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6247D EndPaper UG_new 3/14/05 9:06 AM Page 2

Algebra

1. Laws of Exponents
n m
a m a n  a mn, (ab)m  a m b m, (a m)n  a mn, a m/n   a

If a  0,
am 1
 a mn, a0  1, a m  .
an am
2. Zero Division by zero is not defined.
0
If a  0: a  0, a0  1, 0a  0

For any number a: a00a0


3. Fractions
a c ad  bc a c ac a/b a d a a a
  ,   ,   ,   .
b d bd b d bd c/d b c b b b
4. The Binomial Theorem For any positive integer n,
n(n  1) n2 2 n(n  1)(n  2) n3 3
(a  b)n  an  nan1 b  a b  a b      nabn1  bn.
12 123
5. Difference of Like Integer Powers, n  1
an  bn  (a  b)(an1  an2b  an3b2      abn2  bn1)

For instance,
a 2  b 2  (a  b)(a  b),

a 3  b 3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b 2),
a 4  b 4  (a  b)(a 3  a 2b  ab 2  b 3).
6. Completing the Square If a  0,

 b

ax 2  bx  c  a x 2  a x  c

 a x  a x  
2
b b b2
2
2
 c
4a 4a 2

 b b2 b2
 a x2  a x  2  a  2  c
4a 4a   
 b b2
 a x2  a x  2
4a   c
b2
4a

Call this part C.


 
2
b
This is x  .
2a

 au 2  C (u  x  (b/2a))
7. The Quadratic Formula If a  0,
ax2  bx  c  0

b  b 2  4ac
x .
2a

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6247D EndPaper UG_new 3/14/05 9:06 AM Page 3

Geometry

(A  area, B  area of base, C  circumference, S  lateral area or surface area, V  volume)

1. Triangle 2. Similar Triangles 3. Pythagorean Theorem

c c' a' a c
b
h b'

b b a
b' c'
a'
 
1 a b c a 2  b2  c2
A  bh
2

4. Parallelogram 5. Trapezoid 6. Circle

h
h
r A   r 2,
b C  2 r
b
A  bh 1
A  (a  b) h
2

7. Any Cylinder or Prism with Parallel Bases 8. Right Circular Cylinder

h
h
h

V  Bh

V   r 2h, S  2 rh

9. Any Cone or Pyramid 10. Right Circular Cone 11. Sphere

h h
h
s

1
1
V  Bh V   r 2h, S   rs V  _4 r 3, S  4 r 2
3 3 3

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6247D EndPaper UG_new 3/14/05 9:06 AM Page 4

Conic Sections

A circle is the set of points in a plane whose distance from a fixed point in the plane is constant. The fixed point is the center of the circle; the
constant distance is the radius. An ellipse is the set of points in a plane whose distances from two fixed points in the plane have a constant sum.
A hyperbola is the set of points in a plane whose distances from two fixed points in the plane have a constant difference. In each case, the fixed
points are the foci of the conic section. A parabola is the set of points in a plane equidistant from a given fixed point and a given fixed line in the
plane. The fixed point is the focus of the parabola; the line is the directrix.

Ellipses and Circle in Standard Position

y y y
x2 + y2 = 1, a > b > 0
x2 + y2
a
b2 a2 x2 + y2 = 1
= 1, a > b > 0 a a2 a2
b a2 b2 or
Vertex Vertex F2(0, c)
x2 + y2 = a2
Center Foci together
at center
Focus Focus
x
a a x a a x
F1(c, 0) F2(c, 0) b b
Parabolas in Standard Position
Focal axis

b F1(0, c) y
a
For both ellipses:
a = semimajor axis a
b = semiminor axis Degenerate case: 2
circle of radius a y= x
c = a2 b2 = center-to-focus distance 4p
Eccentricity: e = c/a, 0 < e < 1

F (0, p)
Focus

Directrix Vertex y = p
p

y
Hyperbolas in Standard Position
2
x y= x
x2 y2 = 1 y2 x2 4p
y a2 b2 y =1
a2 b2
A y = ab x
sy
m
pt A F2(0, c)
ot sy
e m
e

Center y
ot

pt
pt

ot
m

e
sy

Focus Focus a
A

x
x
F1(c, 0) F2(c, 0) y2
x x=
Vertex a 4p
y= ax y2 a x
e
ot

b b
pt

y = ab x
m

F1(c, 0)
sy
A

y
c = center-to-focus distance = a2 + b2
Eccentricity: e = c/a > 1 c = center-to-focus distance = a2 + b2
Asymptotes: y = (b/a)x Eccentricity: e = c/a > 1
Asymptotes: y = (a/b)x y2
x x=
4p

All parabolas have eccentricity e = 1

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6247D EndPaper UG_new 3/14/05 9:06 AM Page 5

Vector Operator Formulas in Cartesian, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates; Vector Identities

Formulas for Grad, Div, Curl, and the Laplacian

Cartesian (x, y, z) Cylindrical (r, u, z) Spherical (r, f, u)


i, j, and k are unit vectors ur, u , and k are unit vectors in the u
, uf, and u are unit vectors in the
in the directions of directions of increasing r, , and z. directions of increasing
, , and .
increasing x, y, and z.
Fx, Fy, and Fz are the Fr, F , and Fz are the scalar F
, F , and F are the scalar
scalar components of components of F(r, , z) in these components of F(
, , ) in these
F(x, y, z) in these directions. directions.
directions.

