Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing 2016 Indian Association of Health,

2016, 7(4), 378-382 Research and Welfare

http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/19#list ISSN-p-2229-5356,e-2321-3698

Physical self-concept and physical activity of overweight adolescent girls

M. Ramya Maheswari and Sheela Hemalatha Julius
Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore

The aim of the current investigation is to compare the physical self - concept of overweight and non overweight
adolescent girls and to find if exist, a relationship of physical self-concept with weight status and levels of physical
activity among overweight adolescent girls. Expost-facto research design was used for the present study. The
sample consists of 50 overweight and 50 Non-overweight adolescent girls in the age range of 16-17. Body Mass
Index categorized overweight adolescent girls from their non -overweight counterparts. It is hypothesized that over-
weight and non- overweight adolescent girls will not differ in their physical self - concept. Richard's Physical self -
concept scale (1987) was used to collect data. The scale measures seven factors of physical self concept namely
body build, action, appearance, health, physical ability, strength and satisfaction. Descriptive statistics, t tests and
Pearson's r were used to analyses data. Results showed that there was no significant mean difference between
overweight and non-overweight adolescent girls on various dimensions of the physical self- concept scale and the
relationship between physical self - concept and physical activity was found to be weak and non-significant

Keywords: physical self-concept, physical activity, overweight adolescent girls

Adolescence begins at puberty and ends with stable commitment to
adult role. During and after puberty the sense of self changes
profoundly. Children become increasingly self- conscious and
become more aware of, concerned with others opinions. The
continuing development of self during adolescence leads to the
integration between one's and other persons mental states. Two main
sources of information contribute and lay foundation to the
development of self- concept. Direct appraisals of 'what we are like'
can be abstracted from our reactions to the past events and experience
whereas reflected appraisals results from our beliefs about how we
are seen by others, a concept referred to as the looking glass self. By
early adolescence, children are making comparison with others and
to understand that others are making comparisons and judgement.
They also place higher value on others judgement. Thus the looking glass
self takes a prominent role in self-concept. Self - concept thus can be
defined as person's self-perceptions that are formed through experience
with and interpretations of one's environment (Marsh, 2001).
Physical self-concept as one of the domains of general self-
concept in the multidimensional hierarchical self-concept model
(Marsh et al., 1994; Marsh et al., 1997; Fox, 2002; Marsh & Craven,
2006; Peart et al., 2007). This model was developed by Herbert
Marsh with associates, according to Shavelson's model of self-
concept (Marsh et al., 1994). Hierarchically highest is General self-
concept, while lower order factors are Academic self-concept and Non-
academic self-concept (which includes Social self-concept, Emotional
self-concept and Physical self-concept) (Marsh et al., 1994).
Overweight during the pubertal period contributes to negative
self-evaluations (Alsaker, 1992) and to low perceptions of physical
appearance, particularly for girls (Craft et al., 2003). In comparison
with those of normal weight, overweight children and adolescents
have a lower physical self - concept (Strauss, 2000; Sung et al., 2005;
Marsh et al., 2007). Of great concern currently are the results of
research indicating that with greater age there is a decrease in
Correspondence should be sent to M. Ramya Maheswari
Research Scholar, Research and Development Centre
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
physical exercise, especially during adolescence (Crocker et al.,
2006). Among young people, the decrease in physical activity level
is greater among girls.
Research has demonstrated that physical self-concept is an
important facilitator of physical activity and exercise (Peart et al.,
2007) and that it has relevance for the development of an active and
healthy lifestyle (Marsh et al., 2006). Research has also given
support to the idea that physical self - concept and physical exercise
behaviour are reciprocally related and mutually reinforcing (the
reciprocal effects model REM) (Marsh & Craven, 2006; Marsh et
al., 2006). In brief, a more positive prior level of physical self-
concept leads to a higher level of exercise behaviour, and a higher
prior level of exercise behaviour leads to a higher level of physical
self-concept (Marsh & Craven, 2006; Marsh et al., 2006). Hence,
according to REM, physical education teachers and health care
professionals should strive to improve simultaneously both physical
self-concept and exercise behaviour (Marsh et al., 2006). Hence the
current investigation attempts to understand the dimensions of
physical self - concept on which overweight and non overweight
adolescent girls differ. The results have implication for designing
intervention for overweight adolescent girls.
Review of related literature
Willows, Ridley, Raine and Maxima (2013) in their cross-sectional
study examined associations between adiposity, body size
satisfaction, body image and self - concept in indigenous children in
grades four to six living in Cree Communities in Canada. Children
were predominantly overweight and obese. Results showed that
40% of children have low global self concept indicating that they
had serious doubts about their self - worth and lacked confidence.
34.7% of children did not like the way they looked and 46% scored
low on physical appearance and attributes domain of self concept
indicating poor self - esteem. Higher BMI z scores were associated
with lower scores of global self concept, intellectual and school
status, physical appearance and its attributes. Despite comparable
weight status to boys, girls were more likely to have a low score on
global self concept, physical appearance and attributes and desiring
to be smaller and not liking the way they looked.
 Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing 2016, 7(4), 378-382 379

