PLURAL

US I UM A A AE IS ES
alumnus alumni acetabulum acetabula alga algae analysis analyses
alveolus alveoli atrium atria alumna alumnae auris aures
bacillus bacilli bacterium bacteria aorta aortae axis axes
bronchus bronchi calcaneum calcanea axilla axillae basis bases
calcaneus calcanei cecum ceca bursa bursae crisis crises
calculus calculi cerebrum cerebra cannula cannulae diagnosis diagnoses
carpus carpi cilium cilia coxa coxae dialysis dialyses
coccus cocci cranium crania fibula fibulae ecchymosis ecchymoses
embolus emboli curriculum curricula flora florae ellipsis ellipses
esophagus esophagi datum data formula formulae epistaxis epistaxes
focus foci duodenum duodena lacuna lacunae hypothesis hypotheses
fungus fungi endocardium endocardia larva larvae metatarsis metatarses
humerus humeri epithelium epithelia lingua linguae neurosis neuroses
locus loci ilium ilia macula maculae oasis oases
malleus mallei ischium ischia maxilla maxillae paralysis paralyses
malleolus malleoli medium media medulla medullae paranthesis parantheses
microvillus microvilli mediastinum mediastina mucosa mucosae pelvis pelves
nucleus nuclei myocardium myocardia palpebra palpebrae prognosis prognoses
oculus oculi omentum omenta patella patellae prophylaxis prophylaxes
phalangus phalangi ovum ova pleura pleurae psychosis psychoses
radius radii pericardium pericardia plica plicae pubis pubes
ramus rami periosteum periostea scapula scapulae symphysis symphyses
stimulus stimuli residuum residua sequela sequelae synthesis syntheses
streptococcus streptococci sacrum sacra tibia tibiae testis testes
sulcus sulci septum septa trachea tracheae thesis theses
syllabus syllabi spectrum spectra ulna ulnae
talus tali sporangium sporangia vena venae
tarsus tarsi sputum sputa vena cava venae cavae
thrombus thrombi sternum sterna vertebra vertebrae
uterus uteri stratum strata vesica vesicae
vagus vagi
villus villi

US ORA/ERA ON A IS IDES EN INA

corpus corpora criterion criteria arthritis arthritides foramen foramina
crus crura ganglion ganglia dermatitis dermatitides limen limina
genus genera phenomenon phenomena epidermis epidermides lumen lumina
latus latera protozoon protozoa epiglottis epiglottides stamen stamina
pectus pectora spermatozoon spermatozoa iris irides/irises
viscus viscera mitochondrion mitochondria
IX/EX/AX ICES X GES MA MATA
appendix appendices coccyx coccyges carcinoma carcinomata
cervix cervices larynx larynges emphysema emphysemata
cicatrix cicatrices meninx meninges melanoma melanomata
matrix matrices phalanx phalanges oedema oedemata
radix radices pharynx pharynges sarcoma sarcomata
varix varices salpinx salpinges schema schemata
apex apices syrinx syringes stigma stigmata
cortex cortices stoma stomata
index indices trauma traumata
pollex pollices
thorax thoraces

consoana => ges: laryNx -> laryNges

vocala => ces: thorAx -> thorAces

SG = PL SG PL
apparatus caput capita
ductus cor corda
hiatus dens dentes
meatus femur femora
series furfur furfures
species genu genua
stapes incus incudes
stapidies margo margines
tractus os orra
os ossa
pancreas pancreata
pars parties
pes pedes
pons ponties
pulmo pulmones
ren renes
stapes stapedes
vas vassa
 SYNONYMS

