IB Bio Chapter 9 - Plant Biology

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1. Abiotic Light: guard cells close stomata in darkness
factors thus rate of transpiration is higher in daylight.
affecting Temp.: heat is needed for evaporation of
rate of water thus as temperature rises so does the
transpiration rate of transpiration. Humidity: air spaces
between the leaf and outside are nearly
always saturated thus the lower the humidity
the faster the rate of transpiration. Wind:
pockets of air saturated with water vapour
form near stomata in still air which reduces the
rate of transpiration thus higher winds increase
the rate of transpiration
2. abscisic acid causes potassium ions to diffuse out of the
cell.
plant hormone that inhibits cell division, and
therefore growth.
3. Adhesion Water molecules stick to the wall of the vessel
through hydrogen bonding, particularly
important when sap starts to rise.
4. Anther Part of the stamen that contains the pollen
5. Apical Primary plant stem cells found at the tips of
meristems stems and roots, it is responsible for the
growth of the root and shoot meristem which
also produces new leaves and flowers
6. Apoplastic Transport of water through free spaces
Pathway between cell walls
7. Auxin Plant hormone which acts as a growth
promoter in phototropism,
8. Auxin efflux Pumps in the plasma membrane that are
carriers distributed unevenly and thus can redistribute
auxin in a tissue, when auxin binds to a
receptor the transcription of specific genes is
promoted and the cell grows
14. Dicotyledonous Leaf veins that form a net-like pattern,
plant vascular bundles in a ring near the outside
of the stem, stamens and other floral
organs in multiples of 4/5, roots branch off
from other roots; roses or violets
15. Evaporation Heat from the environment provides
energy for this, water from the cell walls of
spongy mesophyll cells in the leaf is
removed and as it is pulled out creates a
low pressure in the xylem vessels
16. Factors needed Water for rehydration of the seed, oxygen
for seed for aerobic cell respiration and suitable
germination temperatures for stimulation of enzymes,
some seeds remain dormant if
temperatures are above or below
particular levels
17. Fertilization When female gametes in the ovules in the
ovaries of the flower and male gametes in
the pollen grains fuse to form a zygote
18. Filaments Supports the anther which contains the
pollen
19. Germination Process whereby seeds or spores sprout
and begin to grow to form an embryonic
plant. Begins with water absorption thus
allowing cells to become metabolically
active, the hormone gibberellin stimulates
the production of amylase which
hydrolyses carbohydrates into maltose or
glucose which can be used for cell
respiration
20. ground tissue thin walled cells that function in in storage,
photosynthesis, minerals, and nutrients in
the plant.

9. Bulbs Modified shoots that consist of swollen leaf 21. Guard cells Pair of cells that can open or close the
bases attached to a short stem, usually used stoma and thus control the amount of
for food storage; onions and garlics transpiration

10. Change in The plant measures the length of day and 22. Halophytes plants specifically adapted to the very
Gene night with the phytochrome, if they are good. salty environment often found in deserts.
expression The version in the larger concentration binds Tissue partitioning, root level exclusion, salt
for to the receptor and that leads to the plant exclusion, altered flowering schedule.
flowering flowering. 23. Lamella Concentric rings made up of groups of
11. Cohesion Hydrogen bonding between water molecules hollow tubes of bone matrix.
allow for the formation of water columns 24. Leaves Main photosynthetic tissue, allows
12. Companion maintain the sieve tubes; have many transpiration and stores various food
Cells mitochondria to produce ATP for active material
transport into sieve tubes 25. Lignin Organic polymer deposited in xylem cell
13. dermal outer covering that protects against walls making them rigid and woody to help
tissue pathogens, prevents water loss. deal with the water pressure
26. meristematic plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots
tissue and roots; responsible for plant growth.
same function of stem cells in animals.
27. Monocotyledonous Leaf veins run parallel to each other,
plant vascular bundles spread randomly
through the stem, stamens and other
floral organs in multiples of 3,
unbranched roots grow from stems;
lilies or orchids
28. Ovary Contains the ovules, female
reproductive organ, with single egg
nuclei
29. Palisade mesophyll Tightly packed cells in the upper half
of the leaf containing many
chloroplasts.
30. Parenchyma thin-walled cells that make up the
inside of many non-woody plant
structures including stems, roots, and
leaves; form the cortex, or main filling,
of stems, the inner layer of cells within
a leaf, the endosperm material that
feeds a growing seed, and the pulp of
a fruit.
31. Petals Surround the male and female flower
parts and are there to attract animal
pollinators
36. Photosystem A photosystem that contains a pair of P680
II chlorophyll molecules and uses absorbed
light energy to split water into protons and
oxygen and to produce ATP.
When photon hits stroma, it excites the
electrons. Two water molecules bind to an
enzyme at the reaction center. Enzyme splits
water and uses electrons from water to
replace electrons removed from the reaction
center. Oxygen is produced.
37. Phototropism Growth towards the light, auxin is distributed
to shoots on the darker side, causing it to
bend towards the light
38. Phytochrome Pigment that measure the length of periods
of dark and exists in two forms Pr and Pfr
39. phytochrome plant pigment that measures periods of
darkness
40. Phytochrome Absorbs red light and is an inactive form of
red phytochrome - most common in daylight
41. pollen contains male gametes
42. Pollination Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