Pisk, Mihanovi, Silic, ,Bogovi, and Vidovic ( 2012) studied the
association between obesity and self-concept among adolescent
girls. The study sample consisted of 40 overweight (BMI 25 - 30) 18-
year-old girls in their last year of high school. A further 40 girls of the
same age with a BMI of 18 - 25 formed a control group. The Offer
Self-Image Questionnaire for Adolescents (OSIQ) was used to
evaluate their self-concept. Statistically significant differences
between two groups were found in two components of the OSIQ,
sexual attitudes and psychopathology, but no differences were found
in other components such as impulse control, emotional tone, body
and self-image, social relations, morals, family relations, mastery of
the external world, vocational educational goals and superior
adjustment. Results suggest that overweight adolescent girls are less
adjusted with regard to their sexual attitudes and present with more
psychopathology as measured by the OSIQ compared with their
peers of average weight.
Lazarevi, Milanovi and Lazarevi (2011) explored physical self -
concepts of overweight and non overweight Serbian adolescents with
respect to gender. The sample consisted of 417 primary school students
with the mean age of 13.6 years who were divided into normal and
overweight based on their body mass index. To assess their multidi-
mensional self-concept, Physical self-description questionnaire
(PSDQ) was administered. Results showed that overweight
adolescents had significantly lower scores than normal-weight on all
PSDQ scales except Health and Strength. Differences were greater
among girls than boys. Discriminant analysis showed that the scales
Body Fat, Endurance and Sports Competence best differentiated
normal-weight boys from other students. Also, discriminant analysis
showed that, besides the scale Body Fat, scales Flexibility, Self-
Esteem, and Coordination best differentiated normal-weight girls from
other students. Results indicate that for better understanding of the
relationship between adolescent's physical self-concept and body mass
one must take gender into account. Results are potentially valuable for
preventing overweight through physical education.
Griffith, Parsons and Hill (2010) carried out a systematic review of
studies since 1994 that examined the relationship between self-
esteem and quality of life among obese children and adolescents.
.Child completed and parent proxy assessment consistently showed
significant reduction in global self- esteem and quality of life in
obese youth. Competencies particularly affected in obese youth were
physical competence, appearance and social functioning.
Competency improvements occurred both in the presence and
absence of weight loss, suggesting their value as intervention
outcomes and need for further investigation.
Aim of the study
The aim of the present study is compare the physical self - concept of
overweight and non overweight adolescent girls and also to
determine the relationship of physical self-concept with weight
status and levels of physical activity
Objectives of the study
To find out whether there is a difference in all dimensions of
physical self concept between overweight and non-overweight
adolescent girls.
To determine the relationship between BMI and Physical self-
concept of overweight adolescent girls.
To assess the relationship between physical self-concept and
physical activity of overweight adolescent girls.
Hypotheses of the study
There will be no significant difference between overweight and
non-overweight adolescent girls on all dimensions of physical
self-concept.
There will be no significant relationship of physical self - concept
to physical activity and the weight status.
Method
Participants
The sample consisted of 50 overweight and 50 non- overweight
adolescent girls in the age range of 17- 19 years. BMI was used to
categorize overweight adolescent girls from their non- overweight
counterparts.
Instruments
Richards Physical Self Concept Scale: The scale is a 42 item self-
report tool developed by Garry Richards in 1987, designed to
measure physical self- perceptions. The scale comprises of 35
items that measure 7 dimensions of physical self- concept namely
body build, action, appearance, health, physical ability, strength
and satisfaction. The scale consists of both positively and
negatively worded items. The items are scored on an eight point
likert scale. A higher score (closer to 8) indicates more positive
self - perceptions.
Statistics analyses
The data obtained from the study was statistically analysed using
descriptive statistics and t tests and Pearson's r.
Research design
Expost facto research design was used for the present study
Results and discussion

