1. Manufacturability The capability of 12.
12. Design for recycling (DFR) Design
an organization to produce an item
at an acceptable profit.
2. Serviceability The capability of an
organization to provide a service at
an acceptable cost or profit.
3. Reverse engineering Dismantling
and inspecting a competitors product
to discover product improvements.
4. Research and development (R&D)
Organized efforts to increase
scientific knowledge or product
innovation.
5. Product liability The responsibility
of a manufacturer for any injuries or
damages caused by a faulty product
6. Uniform Commercial Code Products
carry an implication of
merchantability and fitness.
7. Cradle-to-grave assessment The
assessment of the environmental
impact of a product or service
throughout its useful life.
8. Value analysis Examination of the
function of parts and materials in an
effort to reduce cost and/or improve
product performance.
9. Remanufacturing Refurbishing
used products by replacing worn-out
or defective components.
10. Design for disassembly (DFD)
Design so that used products can be
easily taken apart.
11. Recycling Recovering materials for
future use.
of the customer into both product and
that facilitates the recovery of
materials and components in used
products for reuse.
13. Standardization Extent to which a
product, service, or process lacks
variety.
14. Mass customization A strategy of
producing basically standardized
goods, but incorporating some degree
of customization.
15. Delayed differentiation The process
of producing, but not quite
completing, a product or
service until customer preferences are
known.
16. Modular design A form of
standardization in which component
parts are grouped into modules that
are easily replaced or interchanged.
17. Reliability The ability of a product,
part, or system to perform its intended
function under a prescribed set of
conditions.
18. Failure Situation in which a product,
part, or system does not perform as
intended.
19. Normal operating condition The set
of conditions under which an items
reliability is specified.
20. Robust design Design that results in
products or services that can function
over a broad range of conditions.
21. Quality function deployment (QFD)
An approach that integrates the voice
describe and analyze a proposed
service development.
22. Concurrent engineering Bringing
engineering design and manufacturing
personnel together early in the design
phase.
23. Computer-aided design (CAD)
Product design using computer
graphics.
24. Design for manufacturing (DFM)
The designing of products that are
compatible with an
organizations capabilities.
25. Design for assembly (DFA) Design
that focuses on reducing the number
of parts in a product and on assembly
methods and sequence.
26. Manufacturability The ease of
fabrication and/or assembly.
27. Service Something that is done to or
for a customer.
28. Service delivery system The
facilities, processes, and skills needed
to provide a service.
29. Product bundle The combination of
goods and services provided to a
customer.
30. Service package The physical
resources needed to perform the
service, the accompanying goods, and
the explicit and implicit services
included.
31. Service blueprint A method
used in service design to
service.
32. Payoff table Table showing
the expected payoffs for each
alternative in every possible state
of nature.
33. Bounded rationality The
limitations on decision making
caused by costs, human abilities,
time, technology, and availability
of information.
34. Suboptimization The result
of different departments each
attempting to reach a solution
that is optimum for that
department.
35. Certainty Environment in
which relevant parameters have
known values.
36. Risk Environment in which
certain future events have
probable outcomes.
37. Uncertainty Environment in
which it is impossible to assess
the likelihood of various future
events.
38. Maximin Choose the alternative
with the best of the worst possible
payoffs.
39. Maximax Choose the alternative
with the best possible payoff.
40. Laplace Choose the alternative
with the best average payoff of
any of the alternatives.
41. Minimax regret Choose the
alternative that has the least of the
worst regrets.
42. Regret (opportunity loss) The
difference between a given payoff and
the best payoff for a state of nature.
43. Expected monetary value (EMV)
criterion The best expected value
among the alternatives.
44. Decision tree A schematic
representation of the available
alternatives and their possible
consequences.
45. Expected value of perfect
information (EVPI) The difference
between the expected payoff with
perfect information and the expected
payoff under risk.
46. Sensitivity analysis
Determining the range of prob
ability for which an alternative
has the best expected payoff.