abnormality = anomaly breastfeed = lactate

absence = lack
absorb = take in
abundant = plentiful
activate = trigger, induce
accumulate = gather
accurate = precise
additive = cumulative
adequate = proper, appropriate
adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary
adverse reaction = side effect
agony = torment
aim = goal, objective, purpose
airways = air passages
alike = similar, identical
allergy = hypersensitivity
alopecia = baldness
alveolus = air pockets (sacs)
ambulation = walking
analgesic = painkiller
anaphylaxis = severe allergic reaction
angina pectoris = chest pain
antiemetic = anti-vomiting
appearance = occurrence
appointment = call
arteriosclerosis = hardening of the arteries
articulation = joint
asphyxiation = suffocation
assay = test, trial, attempt
atrium = auricle
atrophy = degeneration
auscultation = listening
autopsy = postmortem evaluation
available = accessible
bad breath = halitosis
bedridden = immobilised to bed
before = prior to, anterior to
bending = flexion
bind = to link, unite, merge, combine
biotransformation = drug metabolism
bleeding = blood loss, hemorrhage
blood = vascular
blood clot = thrombus
blood group = blood type
blood platelet = thrombocyte
bloodstream = blood flow
bony = osseous
bore = hole
boundary = limit, margin, extremity, edge
brittle = fragile
bruise = ecchymosis, hematoma
bursitis = housemaids knee
calcaneum = heel bone
cancellous = spongy, porous
cancerous = malignant
candida = thrush
cardiac arrest = myocardial stop
cardiologist = heart specialist
carpals = carpal bones = bones of the wrist
carry out = perform
cast = plaster
cavity = socket, hole
cerebral palsy = (to be) spastic
cervix = neck
chemist = druggist, pharmacist
childbirth = parturition
chills = rigor
chiropodist = foot doctor, podiatrist (podolog)
clavicle = collarbone
closed fracture = simple fracture
clotting = obstruction
cluster = bundle, group
coccyx = tailbone, rump bone
cold = coryza
colorectal surgery = proctology
compassion = empathy
compulsory = mandatory, obligatory, required
concussion = brain injury
condition = problem, trouble
contagious = infectious, transmissible,
catching, communicative, communicable
container = recipient
continuous = ongoing, permanent
cough = tussis
covered = coated, draped
covering = protecting
coxal bone = hip bone
cranium = skull
crave = lust, to long for
crossed-eyed = squint
cure = heal
cut = laceration, incision
cutaneous = dermal
cyanosis = bluish discoloration
dangerous = hazardous
defect = fault
degenerative = progressivly damaging
delay = postpone fascia = fibrous tissue
depicted = described family doctor = family physician, general
dermis = corium, derma, cutis practitioner (GP)
detalied = minute, thorough fatal = deadly, lethal
device = machine fatigue = tiredness
diaphoresis = extreme sweating febrile = fevirish, pyretic
dietitian = nutritionist feed = nourish
diffuse = spread, scatter fellow = subspecialist
disability = inability, incapacity fellowship = subspecialty training
disadvantage = drawback femur = thigh bone
disease = affliction, ailment, illness, fever = pyrexia
sickness, trouble, malady fibula = splinter bone, calf bone
distress = discomfort fit = healthy
dizziness = vertigo, unsteadiness fixed = immobile
doctor = clinician, physician, medical flatulence = wind, gas
practitioner foramen = opening
dormant = inactive, inert, latent, passive forefinger = index
dormitory = dorm, hostel form = shape
drops (eye) = instillation formation = synthesis
drowsy = sleepy frequency = rate, speed
duct = tube, tunnel freshman = fresher
dyspnea = shortness of breath, air hunger frontal = anterior/ventral
dyspepsia = indigestion, upset stomach function = role
