mucilage cells
A D embryo
lvs margins toothed, stipules cauline
huerteAles Dipentodontaceae Gerrardinaceae Petenaeaceae Tapisciaceae
4/6/24

e s large flw small, A = and opposite K, ovules 1-2/carpel

endo- bark fibrous; hairs often stellate
Bixaceae Malvaceae (incl. Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae)
sperm
Cistaceae Cytinaceae Muntingiaceae Sarcolaenaceae
mAlvAles
10/338/6000

scanty flw K often valvate, petals contorted, A often ; mucilage

cyclopropenoid fatty acids, flavones
Dipterocarpaceae Neuradaceae Sphaerosepalaceae Thymelaeaceae
liverWorts woody or herbs; flw often 4-merous Bataceae Caricaceae Limnanthaceae Salvadoraceae
brAssicAles
18/398/4765

often clawed petals, infl racemose

mosses myrosin cells, glucosinolates Brassicaceae Cleomaceae Moringaceae Tovariaceae
hornWorts woody; lvs stomata cyclocytic
Capparaceae Koeberliniaceae Resedaceae Tropaeolaceae
lycophytes
petiole bundles annular; fr indehiscent, more or less fleshy
calcium oxalate as crystals berberiDopsiDAles Aextoxicaceae Berberidopsidaceae
2/3/4

ferns
(incl. horsetAils) woody; (semi-)parasites; mycorrhiza absent; lvs margins entire
flw A epipetalous; perianth often simple, valvate, persisting Balanophoraceae Misodendraceae Opiliaceae Schoepfiaceae
sAntAlAles
13/151/1992

pAlmferns carpels/ovaries/ovules often reduced, placentation free-central; fr drupe, one-seeded

GinkGo
polyacetylenes, triterpene sapogenins, silicic acid Loranthaceae Olacaceae Santalaceae Viscaceae
epheDrA
WelWitschiA mostly herbaceous; without mycorrhiza Aizoaceae Caryophyllaceae Molluginaceae Polygonaceae
Gnetum
seeD G often unilocular with free-central placentation Amaranthaceae Didiereaceae Nepenthaceae Portulacaceae
37/749/11600

cAryophyllAles
conifers
plAnts Gymnosperms
AnA GrADe s pollen colpate, surface spiny
betalains or anthocyanins (latter, e.g., in Caryophyllaceae)
(incl. Chenopodiaceae)
Basellaceae
Droseraceae
Drosophyllaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Phytolaccaceae
Simmondsiaceae
Talinaceae
mAGnoliiDs u mostly woody; lvs mostly undivided, hydathode teeth Cactaceae Frankeniaceae Plumbaginaceae Tamaricaceae
p flw often 4-merous, K much smaller than C, persisting
monocots Cornaceae Grubbiaceae Loasaceae
e intrastaminal disk, G inferior; fr drupaceous
cornAles
6/51/590

AnGiosperms fAbiDs r seed

diverse iridoids Curtisiaceae Hydrangeaceae Hydrostachyaceae Nyssaceae
rosiDs mAlviDs A exo-
testal Actinidiaceae Ericaceae Polemoniaceae Sarraceniaceae
s lvs teeth often theoid; nodes unilacunar
22/346/11545

Balsaminaceae Fouquieriaceae Primulaceae Styracaceae

lAmiiDs
t
embryo
long
flw 5-merous, pentacyclic
nonhydrolyzable tannins, ellagic acid, triterpenoids, hydroquinones ericAles Clethraceae Lecythidaceae Roridulaceae Theaceae
AsteriDs cAmpAnuliDs e
r
tropical trees; lvs exstipulate/entire; nodes often unilacunar Ebenaceae Myrsinaceae Sapotaceae Theophrastaceae
pedicels articulated; style short; embryo long
i endosperm copious
icAcinAles
2/24/202

indole and quinoline alkaloids (camptothecin) Oncothecaceae Icacinaceae

D
s A tropical trees; few common features; nodes usu. trilacunar

s
Metteniusa: NE Andes, cloud montane forest; lvs alternate; flw bisexual, fragrant; anthers sagittate
metteniusAles Metteniusaceae
1/11/55

late pollen sacs moniliform, dehisce longitudinally; infl axillary cyme; G(5) unilocular
sympetaly
t woody; dioecious
Theodor C. H. Cole, Dipl. Biol. e
Hartmut H. Hilger, Prof. Dr. r l
flw small, C valvate, G unilocular; fruit indehiscent
iridoids (aucubin), gutta GArryAles Eucommiaceae Garryaceae (incl. Aucubaceae)
2/3/18

Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS) i A lvs spiral, simple; nodes unilacunar
m Convolvulaceae (incl. Cuscutaceae) Solanaceae (incl. Nolanaceae)
Institute of Biology Botany D solAnAles
5/165/4125

flw petals plicate; K persisting

Freie Universitt Berlin s ii diverse alkaloids, no iridoids
Hydroleaceae Montiniaceae Sphenocleaceae
Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany D herbaceous; Africa to India; lvs opposite, glandular-pubescent
mostly sympetalous
s
vAhliAles
flw < 5 mm across, K valvate, G(3) inf, nectary
C enclosing fr septicidal capsule, K/C/A persistent; seeds minute; iridoids Vahliaceae
1/1/8