32. Phloem 43. Potometer Device that measures the rate at which a
plant draws up water, this is essentially the
rate of transpiration for a plant.
44. Root hairs Increase surface area for water and mineral
ion absorption from the soil
45. Roots Responsible for absorption of water and
inorganic nutrients, anchoring the plant body
to the ground, storage of food and nutrients
and vegetative reproduction
Lines of living cells containing water 46. Seed When fertilized ovules develop into seeds
with sucrose and other dissolved dispersal and are moved away from the parental plant
biochemicals, also has pores between before germination, through fruits, winds,
cells. water and animals
33. Phloem Structure sieve tubes, sieve plates, companion 47. Sepals At the base of the flower bud, it covers the
cells, plasmodesmata. flower structure
34. photoperiodism plant response to periods of darkness 48. Sieve Plates between the sieve tube cels, which makes it
and light easier for fluids to flow through the phloem
35. Photosystem I Light energy is taken into the electrons 49. Sieve Tubes form a column of cells; have a plasma
of the pigments of this photosystem membrane so that sugar concentration can
and increase the electron's levels of be controlled; does not have a nucleus and
energy. The high-energy electrons are not many organelles so that fluid can flow
passed to the electron transport chain, easily
a series of electron carriers that shuttle 50. sink plant organ that uses or stores sugar. roots,
high-energy electrons during ATP- buds, stems, seeds.
generating reactions. As light continues
51. Spongy Loosely packed cells in the lower half of the
to shine and more electrons go
mesophyll leaf with large air spaces between them and
through the electron transport chain,
fewer chloroplasts inside them. Allows gas
H20 provides new electrons.
exchange.
52. Stamen Male fertilizing organ, it typically contains an
anther and a filament
53. Stems Support for and allow elevation of leaves, 67. Veins Xylem/Phloem, transport raw materials and
flowers and fruits, transport of fluids products of photosynthesis, occur in middle
between roots and shoots in the of leaf.
xylem/phloem, storage of nutrients and 68. Waxy cover the epidermis to reduce the water loss
production of new living tissue Cuticle from stoma
54. Stigma Surface on which pollen lands and where the 69. Xerophyte Thick waxy cuticle to retain moisture. Spines
pollen tube grows down to the ovary adaptations instead of leaves to reduce surface area for
55. Stoma K+ moves out of vacuole and water moves to reduce transpiration. Rolled leaves that act as
Closing out as well transpiration channels to drain rainwater to stems.
56. Stoma potassium ions move into cell and vacuole Deep/penetrating roots to capture water
Opening and then water follows 70. Xerophytes Desert plants that are adapted to reduce
57. Stomata Pores that allows for carbon dioxide for transpiration. Small leaves, thick cuticle,
photosynthesis to diffuse in and oxygen to stomata in piles, low growth.
diffuse out 71. Xylem
58. Stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the

thylakoid membrane; involved in the
Long, dead, tubular structures containing
synthesis of organic molecules from carbon
water and dissolved mineral ions. Tracheids
dioxide and water.
and vessel elements cells.
Where the Calvin Cycle happens.
59. Symplastic Diffusion through the cytoplasm of cells via
plasmodesmata
60. Terrestrial Turgid cells that are rigid because of their
plant support high pressure, cells with thickened cellulose
cell walls and xylem tissue which has cell
walls impregnated with lignin, making it
woody and hard
61. Totipotent when plants cells have the capacity to
generate whole plants because even the
cells that are already differentiated can
continue to divide indefinitely
62. Translocation Energy is required for this active transport,
sugars and amino acids are moving through
phloem
63. Transpiration When low pressure or suction is created
pull inside the xylem vessels when water
evaporates
64. Transpiration the water itself that is moving from the roots
stream to the leaves.
65. vascular made up of xylem and phloem that carry out
tissue conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients.
66. Vascular Made up of xylem and phloem, it transports
tissue fluid and nutrients internally
(plants)