]f ]f ]f ]f 1 ]f ]f ]f 1 ]f 1 ]f
Gradient f  i j k f  u  u  k f  u  u  u
]x ]y ]z ]r r r ]u ]z ]r
r ]f r sin f ]u

]Fx ]Fy ]Fz 1 ] 1 ]Fu ]Fz 1 ] 2


Divergence F     F  r (rFr)  r  F (
F
)
]x ]y ]z ]r ]u ]z r 2 ]r
1 ] 1 ]Fu
 (F sin ) 
r sin f ]f r sin f ]u

     
1 1 ur uf uu
i j k r ur uu rk r 2 sin f r sin f r
] ] ]
Curl  F  F ] ] ]  F ] ] ]
]x ]y ]z ]r ]u ]z ]r ]u
]f
Fx Fy Fz Fr rFf r sin f Fu
Fr Fu Fz

   
]2 f ]2 f ]2 f 1 ] ]f 2 2
1 ] f ] f 1 ] ]f
Laplacian 2 f    2 f  r r  2 2  2 2 f  r2
]x 2
]y 2
]z 2 ]r ]r r ]u ]z r 2 ]r ]r

sin f ]f 
sin f  
2
1 ] ]f 1 ] f

r 2 ]r r 2
sin2 f ]u 2

Vector Triple Products Vector Identities for the Cartesian Form of the Operator 

(u v)  w  (v w)  u  (w u)  v In the identities listed here, f(x, y, z) and g(x, y, z) are differentiable scalar functions and
u (v w)  (u  w)v  (u  v)w u(x, y, z) and v(x, y, z) are differentiable vector functions.
  fv  f   v  v  f  f   v  (v  ) f
 fv  f  v  f v
  ( v)  0
 (f )  0
( fg)  f  g  g f
(u  v)  (u  )v  (v  )u  u ( v)  v ( u)
  (u v)  v  ( u)  u  ( v)
 (u v)  (v  )u  (u  )v  u(  v)  v(  u)
 ( v)  (  v)  (  )v  (  v)  2v
1
( v) v  (v  )v  (v  v)
2

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6247D EndPaper UG_new 3/14/05 9:06 AM Page 6

Trigonometry Formulas tan A  tan B


tan (A  B) 
1  tan A tan B

1. Definitions and Fundamental Identities tan A  tan B


y tan (A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
y 1
Sine: sin u  r  P(x, y)
csc u

x 1
r
y  p2   cos A,
sin A  
cos A 
p
2 
 sin A
Cosine: cos u  r  O x
x

sin A    cos A,  
sec u p p
cos A   sin A
2 2
y 1
Tangent: tan u  x 
cot u
1 1
sin A sin B  cos (A  B)  cos (A  B)
2 2
2. Identities
1 1
sin ( )  sin , cos ( )  cos cos A cos B  cos (A  B)  cos (A  B)
2 2
sin2  cos2  1, sec2  1  tan2 , csc2  1  cot2 1 1
sin A cos B  sin (A  B)  sin (A  B)
sin 2  2 sin cos , cos 2  cos  sin 2 2 2 2
1 1
1  cos 2u 1  cos 2u sin A  sin B  2 sin (A  B) cos (A  B)
cos 2 u  , sin2 u  2 2
2 2
1 1
sin A  sin B  2 cos (A  B) sin (A  B)
sin (A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B 2 2

sin (A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B cos A  cos B  2 cos


1 1
(A  B) cos (A  B)
2 2
cos (A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
1 1
cos A  cos B  2 sin (A  B) sin (A  B)
cos (A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B 2 2

y y
Trigonometric Functions y  sin x y  cos x

Radian Measure  
0 
  2
3
x
 
0 
  2
3
x
2 2 2 2 2 2

B' Degrees Radians Domain: ( , ) Domain: ( , )


s Range: [1, 1] Range: [1, 1]
B 
45
2
2
4 y y
A' 1 1 y  tan x
y  sec x
C 1 A  
r 45 90
4

2
Un 1 1
it circle    0   3

x 1
3 x
2 2 2 2   
0   3
3 2

2
2 2
Circle radius r 
of 30
6
Domain: All real numbers except odd
2 3
2 3
integer multiples of /2 Domain: x    ,
, 3
2 2
Range: ( , ) Range: ( , 1] [1, )
 

60 90 3 2
1 1
s u s y y
r1u or u  r,
The angles of two common y  csc x y  cot x

triangles, in degrees and radians.


180   radians. 

2 1

3
2 1
x x
 0 
 2  
0 
 3
 2
2 2 2 2

Domain: x  0, ,  2, Domain: x  0, ,  2,


Range: ( , 1] [1, ) Range: ( , )

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