Table 1: Mean and Standard deviations for each item on the questionnaire on all dimensions of
Richards Self - Concept Scale for overweight and non overweight adolescent girls.
Items Overweight girls Non-Overweight Girls
Mean SD Mean SD
Sub-Scale I Body build
I like the body build I have 3.2 2.38 4.82 2.18
My body is in good shape and in good proportion 3.62 2.17 4.84 1.69
My body is out of proportion and not a good shape 4.04 2.20 6.40 1.74
My body weight is about right (neither too fat nor too skinny) 3.74 2.41 5.2 2.15
380 MAHESWARI AND JULIUS/ PHYSICAL SELF-CONCEPT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

My body is a good shape 3.94 2.03 5.6 1.88

Sub-Scale II Satisfaction
I would like to be more physically able 2.84 2.15 3.44 2.18
I would like to be more physically attractive 2.92 1.95 3.54 2.05
I would like to have better co-ordination and agility 3.34 1.85 2.70 1.43
I would like to have a stronger body 3.04 1.89 2.78 1.72
I wish I were better at sports, games and activities 3.30 2.03 3.30 1.87
Subscale III- Appearance
I am good looking 5.44 2.17 6.12 1.64
I am a nice looking person 4.94 2.22 6.08 1.60
I have a pleasant looking face 5.48 2.09 6.28 1.55
I have nice features like nose, eyes and hair 5.76 2.14 5.72 1.92
I have nice facial features 5.76 2.04 5.92 1.86
Sub-Scale IV- Health
I seem to be always catching some sickness 5.92 2.21 5.60 2.06
I get sick more often than most people 6.52 2.01 6.48 1.55
I generally have good health and am not often sick 5.32 2.38 5.66 1.85
I have had a lot of sickness in my life 5.80 2.19 5.72 2.15
If I get sick I get well quickly 5.36 2.15 5.64 1.72
Sub-Scale V- Action
I like to take things easy and avoid physical activity, 4.58 2.35 4.20 2.36
games or sports
I like to keep out of games, sports and other physical activity 5.32 2.44 4.52 2.16
I dislike sports and physical activities 5.44 2.43 5.58 2.22
I hate playing sports and doing physical activities 5.48 2.27 5.44 2.17
I only like short periods of physical activities 3.88 2.13 3.92 2.24
Sub-Scale VI - Physical Competence
Physically I have good coordination 5.16 2.05 5.76 1.87
My natural coordination and agility are good 5.30 1.92 5.64 1.71
I am physically un-coordinated 5.64 2.14 6.30 1.76
I am good at activities where I have to use physical co-ordination 5.24 2.04 5.18 2.02
I have good balance and coordination 4.94 2.00 5.86 1.77
Sub-Scale VII- Strength
I am not physically strong 4.26 2.29 4.86 2.15
I am a physically strong person 4.82 2.20 5.36 1.75
I am stronger than other people my age 4.84 1.79 5.20 1.80
I have a strong muscular body 4.14 2.04 4.18 1.72
I am not very strong 4.92 2.31 5.24 1.95

