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Coastal and River Erosion Control

Erosion

Definition:
Erosion is the process by which individual soil particles
are dislodged from the soil mass and carried away by a
transporting medium.

The soil erosion takes place when the water with velocity
higher than the scouring velocity of the soil, comes in
contact with the soil surface.

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Problem

Problem

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Products for avoiding the Erosion

Polymer Rope Gabions

Steel Gabions

Geotextile bags and Geotextile Tubes

Structures using Gabions and

Geofabric Forms

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Revetments

Armour layer

Toe protection

Filter

Revetments

Armour layer Provides basic protection

against wave action
Filter
Supports the armour
Prevents washing out of underlying soil
Allows water to flow through the structure
Toe protection Prevents displacement of
seaward edge of the revetment

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Armour layer

Quarry stone / Graded riprap / Field stone /

Concrete rubble
Concrete armour units tribars,
tetrapods,dollos, concrete blocks
Concrete mattresses
Gabions & mattresses filled with stone
Geotextile bags / geotextile containers filled
with sand

Groins

Built perpendicular to shore (or river bank) to

interrupt the normal transport of sand
alongshore.
Sediments accumulate on the U/S side of
groin
Protects a short stretch of beach on the D/S

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Groins

Silting

Flow of Water

Dykes

Flood protection dikes

Containment dikes

Spur dikes

Under water dikes

Dike breach repair

Garware Wall Ropes Ltd. Geo

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Coastal Structures

Off shore breakwaters

Beach nourishment
Shoreline structures
On shore and off shore stability berms
Coastal and sand dune protection

Erosion & Scour Protection

Bridge piers and piling

Tunnels
Pipe line crossings
Utility cable crossings
Walls
Abutments
Foundations
Wharf support
Offshore drill rig supports
Rock groins and jetties
wind erosion

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Use of Polymer Rope Gabions

A Polymer Rope Gabion..

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Advantages Flexible Rope gabions Over

Large Stone
Smaller size stones can be used

Gabions can be tied together for higher

resistance

Gabions are pervious

Flexibility advantages

Polymer rope gabions Can adapt to irregular

are flexible surfaces
Can accommodate
Low bending stiffness differential settlement
due to structure of the Can accommodate
rope movements

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Use of Steel Wire Gabions

Steel Gabions Product Description

Gabions are flexible wire

mesh baskets/cages

Factory fabricated boxes,

with diaphragms at 1m
c/c.

Supplied at site in
collapsible form

Steel Box Gabions filled

with stones to form
variety of monolithic
structures

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Double Twisted Wire Mesh

Double Twist Continuous pairs of wire

mechanically Twisted (three one half turns)
Double Twist Mesh Thicker dia. wire at the edges
called Selvedge / Edge Wire

The Wire

Soft Annealed Mild steel wire

Provided with Heavy Coating of Zinc
In aggressive environments, 0.5mm thk
PVC Coating is also provided.

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Use of Steel Wire Gabions

Importance of Surface
Preparation

Geotextile

Concentrated flow along

this channel

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Granular Filter vis--vis Geotextile

Granular Filters Geotextile Filters

Quality control difficult Assured quality
Installation difficult Easy installation
Discontinuities/con- Continuity
tamination Conserves granular
Large volume material
Intimate contact with Requires surface
surface preparation prior to
laying

Geotextile Filter Criteria

Soil retention/tightness
Permeability
Clogging resistance
Survivability
Durability

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Geotextile tubes and Bags

What are the Geotextile Forms?

Geotextile Bags

Geotextile Tubes

Geotextile Mattresses

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Benefits of using Geotextile systems

Reduction in work volume.

Reduction in execution time.
Reduction in construction cost.
The use of local materials, low skilled labor and
locally available equipment.
Simple processing.
The elements can be tailor made.

Fabrication

Manufactured by sewing multiple sheets of

high strength woven polyester or
polypropylene fabrics with high strength
seams.

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DESIGN STRENGTH OF THE GEOTEXTILE

The Geotextile fabric used to construct the tubes is

designed to:
Have a design permeability to relieve excess water
pressure
Resist the pressures of filling and the active loads
without seams or fabric rupture,
Resist erosive forces during filling operations,
Resist puncture and tearing., and resist degradation
from ultraviolet light.

Conceptual Sketch

Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal

Original beach profile

8 5 20 Kg stones
Polymer rope gabions
HWL

8 16

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Coastal Protections
Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal

Completed Sea Wall

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Gabion Walls

SMC Tapi River Training

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SMC Tapi River Training

SMC RANDER - TAPI RIVER

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PCMC MULA RIVER

Gabion Mattress

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Gabion Mattress

Gabion Mattress

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SMC Tapi River Training

Reliance Retaining Wall

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Teesta Diversion Channel Works

Teestha

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Geobags being lifted

Filled Geobags -
Surat Municipal Corporation

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Installation of
Geobags - SMC Site

ONGC Gandhar - Geobags

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ONGC Gandhar - Geobags

FLOOD CIRCLE, PILIBHIT, UP

Series of Studs constructed along the bank of Sarada River,

Pilibhit Flood Circle, UP

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FLOOD CIRCLE, PILIBHIT, UP

Series of Studs constructed along the bank of Sarada River,

Pilibhit Flood Circle, UP

Project : River Training Work, Sharda River, Kutiagbar

Client : Flood Circle, Lakhimpur Khiri

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Project : River Training Work, Sharda River, Kutiagbar

Client : Flood Circle, Lakhimpur Khiri

GEOTEXTILE TUBES

Geotextile containment systems in tubular forms filled

with locally available sand which are formed in-situ on
land or in water to protect shore and marine environments

