ECE135

O ti l Fib C
OpticalFiberCommunications
i ti

NadirDagli
N di D li
ElectricalandComputerEngineeringDepartment
UniversityofCalifornia
Santa Barbara, CA 93106
SantaBarbara,CA93106
dagli@ece.ucsb.edu
 ADigitalOpticalLink
Vin
Electricalinput(data)

Unmodulated
Modulated
opticalwaveform
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 opticalwaveform
Time
Optical
modulator
Optical
O i l
Laser fiber
Time Optical
amplifier

Vout
I Rf Clock
Cl k
A recovery
anddecision 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
circuitryy Time
Receiver Electricaloutput(data)
 Desirable properties of fiber
Low attenuation
Large bandwidth available
Small size and weight
Low cost

c
f = c = 3 108 m/s

3 108 m/s
f1 = = 2
2.00
00 1014
1/s (Hz) = 200 THz
1.5 10 m
6

3 108 m/s
f2 = = 2.31 1014
1/s ((Hz)) = 231 THz
1 3 10 m
1.3 6

f = f 2 f1 = 31 THz Huge bandwidth!

 Maxwells Equations

Faradays law of induction

H( x, y, z , t )
E ( x, y , z , t ) = 0
t

E ( x, y, z, t ) dl = t 0 H( x, y, z, t ) dS
E ( x, y , z , t ) Electric field intensity (Volt/meter) (V/m)
H(x , y, z, t ) Magnetic field intensity (Ampere/meter) (A/m)

0 = 4 107 Magnetic permeability of vacuum

(Henry/meter) (H/m)
 Amperes current law
E ( x, y, z , t )
H ( x, y , z , t ) =
t

H( x, y, z, t ) dl = t E ( x, y, z, t ) dS
Dielectric permittivity (Farad/meter) (F/m)
= r 0
0 = 8.85 1012 F/m Dielectric permittivity of vacuum
r Relative dielectric constant
r = n Index of refraction
For 1 5 m n = 1.45
F SiO2 att 1.5 1 45
 Gauss law

iE ( x, y, z , t ) = 0

E ( x, y, z, t )idS = 0
Statement of the fact that there are NO magnetic charges

iH( x, y, z , t ) = 0

H
H(( x, y, z , t )idS = 0
 Constitutive relations
E P Polarization

+ -
+

D = 0E + P
P = 0 eE
Electric susceptibility
D = 0 (1 + e )E
Relative dielectric constant r
D = 0 r E = E
0 = 8.85 10 12 Farads/meter (F/m)
Magnetic susceptibility
B = 0 (1 + m )H

Magnetic permeabilit
permeability r

B = 0 r H = H

0 = 4 107 Henry/meter (H/m)

J= E

C d ti it (1/(Oh
Conductivity (1/(Ohms-m))
)) (1/(
(1/(-m))
 Boundary conditions
Air
E1 , H1 1 , 0
Cladding
1
Core
E2 , H 2
Boundary
2 2 , 0

Interfaces or boundaries
On the interface
E1tan = E2 tan H1tan = H 2 tan

1 E1nor = 2 E2 nor H1nor = H 2 nor

 Wave Equation
E ( x, y, z , t )
H ( x, y , z , t ) =
t
H( x, y, z , t )
E ( x, y , z , t ) = 0
t
Take curl of both sides and switch the order of
space and time derivatives
H( x, y, z , t )
E ( x, y , z , t ) = 0 = 0 H ( x, y , z , t )
t t
Expand Substitute
S b i
from
E ( x, y, z , t )
E ( x, y , z , t ) E ( x, y , z , t ) = 0
2

t t
=0
2
E ( x, y , z , t )
2 E ( x , y , z , t ) = 0
t 2
 2
E ( x, y , z , t )
E ( x , y , z , t ) = 0
2

t 2
Written explicitly
2 E ( x , y , z , t ) 2 E ( x , y , z , t ) 2 E ( x, y , z , t ) 2 E ( x, y , z , t )
+ + = 0
x 2
y 2
z 2
t 2

Similarly

2
H ( x, y , z , t )
H ( x , y , z , t ) = 0
2

t 2

2 H ( x, y , z , t ) 2 H ( x, y , z , t ) 2 H ( x , y , z , t ) 2 H ( x, y , z , t )
+ + = 0
x 2
y 2
z 2
t 2
 Wave equation has many solutions
Lets
Let s look at a particular solution for which

E z = Hz = 0 and = =0
x y

Then the wave equation reduces to

2E x ( z , t ) 2E x ( z , t ) 2E y ( z , t ) 2E y ( z , t )
= 0 = 0
z 2
t 2 z 2
t 2
2 Hx ( z , t ) 2 Hx ( z , t ) 2 H y ( z, t ) 2 Hy ( z , t )
= 0 = 0
z 2
t 2 z 2
t 2
These equations are of the form
2 ( z, t ) 1 2 ( z, t ) 1
= 2 where v=
z 2
v t 2 0