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Stats Review

Chapters 5-6
Created by Teri Johnson
Math Coordinator, Mary Stangler Center for Academic Success

Examples are taken from Statistics 4 E by Michael Sullivan, III


And the corresponding Test Generator from Pearson

Revised 12/13
Note:
This review is composed of questions the textbook
and the test generator. This review is meant to
highlight basic concepts from the course. It does
not cover all concepts presented by your instructor.
Refer back to your notes, unit objectives, handouts,
etc. to further prepare for your exam. A copy of
this review can be found at www.sctcc.edu/cas.
The final answers are displayed in red and the
chapter/section number is the corner.
Probability Rules
1) P(event) is greater or equal to 0 and less than or
equal to 1.
2) The sum of the probabilities must equal 1.
Is the table a Probability Model?
x P(x) x P(x) x P(x)
1 .2 A .3 Red .2
2 -.3 B .2 Green .2
3 .6 C .5 Blue .3
4 .1 D 0 Yellow .2

No, cannot have Yes No, the sum of the


negative probabilities
probabilities doesnt equal 1
5.1
Probability
A survey of 971 investors asked how often they tracked
their portfolio. The table shows the investor responses.
What is the probability that an investor tracks his or her
portfolio daily?
How Frequently Response
Daily 236
Weekly 261
Monthly 273
Couple times a year 141
Dont Track 60

Step 1: Find the total of responses = 971


Step 2: Take the amount of daily responses and divide by the total
236/971=0.243 5.1
Addition Rules and Disjoint Events
What are disjoint events?
AKA mutually exclusive
Events that have no outcomes in common
Addition Rule for Disjoint Events
If E and F are disjoint events, then
P(E or F)=P(E)+ P(F)
General Addition Rule
P(E or F)=P(E)+ P(F)- P(E and F)

5.2
Addition Rules and Disjoint Events
In the game of craps, two dice are tossed and the up
faces are totaled. Is the event getting a total of 9 and
one of the dice showing a 6 disjoint events? Answer
Yes or No.
No because you can get a sum of 9 when of the dice is
showing a 6 (the other would be a 3)
A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 playing
cards. Find the probability that the card is a queen or a
club. Express the probability as a simplified fraction.
P(Queen or club)=P(Queen)+P(club)-P(Queen and a club)
P(Queen or club)= 4/52 + 13/52 1/52
P(Queen or club)= 16/52=4/13

5.2
Compliment Rule
P(not E)=1-P(E)
or
Rooms Probability P(EC)=1-P(E)
1 .005
2 .011
What Is the probability of having less
than 8 rooms?
3 .088
8 = 1 8
4 .183 = 1 .156 = .844
5 .23 What is the probability of having at least
6 .204 3 rooms?
3
7 .123
= 1 1 2
8 or More .156 = 1 .005 .011 = .984

5.2
Independence and Multiplication Rule
When are 2 events independent?
If the occurrence of event E in a probability
experiment does not affect the probability of
event F
Multiplication Rule for independent Events
Events E and F are independent if
P(E and F) =P(E)*P(F)

5.3
Independence and Multiplication Rule
There are 30 chocolates in a box, all identically shaped.
There are 11 filled with nuts, 10 filled with caramel, and 9
are solid chocolate. You randomly select one piece, eat it,
and then select a second piece. Is this an example of
independence? Answer Yes or No.
No
A single die is rolled twice. Find the probability of getting
a 2 the first time and a 2 the second time. Express the
probability as a simplified fraction.
These events are independent
P(2 on the first and 2 on second)=P(2 on first roll)(2 on
second roll)=(1/6)*(1/6)=1/16

5.3
Conditional Probability
P(F|E) is read probability of event F given that
event E has occurred.
Conditional Probability Rule
P(E and F) N(E and F)
P FE = =
P(E) N(E)

General Multiplication Rule


P(E and F)=P(E)*P(F|E)

5.4
Conditional Probability
Using the given table, given that the car selected was a domestic
car, what is the probability that it was older than 2 years?

Age of car (in years)


Make 0-2 3-5 6-10 Over 10 Total
Foreign 40 30 10 20 100
Domestic 45 27 11 17 100
Total 85 57 21 37 200

N(older than 2 years and Domestic)


P older than 2 =
N(Domestic)
27 + 11 + 17 11
= =
100 20

5.4
General Multiplication Rule
There are 36 chocolates in a box, all identically shaped.
There 10 are filled with nuts, 12 with caramel, and 14
are solid chocolate. You randomly select one piece, eat
it, and then select a second piece. Find the probability
of selecting solid chocolate then a nut.
P(solid and nut)=P(solid)*P(nut|solid)=
14 10 1
=
36 35 9

5.4
Counting Techniques: Combination
The number of different arrangements of r objects chosen from
in which
1. The n objects are distinct
2. Repetition of objects is not allowed
3. Order is not important
!
Formula: nCr=
! !
From 9 names on a ballot, a committee of 3 will be elected to
attend a political national convention. How many different
committees are possible?
n=9, r=3
9!
9C3= = 84
3! 93 !

