50, 1867
Thibaut Alzieu,a Johannes Lehmann,a Ajay B. Naidu,b Rainer E. Martin*a and
Received 5th November 2013, Robert Britton*b
Accepted 20th December 2013
DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48467j
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Table 1 Microwave-assisted oxazole to imidazole transformation at temperatures ranging from 200 to 240 1C, 14 was produced in
good yield in only 10 min (entries 35). Further heating above 240 1C
led to the production of a number of by-products and a reduced yield
of 14 (entry 6). The use of fewer equivalents of TFA and cyclopentyl-
amine was also examined (entries 710) and optimally, 2 equivalents
of both the amine and TFA at 200 1C provided the imidazole 14
in reproducibly good yield (79%). A variety of Lewis acids were
Entry Ratio 4 : 13 Additive (equiv.) Temp. (1C) Time (min) 14b (%) examined for their ability to promote the desired transformation, the
1 1:3 TFA (3.0) 150 90 13 most effective of which are summarized in entries 1114. Several
2 1:3 TFA (3.0) 180 30 33 other solvents were also examined (e.g., xylene, toluene, a,a,a-
3 1:3 TFA (3.0) 200 10 51
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20 Examples in patents: (a) N. Hauel, B. Narr, U. Ries, J. C. A. van Meel, 21 J. R. Dunetz, M. A. Berliner, Y. Xiang, T. L. Houck, F. H. Salingue,
W. Wienen and M. Entzeroth, US 5591762, Dr. Karl Thomae GmbH, W. Chao, C. Yuandong, W. Shengua, Y. Huang, D. Farrand, S. J.
Germany, 1997; (b) L. D. Arnold, J. Wadsworth Coe, T. Kaneko and Boucher, D. B. Damon, T. W. Makowski, M. T. Barrila, R. Chen and
M. P. Moyer, US 6130217, Pfizer Inc., New York, 2000; (c) C.-C. Wei I. Martinez, Org. Process Res. Dev., 2012, 16, 1635.
and M. Weigele, US 4431653, Homann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, N. J., 22 For an alternative synthesis, see: J. Sisko, A. J. Kassick,
1984; (d) M. Yamanaka, I. Saito, K. Yamatsu and T. Fujimoto, M. Mellinger, J. J. Filan, A. Allen and M. A. Olsen, J. Org. Chem.,
US 4301169, Eisai Co., Tokyo, 1981. 2000, 65, 1516.
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1870 | Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 1867--1870 This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014