Mass component = 10 0 R= = = =
total masscomponent at bt ct dt
First Order Reaction
mg component g mg g
ppmcomponent = = component = component = component 1 A
total masssoln mL soln kg soln gsoln R= a t =k [ A ]
moles solute 1
Molarity ( M )= t1 =
Lsoln 2 ak [ A ]0
equivalents solute 1 A
Normality= R= =k [ A]0=k
L soln at
g g MW [ A ] o[ A ] =ak t
Equivalent= , E . W .=
equivalent weight MW f
( ) Lsoln [ A ]o
f t1 =
2
2 ak
Acid Base Reaction
For Acid, f=# of replaceable or acidic H+ Arrhenius Equation
For Base, f=# of H+ required to neutralize each mole of a base
k =A eEa/ RT
Redox Reaction
f= # of electrons gained or lost in the rxn per mole of the J
R=8.314
species molK
Precipitate Formation
J
For metal cations, f= ion charge
For anion, f= # of metal ion- equivalents that one mole of the
anion reacts with
E a= Activation Energy ( mole )
of ligands ( anion ) attached Ea , B=E a + H (backward energy)
charge of cation charge of cations (3 mol reacted )
f= the cation f = Homogeneous equilibrium
per mole of anion number
[ product ]
K c= number number
General equation(Rate of appearance and [reactant ] [reactant]
disappearance):
aA+ bB cC +d D
pcoefficient product
K p=
pcoefficient reactant p coefficientreactant
Example: A mixture consisting initially of 3.00 moles NH3 N2 H2
NH3, 2.00 moles of N2, and 5.00 moles of H2, in a 5.00 L Initial Concentration
0.600 0.400 1.00
container was heated to 900 K, and allowed to reach equilibrium. (M)
Determine the equilibrium concentration for each species present in Change in Conc. (M) +2x -x -3x
the equilibrium mixture. 0.600 + 2 0.400 -
Equilibrium Conc. (M) 1.00 - 3 x
x x
2 NH3(g) N2(g) + 3 H2(g) Kc = 0.0076 @ 900 K
Substitute the expressions for the equilibrium concentration
into the expression for the equilibrium constant and solve
for "x." Once x is known, the equilibrium concentration for
each species can be calculated
Convert the initial quantities to molarities as shown for
NH3.
NH3 N2 H2
Initial Concentration (M) 0.600 0.400 1.00
Change in Conc. (M) +2x -x -3x
Equilibrium Conc. (M)