eager = willing fungus = mold
echography = ultrasound gall = bile
effort = exertion gallbladder = cholecyst
egg = ovum gaster = stomach
emesis = vomiting general = systemic
empty = hollow germ = microbe, pathogen
endocrine glands = ductless glands = glands gigantism = giantism, macrosomia
of internal secretion groove = sulcus
endurance = resistance, stamina gross anatomy = macroscopic anatomy
endure = resist, withstand growth = development
enema = clyster gum = gingiva
enhance = improve happen = occur, to take place
enlarge = dilate, expand, widen hay fever = allergic rhinitis
epidemic = outbreak healthcare = medical care
episode = attack, seizure, paroxysm heart attack = myocardial infarction
epistaxis = nosebleed heartburn = pyrosis
epithelial tissue = epithelium hematopoiesis = formation of blood cells
eruption = rush hemorrhage = massive/severe bleeding
eructation = belching, burping hemorrhoids = piles
erythrocyte = red blood cell herpes simplex = cold sore
(o)esophagus = gullet herpes zoster = shingles
essay = written report hiatus = perforation
etiology = cause, origin histology = microscopic anatomy
exhibit = show homogenous = compact
exocrine glands = duct glands hospital chart = observation chart
expectoration = sputum humerus = upper arm bone
extension = stretching hypotension = low blood pressure
fainting = syncope, loss of consciousness hypertension = high blood pressure
fallopian tube = salpinx inactivate = neutralize
incapable of = unable to mumps = infectious parotitis, epidemic parotitis
incus = anvil myocyte = muscle cell
indispensable = vital narrowing = stenosis
induced = provoked, caused nas(o) = rhin(o)
infectious mononucleosis = glandular fever, nephro = reno
kissing disease nerve cell = neurone
inflexible = rigid neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary
influenza = the flu neurosurgery = brain surgery
ingest = swallow nose = nasal passages
inherited = genetic, hereditary nosocomial infection = hospital acquired infection
inhibit = suppress normal = physiological
injection = shot nutritive = nourishing
injury = wound (o)edema = swelling
innate = natural obstruction = blockage, congestion, occlusion
inpatient = hospitalised patient onset = start, beginning
inspecting = looking open fracture = compound fracture
integument = skin ophthalmologist = eye doctor
intern = physician in training orderly = porter
internship = hands-on medical training origin = source
intestine = bowel, gut orthopedist = orthopedic surgeon
intolerance = allergy, abnormal sensitivity ossicles = bones of the ear
itching = pruritus osteoblast = bone forming cell
job = role, task, function otolaryngologist = ENT specialist
larynx = voice box outcome = result, prognosis
lateral = outside outpatient = ambulatory patient
layer = stratum overall = total, general
laymans terms = simple/general terms over the counter medication (OTC) = non-
lazy = slob prescription drugs
leak = outflow pace = rhythm
lethargy = fatigue, exhaustion, tiredness pacemaker = cardiac stimulator
leukocyte = white blood cell pain = ache
licence = bachelors degree paleness = pallor
likelihood = probability paralysis = palsy
likely to = prone to, susceptible to paramedic = emergency medical technician
limb = member paramedical personnel = health-allied personnel
lining = padding patella = knee cap
lipid = fat peak = top, tip, apex, summit
lumbago = lower back pain pep pill = stimulant
lump = nodule percussion = tapping
lung = pulmon pernicious = harmful, delirious
malaise = nausea personnel = staff
malleus = hammer/mallet pertussis = whooping cough
mandible = lower jaw phalanx = bone of the finger/toe