Higher scores on the physical self-concept scale reflect positive
perceptions about self. From the above table we can see that the mean
scores on all the items of the Body build subscale is higher for non-
overweight adolescent girls than for overweight adolescents,
showing that non-overweight adolescent girls show more positive
perceptions with respect to body build. It means that they are more
satisfied with their body proportions and may express better body
shape satisfaction than their overweight counterpart .Chen, Fox, and
Haase (2008) study on Taiwanese adolescent's show that around 93%
of overweight/obese boys and all overweight/obese girls would like
to be thinner. Females are much more likely than males to think their
current size is too large (Rand, Resnick, & Seldman, 1997).
With respect to the satisfaction subscale overweight adolescents
have lower mean scores on two items which reflects their desire to be
more physically able and physically attractive. This could be because
of some of the difficulties they face in carrying out day to day
activities, including shortness of breath, fatigue etc. This is also
evident from the lower mean scores on the physical competence
scale among overweight adolescent girls. A study carried out by
Flodmark (2005) showed that significant differences exist between
overweight/obese and individuals of normal weight in athletic
competence and physical appearance. Griffith, Parsons and Hill
(2010) study showed that competencies particularly affected in
obese youth were physical competence, appearance and social
functioning. Southall, Okely, and Steele (2004) compared actual and
perceived physical competence of overweight and non- overweight
children. Results show that overweight children had significantly
lower actual and perceived physical competence. These findings
indicate that low actual and perceived physical competence might be
important contributing factors in maintaining childhood obesity.
This also indicates that the sedentary life-style of adolescents with
minimum of physical activity can lower their perception of their
ability to perform physically. This is reflected to a certain extent by
the mean scores on the strength subscale of physical self-concept
scale.
Appearance is another subscale in which non-overweight adolescents
 Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing 2016, 7(4), 378-382 381