5.5
Counting Techniques: Permutations
Permutation of Distinct items with replacement
The selection of r objects from n distinct objects, repetition is
allowed, and order matters
nr
Permutation of Distinct items without replacement
The selection of r objects from n distinct objects, no repetition,
and order matters
!
nPr=
!
Permutation of nondistinct items without replacement
The number of ways n objects can be arranged (order matters)
in which there are n1 of one kind, n2 of a second kind and so on
where n=n1+n2++nk
!

1 !2 ! !

5.5
Counting Techniques
Outside a home there is a keypad that will open the garage if the
correct 4-digit code is entered. How many codes are possible?
Permutation of Distinct items with replacement; 104= 10,000

Suppose 40 cars start at the Indy 500. In how many ways can the
top 3 cars finish?
Permutation of Distinct items without replacement; 40P3= 59280

A family has 6 children. If this family has exactly 2 boys, how many
different birth/gender orders are possible?
Combination; 6C2= 15

A baseball team consists of 3 outfielders, 4 infielders, a pitcher, and


a catcher. Assuming that the outfielders and infielders are
indistinguishable, how many batting orders are possible?
9!
Permutation of no distinct items without replacement; = 2520
3!4!1!1!

5.5
Determine the Appropriate Counting
Technique to Use

Copyright 2013 Pearson Higher Ed 5.5


Determine the Appropriate Probability
to Rule to Use

5-17
Copyright 2013 Pearson Higher Ed 5.6
Mean and Standard Deviation of Discrete
Probability Model
In a sandwich shop, the following probability distribution was obtained. The random
variable x represents the number of condiments used for a hamburger. Find the mean
and standard deviation for the random variable x.
Expected Value = Mean
1) Multiply x by P(x)
x P(x) xP(x) x2P(x) 2) Add the numbers from step 1
0 .3 0*.3=0 02*.3=0 0+.4+.4+.18+.16=1.14. This is the mean.
Standard Deviation
1 .4 .4 .4 1) Find the mean and square it,
2 .2 .4 .8 =1.14 2=1.2996
3 .06 .18 .54 2) Take x2 and multiply by P(x)
3) Add the values from step 2
4 .04 .16 .64 = 2.38
4) Take the number from step 3 and subtract from
value from step 1: 2.38-1.2996=1.0804
5) Take the square root of the number from step 4,
1.04. This is the standard deviation.
6.1
Binomial Probability
Criteria for Binomial
1) Fixed number of trials (times done)
2) Trials are independent
3) Outcomes: Success or Failure
4) The probability of a success is the same

Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain


why.
1) You draw a marble 350 times from a bag with three colors of marbles. The
random variable represents the color of marble that is drawn.
No, more than two outcomes
2) Selecting five cards, one at a time without replacement, from a standard
deck of cards. The random variable is the number of picture cards obtained.
No, Trials are not independent
3) Survey 50 college students see whether they are enrolled as a new student.
The random variable represents the number of students enrolled as new
students.
Yes

6.2
Binomial Probability
Assume that male and female births are
equally likely and that the births are
independent.
Find the probability that there are exactly 9 girls
out of 10 births
= 9 = 109 .5 9 (1 .5)109 = .0098
Find the probability that there is at least 1 girl
out of 10 births
1 = 1 0 = .999

6.2
Binomial Mean and Standard Deviation
In 2000, it was reported that 11% of adult
Americans had trust in the federal governments
handling of domestic issues. Suppose a random
sample of 1100 finds that 84 have a trust in the
governments handling of domestic issues. Would
these results be considered unusual?
1) Find the Mean: (np) =1100*.11=121
2) Find the standard deviation: (1 ) =
1100(.11)(1 .11) =10.38
3) For an event to be unusual, it must be outside the mean
plus/minus two standard deviations
121-2(10.28)=100.44; 121+2(10.28)=141.56
Since 84 is outside this interval, the event is unusual.
6.2
Poisson Distribution
A stats professor finds that when he schedules
an office hour at the 10:30 a.m. time slot, an
average of three students arrive. Use the
Poisson distribution to find the probability
that in a randomly selected office hour in the
10:30 a.m. time slot exactly seven students
will arrive.
x=7, =3, t=1
(31)7 31
=7 = =.0216
7!

6.3

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