matrix = uterus, womb pharmacy = drugstore
maxilla = jawbone, upper jaw pharynx = throat
medial = inside phlegm = thick mucus, sputum
medicine = medication, drug phylaxis = protection against infection
mental hospital = psychiatric hospital pineal = epiphysis
mild = minor pinky = baby finger
minute = tiny, small pit = fossa/hole
moist = humid, damp pituitary = hypophysis
mouth = oral cavity, stoma platelets = thrombocytes
pneumonia = pneumonitis stiffness = ankylosis
poisonous = toxic strabismus = squint
poliomyelitis = polio strenuous = exhausting, demanding
polix = thumb striations = stripes
posterior (view) = rear stroke = cerebral infarction, cerebrovascular accident
predisposition = susceptibility stuffy nose = blocked nose
prescription = medication order sudoriferous = sweat glands
private practice = medical office supervise = monitor, oversee
prophylaxis = prevention supply = deliver, provide, give
pulse = heart rate sutures = stitches
radius = forearm bone swallowing = deglutition
range = variety system = structure, organisation
readily = easily tarsal = tarsal bone, bone of the ankle
recovery = recuperation term = semestre
recovery period = convalescence tendonitis = tennis elbow
relapse = recurrence testicles = testes
relieve = allay, alleviate, assuage, calm, tetany = intermitent cramp
comfort, dull, ease, mitigate, palliate, soothe thin = slim, slender
ren = kidney tibia = shinbone, shankbone
renal calculi = kidney stones tight junction = occluding junction
residency = speciality training tongue = glossa, lingua
resident = specialist in training to abstain = to restrain
resist = withstand to amputate = to cut, to sever, to eliminate
rhinorrhea = runny nose to ascertain = to determine
rigidity = stiffness to bandage = to dress a wound
root = radix to be good at = to excel in, to be proficient in
routed = directed, distributed to break down = to decompose
rubella = German measles to breathe in = to inhale, inspire
rubeola = measles, morbilli to breathe out = to exhale, expel
saliva = spit to bring about = to cause, to determine (to
scanty = insufficient happen), to stir
scapula = shoulder blade to bring back = to restore
scar = cicatrix to care for patients = to attent to patients
schedule = timetable to catch = to pick-up (a disease)
sclerosis = hardening to chew = to masticate
sebaceous = oil glands to compensate for = to make-up for
secrete = release, emit, produce to constrict = to narrow
sepsis = blood infection to cut down = to reduce
serious = severe to cut out = to eliminate
shaft = diaphysis to dispose of = to discard, to get rid of, to
sideways = lateral dispense with, to eliminate
sight = vision to err = to make a mistake
site = place, location to fall into = to fall under
slurred speech = dysarthria, mumbling to give off = to emit
sore = ulcer, wound to grade someone = to mark someone
spectrum = array, range to inflame = to swell
spermatozoon = male sex cell to line = to pad
squama = scale, solze to be medically insured = to be covered by
stapes = stirrup medical insurance, to have a medical insurance
state (hospital) = public, government to mould = to shape
sternum = breastbone, chestbone to replace = to substitute
sternutation = sneezing to sweat = to perspire
to test/feel/check/measure the pulse varicella = chickenpox
to weaken = to debilitate variola = smallpox
torticollis = wryneck verrucae = warts
trachea = windpipe vertebral column = spinal column, back
turning = rotation bone, spine
ulna = cubitus, elbow bone waste = residue, debris, residuum
undue = unnecessary weakness = frailty, fragility
urticaria = hives, heat spots, nettle rash while = whilst
vagus nerve = pneumogastric nerve worker = employee