47. Sensitivity analysis
Determining the range of prob
ability for which an alternative
has the best expected payoff.
48. Product or service profiling
Linking key product or service
requirements to process
capabilities.
49. Technological innovation
The discovery and development
of new or improved products,
services, or processes for producing or
providing them.
50. Technology The application
of scientific discoveries to the
development and improvement
of products and services and
operations processes.
51. Automation Machinery
that has sensing and control
devices that enable it to operate
automatically.
52. Computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) The use of
computers in process control.
53. Numerically controlled
(N/C) machines Machines
that perform operations by following
mathematical processing
instructions.
54. Flexible manufacturing
system (FMS) A group of
machines designed to handle
intermittent processing require
ments and produce a variety of
similar products.
55. Computer-integrated
manufacturing (CIM) A system for
linking a broad range of
manufacturing activities through
an integrating computer system.
56. Product layout Layout that
uses standardized processing
operations to achieve smooth,
rapid, high-volume flow.
57. Production line Standardized
layout arranged according to a
fixed sequence of production
tasks.
58. Assembly line Standardized
layout arranged according to
a fixed sequence of assembly
tasks.
59. Process layouts Layouts that
can handle varied processing
requirements.
60. Intermittent processing
Nonrepetitive processing.
61. Fixed-position layout Layout
in which the product or project
remains stationary, and workers,
materials, and equipment are
moved as needed.
62. Cellular production Layout
in which workstations are
grouped into a cell that can
process items that have similar
processing requirements.
63. Group technology The grouping into
part families of items
with similar design or manufacturing
characteristics.
64. Line balancing The process of
assigning tasks to workstations
in such a way that the worksta
tions have approximately equal
time requirements.
65. Precedence diagram A
diagram that shows elemen
tal tasks and their precedence
requirements.
66. Balance delay Percentage of
idle time of a line.
67. OSHA Occupational Safety and
Health Administration, created
by the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970.
68. Time-based system
Compensation based on time an
employee has worked during a
pay period.
69. Output-based (incentive)
system Compensation based on
amount of output an employee
produced during a pay period.
70. Knowledge-based pay A pay
system used by organizations
to reward workers who undergo
training that increases their
skills.
71. Job design The act of specifying the
contents and methods
of jobs.
72. Specialization Work that
concentrates on some aspect of
a product or service.
73. Job enlargement Giving a
worker a larger portion of the
total task, by horizontal loading.
74. Job rotation Workers periodically
exchange jobs.
75. Job enrichment Increasing
responsibility for planning and
coordination tasks, by vertical
loading.
76. Self-directed teams Groups
empowered to make certain
changes in their work processes.
77. Ergonomics Incorporation of
human factors in the design of
the workplace.
78. Methods analysis Analyzing
how a job is done.
79. Flow process chart Chart
used to examine the overall
sequence of an operation by
focusing on movements of the
operator or flow of materials.
80. Worker-machine chart Char
used to determine portions of
a work cycle during which an
operator and equipment are busy
or idle.
81. Motion study Systematic
study of the human motions used
to perform an operation.
82. Motion study principles
Guidelines for designing motion
efficient work procedures.
83. Therbligs Basic elemental
motions that make up a job.
84. Micromotion study Use of
motion pictures and slow motion
to study motions that otherwise
would be too rapid to analyze.
85. Work measurement
Determining how long it
should take to do a job.
86. Standard time The amount of
time it should take a qualified
worker to complete a specified
task, working at a sustainable
rate, using given methods, tools
and equipment, raw materials,
and workplace arrangement.
87. Stopwatch time study
Development of a time standard
based on observations of one
worker taken over a number
of cycles.
88. Standard elemental times
Time standards derived from a
firms historical time data.
89. Predetermined time
standards Published data based
on extensive research to deter
mine standard elemental times.
90. Work sampling Technique for
estimating the proportion of time
that a worker or machine spends
on various activities and the idle
time.
91. Random number table
Table consisting of unordered
sequences of numbers, used to
determine random observation
schedules.