A and G in bud
G(2)
Peter F. Stevens, Ph.D. style single, long C lvs opposite, colleters Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae) Loganiaceae
GentiAnAles
5/1118/19840

nectary gynoecial forming flw corolla convolute in bud

Missouri Botanical Garden (MoBot) ovules unitegmic A=C distinct indole alkaloids; iridoids Gentianaceae Gelsemiaceae Rubiaceae
polyandry tube
endosperm cellular
St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA rare lvs opposite; nodes 1:1; flw mostly monosymmetric
iridoids + A Acanthaceae Lamiaceae Orobanchaceae Plantaginaceae
24/1059/23810

and infl A often 2(+2); gland-headed hairs with radially arranged cells
lAmiAles
epipetalous
cymose 6-oxygenated flavones, Bignoniaceae Lentibulariaceae Paulowniaceae Scrophulariaceae
University of MissouriSt. Louis fr a drupe oligosaccharides cornoside, verbascoside (acetoside) Byblidaceae Martyniaceae Pedaliaceae Stilbaceae
seed single
Department of Biology ellagic acid lvs roughly hairy; nodes unilacunar Gesneriaceae Oleaceae Phrymaceae Verbenaceae
St. Louis, MO 63121-4499, USA lacking
infl scorpioid; mostly 4 ovules
6-11/150/3095

isokestose, higher inulins,

pyrrolizidine alkaloids borAGinAles Boraginaceae Codonaceae Coldeniaceae Cordiaceae Ehretiaceae (+ Lennoaceae)
Heliotropiaceae Hydrophyllaceae Namaceae Wellstediaceae
woody; lvs serrate
________________________________________________________________________________________ flw 1-2 ovules/carpel, C free, K slightly connate
AquifoliAles Aquifoliaceae Cardiopteridaceae Stemonuraceae
5/21/536

COLE TCH, HILGER HH, STEVENS PF (2017) Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster Flowering Plant Systematics fr usually drupe with broad stigma
hypothetical tree based on molecular phylogenetic data (Dec. 2016) early
phylogeny, classification, and features chiefly follow APweb and APG
sympetaly
flw small
herbs or shrubs; flw often monosymmetric Asteraceae Goodeniaceae Pentaphragmataceae
plunger sec. pollination device (long style)
AsterAles
11/1743/26870

64 orders and around 420 families currently recognized by APG IV (some minor families excluded here)
contrary to APG, but in compliance with APweb and other seminal sources, we here recognize several families within Boraginales
embryo nodes trilacunar Calyceraceae Menyanthaceae Rousseaceae
short
branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale inulin, sesquiterpenes, secoiridoids Campanulaceae (incl. Lobeliaceae) Stylidiaceae
the characters listed do not necessarily apply to all members of the according clade
position of various characters on the tree uncertain c mostly woody; infl racemose, C free
escAlloniAles Escalloniaceae
1/9/130

for family characteristics see: FGVP, Kubitzki K, ed. (1990 ff) anthers basifixed, nectary disc
orders (and higher ranks) are linked to the according pages on APweb A
numbers set in gray next to orders refer to families, genera, and species m woody; evergreen; nodes 1:1
bruniAles Bruniaceae Columelliaceae (incl. Desfontainia)
2/14/79

flw polysymmetric, anthers basifixed

* Ceratophyllum: the alleged tepals could be bracts (issue being addressed in ongoing research and debate); ** Rosids: phylogeny within the group controversial p
This poster is now available in 18 languages (please refer to the authors pages on ResearchGate) A woody (except Apiaceae)
lvs often divided; nodes usu. multilacunar Apiaceae Griseliniaceae Pennantiaceae
A piAles
The Authors, 2017 (CC-BY)

References: Stevens PF (2017) APweb www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb

n
7/494/5489

G inferior infl mostly umbel; drupe or schizocarp

APG IV (2016); Judd W et al. (2016); Simpson M (2010); Soltis DE et al. (2005/2011/2014); Watson/Dallwitz (2016) delta-intkey.com/ Araliaceae Myodocarpaceae Pittosporaceae
Acknowledgements to our contributors, translators, and consultants: Julien B. Bachelier, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Christoph Dobe, Ray F. Evert, Mohamed Fennane, Marc Gottschling,
u fr usually
(Apiaceae: mericarp/carpophore)

l 1few-seeded

pArAcryphiAles
Akitoshi Iwamoto, Chen-Kun Jiang, Anna Kagiampaki, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Sangtae Kim, Asl Doru-Koca, Nikos Krigas, Diego Medan, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Sofi Mursidawati, Anastasiya V. Odintsova, woody; infl racemose, flw 4-merous
Richard G. Olmstead, Peter H. Raven, Yasaman Salmaki, Federico Selvi, Douglas E. Soltis, Trn Hu ng, Pramote Triboun, Zoya M. Tsymbalyuk, Maximilian Weigend, Michael Wink, Shahin Zarre i filaments stout; capsule septicidal Paracryphiaceae
1/3/36

Angiosperm Tracheophyte Bryophyte D lvs opposite, often basally connate

Phylogeny Phylogeny Phylogeny s buds with scales
Caprifoliaceae Adoxaceae
flw often monosymmetric
DipsAcAles
2/46/1090

Poster Poster Poster K persistent in fruit; secoiridoids (incl. Dipsacaceae Diervillaceae Linnaeaceae Morinaceae Valerianaceae)

PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2320v3 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 9 Jan 2017, publ: 9 Jan 2017