Opposites
dis like, satisfaction, infect
anti pyretic, biotic, tussive, inflammatory
(mal) dys trophy, lexia, function

abductor adductor efficient inefficient

ability disability, inability endocrine exocrine
able unable extracellular intracellular
abundant scarce febrile antifebrile
activation inactivation flabby muscle tone
active passive formation malformation
acute chronic front rear
adequate inadequate function dysfunction
adverse benefic harmful harmless
anterior posterior healthy unhealthy, sick, ill
appropriate inappropriate heterogeneous homogeneous
balance imbalance, unbalance humidified dehumidified
benign malignant hydration dehydration
body antibody hypo hyper
breathe-in breathe-out hypoventilation hyperventilation
coagulant anticoagulant ill healthy, fit
comfortable uncomfortable indication contraindication
compatible incompatible infectious noninfectious
compose decompose inflammatory noninflammatory, anti-inflammatory
congestant decongestant inhale exhale
connected disconnected, unconnected inspiration expiration
conscious unconscious internal external
contagious noncontagious intra extra
continuous discontinuous intravenous extravenous
contraction relaxation mature immature
coordinated uncoordinated mild severe
curable incurable movable immovable
diagnose misdiagnose mycotic antimycotic
directly indirectly normal abnormal
diuretic antidiuretic organic inorganic
donor recipient organization disorganization
dorsal ventral organized disorganized
dry moist outer inner
edible inedible outer-most inner-most
effective ineffective overexposure underexposure
oxygenate deoxygenated
painful painless, pain-free
palatable (gustos) unpalatable
permeable impermeable
plentiful scarce
proper improper
pyretic antipyretic
reactive non-reactive
regular irregular
responsible irresponsible
rhythmic arrhythmic
rigid soft
sensitive non-sensitive, insensitive
sepsis asepsis
septic antiseptic, aseptic
skill-full skill-less
smooth rough
soluble insoluble
specific nonspecific
stable unstable
sterile contaminated, unsterile
steroidal non-steroidal
Enteral - per os: ora, ossa
- suppository
Parenteral: IV, IM, SC, IA
Topical ointment = unguent
- liniment = alifie
- drops = picaturi
triangle => triangular
rectangle => rectangular
square => square
circle => circular
sphere => spherical
cone => conical
pyramid => pyramidal
tube => tubular
dome => dome-shaped
pear => pear-shaped
bean => bean-shaped
structure structureless
structured unstructured
superficial deep, profound
systole diastole
to constrict to enlarge, dilate
to continue to discontinue, to interrupt, to
stop, to cease
to cure a disease to heal an injury
to increase to decrease, to reduce
to infect to disinfect
to inhibit to slow, to stop
to pass to fail
to provide to get rid of
to supply to receive
understand misunderstand
used blood cleansed blood
utopia dystopia
vascular avascular
visible invisible
vital non-vital
voluntary involuntary
wide spread localised
nose = pyramidal
gallbladder = pear-shaped
liver = triangular
heart = conical
kidney = bean-shaped
eye => spherical
esophagus => tubular
verb => noun The cure for HIV is complex.
to cure => cure I need something to cure my addiction.
to prescribe => prescription I just got the medical prescription.
to refer => referral After you finish med school you can prescribe
to contaminate => contamination medication.
to administer => administration Please refer to me by my first name.
to diagnose => diagnosis The doctor game me a referral.
to experience => experiment You must be careful not to contaminate others.
to withdraw => withdrawal The contamination extended beyond the city border.
to examine => examination Did you administered the shot?
The administration of the drugs was done 2h ago.
We must rule out a possible diagnosis.
Its hard to diagnose some infections from other.

to lay laid laid (a organiza)

to lie lay lain (a sta culcat)
to lie lied lied (a minti)

a surgeon - operates on a patient

- performs/does surgery
surgery room = operation room (OR)

surgery can reffer to: - the operation room

- the operation itself / the procedure
- the specialty

bedside manners = the way a doctor interacts and communicates with patients
dead on arrival = DoA
bedsore = hospital gangrene = pressure sore/ulcer/gangrene = decubital gangrene = decubitus
ulcer = nosocomial gangrene

anesthetist anesthesiologist
anesthetist = the person who administers the anesthetic
anesthesiologist = specialist who prescribes the anesthetic, doses

to suture = the medical act

the suture = the suture itself
suture = the material used for suture (surgical thread)

ailment = durere usoara eye sore = ulcior

complaint = durere locala leprosy = lepra
disease = pe termen lung lozenges = drajeuri medicale
disorder = tulburare nettle = urzica
sickness = stare bolnavicioasa orderly = brancardier
attending doctor/physician = medic curant pep = vlaga
senior specialist = medic primar pilgrim = pelerin
bedridden patient = imobilizat la pat plaster = ghips
endowments = inzestrare, dotare private/individual room = rezerva
hemodialysis unit = unitate de dializat rubella = pojarel
hospital stay = perioada de internare rubeola = pojar
hospital training = stagiu de pregatire in spital thrush = afta
hospital wastes = deseuri de spital strecher = targa
trolley = pat mobil
teaching hospital = spital clinic
university hospital = spital universitar
to admit a patient = a interna un pacient
to discharge a patient from a hospital = a
externa un pacient
to dispense = eliberare medicamente fara retete
bedsore = escara
knot = nod
surgical approach = abord chirurgical
surgical appliance = dispozitiv chirurgical
curette = chiureta
curettage = chiuretaj
drain = tub de dren
flap = lambou
surgical bone impression = amprenta osoasa
chirurgicala
surgical suite = bloc operator
surgical wound infection = infectia plagii chirurgicale
chief surgeon = surgeon-in-chief = chirurg principal
assistant surgeon = chirurg asistent mana a 2-a
throbbing pain = durere pulsatila
istorical record = fisa medicala
ward = salon
unit = sectie
individual/private room = rezerva
salary = once a month
wage = two times a month