have greater mean scores than overweight adolescent girls showing With the pattern of food intake, having undergone sea change in
that non-overweight adolescent girls express better satisfaction with the Indian culture, parents are failing to see overweight in
the way they look. Young women desire to be perfect when it comes children. Children who tend to be obese continue to be so during
to their physical appearance, and describe their perfect ideal as tall, their adolescence. In a report on obesity levels in the 53 countries of
extremely thin, and slender (Parker, Nichter, Vuckovic, Sims, & the WHO's European Region, the United Nations health agency said
Ritenbauth, 1995 and McCabe & Riccardelli, 2005). A study carried up to 27 percent of 13-year-olds and 33 percent of 11-year-olds are
out by O'Dea & Abraham (1999) show that standard body weight was overweight. In this report the World Health Organisation is pointing
related to students' physical appearance subscale scores, with higher to the fact that the society's perception of what is normal has been
weight students having lower self-concept. The increase in body fat shifted. Being overweight is now considered more common than
observed in girls during adolescence goes against the sociocultural unusual. 30% of older adolescents surveyed by Rand, Resnick,
idealization of the body, which recommends thinness, especially for Seldman (1997) consider their current size acceptable to them, and
girls. This cause them to become more susceptible to the 85% of females and 95% of males considered their current size
internalization of an ideal body, resulting in body dissatisfaction. Fat socially acceptable for others.
in the body may give a rounded appearance, thereby disturbing the In addition, research studies show that gender, puberty and age
symmetry of the face and the body. This can make them look less have an effect on aspects of adolescents' self-concept. (O'Dea&
attractive. Abraham,1999). Late maturing adolescent girls cope with pubertal
With respect to the health and action subscale not much of changes better than early maturers and show more positive physical
difference is seen between overweight and non-overweight self concept. (Blyth et al., 1981; Brooks-Gunn, 1984; Alsaker, 1992;
adolescent girls. Since adolescents are generally considered to be Folk, Pedersen, & Cullari, 1993). All these factors could account for
disease free. The consequences of being overweight is generally not the results of the present study.
felt to during adolescence, but may put them at risk for chronic non-
Table 3: Relationship between physical self concept and BMI scores
communicable disease at an much earlier stage.
of overweight adolescent girls
Table 2: Significance of mean difference between overweight and
Variables N Mean S.D R p value
non-overweight adolescent girls on all dimensions of Richards Self-
concept scale. Physical Self-concept 50 164.28 28.21 - 0.33 0.02 *
BMI 50 26.64 3.27
Subscales Groups Mean S.D p value
* Significant at 0.05 level
Body build Overweight 18.54 8.04 2.88NS
Non- overweight 26.86 7.02 The p value of .02 shows an inverse and a significant relationship
Satisfaction Overweight 15.44 6.27 0.79 NS between BMI and Physical self -concept. This shows that higher
Non- overweight 15.76 5.72 BMI scores may be linked to lower physical self concept. Though
Appearance Overweight 27.38 8.29 0.08 NS overweight girls and non - overweight girls do not differ
Non- overweight 30.12 7.23 significantly with respect to several dimensions, lower mean scores
Health Overweight 28.92 6.83 0.89 NS obtained by overweight adolescent girls on several aspects of
Non- overweight 29.10 6.56
physical self-concept subscale shows that BMI may have an impact
on adolescent's self-perceptions.
Action Overweight 24.70 6.42 0.48 NS
Non- overweight 23.66 8.37 Table 4: Relationship between Physical self- concept and Physical
Physical Overweight 26.28 6.54 0.06 NS Activity (measured in number of hours per week) among overweight
Competence Non- overweight 28.74 6.88 adolescent girls.
Strength Overweight 22.98 6.96 0.17 NS
Variables N Mean S.D r p value
Non- overweight 24.84 6.54
Physical Self-concept 50 164.28 28.21 0.14 0.33 NS
NS Not Significant
Physical Activity 50 1.24 0.98
From the above table, we understand that there is no significant
NS - Not significant
mean differences in all dimensions of the physical self concept scale
between overweight and non-overweight adolescent girls. The above table shows a positive weak correlation between
The association between adolescents' self-concept and their body physical self-concept and physical activity for a sample of
weight is not clear. Studies comparing the self-concept of overweight overweight adolescent girls. The maximum score on the physical
and normal weight adolescents present conflicting findings. Some self- concept scale could range from 35 -280. A mean score of 164.
studies have found a relationship between body weight, or body mass 28 shows moderate levels of physical self concept regardless of
index (BMI), and self-concept among adolescents, with greater body their weight status for this sample of overweight adolescent girls.
weight or BMI being associated with significantly lower self- Despite expressing dissatisfaction with some aspects of physical
concept (Sallade, 1973; Mendelson & White, 1982, 1985; Drake, self-concept, the need to engage in physical activity is not felt.
1988; O'Dea & Clampett, 1995). Other studies have found no The fact that overweight adolescents do not differ with respect to
association between self-concept and body weight among health and action subscale of the physical self-concept scale shows
adolescents (Kimm, Sweeney, & Janosky, 1991; Rumpel & Harris, that they are unlikely to engage in physical activity for the above
1994). A study carried out by Malkemus, Shiman, and Thomas stated reasons. Given the fact that their perceived susceptibility to
(2008) show that there is no sufficient evidence to support the illness and perceived severity of illness is much low they are
correlation between self-esteem and Body Mass Index. unlikely to change food habits and increase physical activity.
382 MAHESWARI AND JULIUS/ PHYSICAL SELF-CONCEPT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Normalising overweight can maintain overweight and obesity and
reduce motivation to be physically active. This may imply that
getting significant people in the lives of adolescents to encourage and
join them in performing physical activity can promote it.
Findings of the study
The mean score on the Physical self - concept scale, indicates that
overweight adolescent girls possess a moderate level of physical
self - concept.
No significant mean difference was found between non-
overweight and overweight adolescent girls in various subscales
of Physical self concept.
A significant inverse relationship was found between physical
self- concept and body weight.
A weak relationship was found between physical self-concept and
physical activity. This implies that despite being dissatisfied with
their physical self, overweight adolescents are less likely to
engage in physical activity.
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