OBJECTIVES
The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a known amount of error,
called quantization error or quantization noise. The resolution of the converter is the number of discrete
values it can produce over the range of analog values. The values are usually stored electronically
in binary form, so the resolution is usually expressed in bits. For example, an ADC with a resolution of 8
bits can encode an analog input to one in 256 different levels. Resolution can also be expressed in volts. In
that case the resolution is
Q= ,
where Q is the resolution of ADC, is the resolution of ADC in bits, is the whole voltage range
at the input. An example of a 3-bit ADC coding scheme with uniform quantization levels is given in the
following figure.
If the input signal is uniformly distributed across the input range (0.0 to 1.0 in the example) then the
average absolute quantization error for this uniform quantizer would be Q/4.
The inverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter, or DAC. It is a device that converts a
digital code to an analog signal. Binary data are easily stored and transmitted in digital form, but a DAC is
needed to convert the data stream to a continuous analog signal. The quantization error introduced at the
ADC can never be recovered via DAC.
EXPERIMENT
i) Firstly, connect DC Supply to Analog to Digital Converter module. Then, connect Analog to Digital
Converter Outputs to Digital to Analog Converter module. (That is, D0 D0, D1 D1,)
j) Select BP(bipolar) switch position.
k) Connect and measure DC supply with the multimeter. Adjust DC supply according to the Table-3
and measure the Aout with multimeter. Fill in the Table-3 with analog value obtained .
Ain Aout Ain Aout Ain Aout
-5V -1V 3V
-4V 0V 4V
-3V 1V 5V
-2V 2V
Table-3
l) Draw the graph according to the Table-3. Comment about this graph on your report.
m) Select UP (unipolar) switch position.
n) Then, adjust DC Supply, measure the Ain and Aout. Fill in the Table-4 with analog value obtained.
Ain Aout Ain Aout Ain Aout
-5V -1V 3V
-4V 0V 4V
-3V 1V 5V
-2V 2V
Table-4
o) Draw the graph according to the Table-4. Comment about this graph on your report.