Combining forms
blood hemo-, hemato-
blood vessels angio-
bone osteo- Surgery suffixes
bronchia bronch(o)- -centesis = surgical puncture
cancer onco- -clasia = crushing, breaking up
fluid hydro- -desis = fusion of two parts, stabilization
heart cardio- -ectomy = surgical removal
joint arthro- -odynia = pain
liver hepato- -oma = tumor
lung pneumo- , pulmo- -opsy = looking at
muscle myo- -oscopy = viewing of
nervous system neuro- -ostomy = surgical creating a hole
nose rhino- -otomy = cutting into, incision
pancreas pancreato- -pexy = fixing, lifting, securing
pus pyo- -plasty = modifying, reshaping
renal system nephro- -rrhaphy = strenghtening with suture
stomach gastro- -rrhexis = breaking, rupturing, splitting
tissue histo-
 Education
Levels of education
- Pre-school - kindergarden
- nursery school
- Elementary school: 1-8
Primary school: 1-4
Gymnasium: 5-8
- Secondary school = Highschool
Junior: 9-10
Senior: 11-12
- Higher education = invatamant superior
Formal education = until 10th class
Profil: real = sciences; uman = humanities
academic year = an universitar
to enroll = a se inscrie
enrollment = inscriere
to attend (lectures/seminars) = a frecventa
attendance list = lista de prezenta
to make the roll call = a face prezenta
to expel = a exmatricula
to drop out = a abandona/ renunta
to take a year off = a lua pauza 1 an
to miss a class, to skip a class
headmaster/headmistress
teachers staffs room = cancelaria
baccalaureate diploma
to be on a leave = a fi in concediu
to be on a sick leave = a fi in concediu
medical
timetable/schedule = orar
mark/grade = nota
school report = situatia scolara
to assess = a asculta
assessment = evaluare
average = medie
GPA = grade point average = nota de trecere
overall GPA = media anilor de scoala
to take/sit for a test
to flunk = a pica
to pass = a trece
to pass with flying colors
resit = restanta
to cheat
subject = materie (history, geography, math)
to be good at/ bad at
to be proficient in a language
proficient = expert, competent
the 3 Rs: Reading Writing, Arithmetics
illiterate = analfabet
illiteracy = analfabetism
assignment = tema
spelling = ortografie
midwife = moasa
freshman = student in anul I
sophomore = student in anul II
bachelors degree = diploma de licenta
masters degree = diploma de master
bachelors/masters degree of arts/sciences
undergraduate education = licenta
graduate education = masterat (educatie
universitara)
postgraduate education = educatie
postuniversitara
PhD = doctors degree
MD = ptr cei ce au terminat facultatea de
medicina
grade record = foaie matricola
academic year/ grade record
curriculum = plan de invatamant curricula
syllabus = programa
certificate = adeverinta
private/ state university
vocational school = scoala profesionala
substitute teacher = profesor suplimentar
academic rank:
- asistent universitar = assistant lecturer
- sef de lucrari/lector = lecturer
- conferentiar = associate professor
- profesor universitar = full professor
teaching load = norma didactica
care subjects = materii de
baza/fundamentale
required subjects = materii obligatorii
elective subjects = materii optionale
university = universitate
faculty = facultate
department = departament
chair = catedra
rector vice-rector
dean vice-dean
head of department
head of chair
registrar = secretar de facultate
chief registrar = secretar sef
personal assistant = secretar particular
evening courses = cursuri de seara
distance education
registration fee = taxa de inscriere
tuition fee = taxa de scolarizare
lecture hall = sala de cursuri
term = semestru
lab = laborator
dormitory = dorms = camin
exam session = sesiune de examene
entrance examination = examen de admitere
examiner = examinator
oral exam; practical exam = colocviu
make-up exam = examen de diferenta
score = punctaj
revision = recapitulare
revise for a exam
to defend your doctors dissertation
the public defense of a PhD thesis
thesis = teza, dizertatie
made by IN0
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