FEATURES:
Material :Woven Geotextile
Diameter:3 m to 5 m
Length :20 m to 40 m
Fill Material: Sand Slurry

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GEOTEXTILE TUBES -
ADVANTAGES
Proven Method:
- Protecting Shorelines
- Rebuilding Beaches
- Reclaiming Land &
- Other Marine works
Sea Sand as fill material hence better method for
places with less stone availability
Durable
Easy to install
Highly Flexible
Cost Effective

GEOTEXTILE TUBES

Geotextile - Type

Woven Multifilament Woven Slit Film

[Courtesy : Robert M. Koerner, Designing With Geosynthetics]

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GEOTEXTILE TUBES

Geotextile - Type

Non Woven Needle Punched Non Woven Heat Bounded

[Courtesy : Robert M. Koerner, Designing With Geosynthetics]

FILLING MECHANISM OF
GEOTEXTILE TUBES

FILLING PORT

GEOTEXTILE
FILLING TUBE
JUST IN PLACE
FILLING INSTARTED
PROGRESS
GEOTEXTILE TUBE AFTER
FILLING COMPLETED, CONSOLIDATION
CONSOLIDATION IN PROGRESS

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DESIGN ASPECTS

D = Theoretical Diameter of the Geotextile tube

APPROXIMATE DIMENSIONS OF
FILLED GEOTEXTILE TUBE
[Ref: Lawson C. R (2006)]

DISTRIBUTION OF
CIRCUMFERENTIAL TENSION

[Ref: Lawson C. R (2006)]

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INSTALLATION

Base Preparation
Laying of Geotextile Bags

Spreading of Geotextile Tubes

HYDRAULIC - FILLING METHOD

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INSTALLATION

Geotextile Tube after Installation

Laying of Geotextile Bags & PP Gabions
Armour Layer PP Rope Gabions

SEA WALL - AFTER COMPLETION

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OTHER CASE STUDIES

1. Submerged Geotextile Tube Dyke, Haldia Dock Yard,
West Bengal, (2004):

SHORE PROTECTION USING GEOTEXTILE

TUBES AT INS HAMLA, MALAD, MUMBAI

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CASE HISTORIES

2. Reclamation Using Geotextile Containers , Hazira,

Gujarat:
Need:
- Development Plan - Reclamation to create port back-up
facility
- Shore protection system to retain the reclaimed land and
to protect the back-up yard
Solution:
- Geotextile Containers (Size: 4m x 1 m x 1m)
- Armour with conventional system - stones

TYPICAL LAYOUT

Existing
Geotextile container
protection system

Present location

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TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION

Typical Cross - Section of Protection

System

RECLAMATION USING GEOTEXTILE

CONTAINERS , HAZIRA

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RECLAMATION USING GEOTEXTILE

CONTAINERS , HAZIRA

GARMATTM

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PRESENT SOLUTION

INSTALLATION METHODOLOGY

Sub-grade Preparation
Laying of Garmat with overlaps of 300mm
Anchoring at the top
Held in position using the U pins of minimum
depth 300mm staggered at 2 m c/c.
A 100mm thick fertile soil containing seedlings

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INSTALLATION METHODOLOGY

Clay balls being prepared for laying on the slopes

INSTALLATION METHODOLOGY

Clay balls being laid from rope ladders

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INSTALLATION METHODOLOGY

Clay being laid on slopes of the embankment

INSTALLATION METHODOLOGY

Garmat installed

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INSTALLATION METHODOLOGY

Grass sods installed and being watered

Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

INTRODUCTION

Image courtesy: Google

Image courtesy : Wikipeadia

Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 82

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Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

INTRODUCTION
The shore line near the village has advanced about 500 metres since 1999.

Year Distance of shoreline from existing earthen embankment

2005 200 m
2006 100 m
2007 20 m
2008 10 m
2009 5m
2011 Shore line over-ran the old embankment

Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 83

Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Traditional methods
Traditional method of protection of embankment using Bullah piling and big
resin PVC sand bags ( 2m x 1m 1 m ) dumping was being done every year.

Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 84

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Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Geotextile tube sea embankment

As a permanent solution to the protect the existing embankment, the
habitation of Pentha and adjoining villages and immediate cultivable land,
sea wall of 505 meters with geotextile tubes as core was conceptualised.

The project is funded by the World Bank under Integrated Coastal Zone
Management Project (ICZMP).

The designs are prepared by Dept. of Ocean Engineering IIT Madras and
the GWRL has been awarded the work.

Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 85

Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Geotextile tube sea embankment

Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 86

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Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Early Design (Pre-Phailin)

Core - Geotextile tubes of 3 meter dia & 20 m length

Armour layer 2 m x 1 m x 1 m polymer rope gabion
Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 87

Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Then came Phailin

Work awarded on 24 -07 -2013 and

Phailin hit on 12-10-2013

Modification in the design due to

advancement of shoreline towards
existing embankment.

Alignment of protection work is shifted

towards the embankment.

Image courtesy : Wikipeadia

Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 88

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Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Post-Phailin Design

Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 89

Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Final Design

Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 90

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Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Final Design

* 100 m stretch is with sheet pile at the

toe where excavation is not possible up
to -3 m

Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 91

Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Current Status
The installation of all geotextile tubes have been already completed
and the project is in the finishing stage.

Installation pictures
Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 92

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Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Current Status

Installation pictures
Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 93

Sea Wall Embankment at Pentha, Odisha

Current Status

Installation pictures
Garware Wall Ropes Limited | 2015 94

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Thank You
M.VENKATARAMAN, M.Tech
Geosynthetics & Geotechnical Consultant.
Vice President
Indian Chapter of International Geosynthetics Society

Tel : +91 20 27358648

Mob : +91 9326018016/ 9921093928
E-mail : mvenkataraman2000@yahoo.com

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