POLITEKNIK PORT DICKSON

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DCC1023-CIVIL ENGINEERING
MATERIALS

CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURES

MEMBERS NAME

: MUHAMAD SYAFIQ BIN MUHIDIN - 06DKA16F1008

: ABDUL QAYYUM BIN MD ZAMAN - 06DKA16F1026

: MUHAMMAD AMIRUL NAIM BIN HASHIM 06DKA16F

: MUHAMMAD AZWAN BIN ALI - 06DKA16F1027

: MUHAMAD ABID BIN MOHD SHARIF - 06DKA16F1

: MUHAMMAD AZLAN BIN MOHD ZAIN -06DKA16F10

6.1 CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURES

Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure

Construction starts with planning ,design ,and financing and continues until the
project is built and ready for use.

Types of construction:

The type of structure is basically divided into sections according to the function
of the building.
These include windows, doors, walls, stairs and roofs.

WINDOW

The window is an opening made in the wall.

Construction window consists of two main parts, window frames and window
leaves.
The materials used to build the windows are wood, metal, plastic and glass used
to panel or wooden board.
Window is an important component in the construction of the wall. Window
function is:
-Allows the entry of light lunch.
-Conducting air circulation.
-Insulates heat and sound.
-Prevent wind and rain
Parts of window

6.1.1

PIVOTED WINDOW

A window having a section which is pivoted near the center so that the top of the
section swings in and the bottom swings out.
They are two type of pivoted window:
a) vertical pivoted
b) upright pivoted
c) Ram

HINGED WINDOW
 Hinged windows constructed by placing the hinges on the edge of the top,
bottom and frame.
The aim is to allow the use of a hinge door openings are made either out or in.
The types of windows in this category are:
a) Glass window hangers leaf side open to the outside.
b) Frame leaves the upper hanger opening out the window.
c) Frame the window leaves the hanger down into the opening.

SLIDING WINDOWS
Their shutters move either horizontally or vertically.
They are two types of sliding windows:

-vertical slide

-horizon slide

6.1.2

DOORS
 The door is a very important part of the building. Doors are opening in the wall to
allow exit and entry into a building or between rooms inside the building.
Door there are two main sections of the door frame and the door shutter.
The materials used in the construction of the door is wood, metal, glass and
plastic.
In the construction of the door found several factors that must be considered:
Retention of shape and strength
Security
Thermal and sound insulation
Fire resistance.
Functions:

They admit ventilation and light

Control the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing it ,excluding air
drafts , so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled
They act as a barrier to noise
Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic purposes, keeping formal and
utility areas separate.

FLUSH DOOR
The flush door with a framed core is a type of door that we frequently make in
rural building.this door consists of a frame which has stiles,top and bottom rails,
and narrow intermediate rails. It is covered on each side bu a sheet of polywood-
covered flush doors cannot be used where they will be exposed to rain and sun.
PANEL DOORS
 These doors consist of a frame made up of stiles, a top rail, a bottom rail,and
sometimes an intermediate rail. Intothis framework a polywood panel is fitted.
This panel may fit into a groove or a rebate.

TIMBER DOORS

Timber is sawn in the direction of grain

All members are of same species of timber and be straight without any wrap
 The frames are smooth, well planned surfaces except the surface touching wall
lintel sill etc
The thickness of rebate is 15 mm and the width is equal to the thickness of
shutter
Nominal size of door frame for single shutter is 75 x 100 mm and for double
shutter 75 x 125 mm
The back portion of door frame which in contact with walls, lintels sill etc. is
painted with bitumen or any anti-termite chemical
To protect door frame during construction priming coat is done before fixing.
A minimum of three holdfasts shall be fixed on each side,one at the centre and
the other two at 300 mm from top and bottom of the frame
Holdfasts and other parts, which go into masonry wall and thus not accessable
for maintenance,shall be protected against moisture and decay,with a coating of
coal and tar or other suitable protective material
6.1.3

WALL

Wall fulfills the functions of privacy,security and protection against natural factors
It support roofs and ceilings
The main purpose of the wall is to divide the space of the building

Types of walls:

Load bearing walls

Unloaded bearing walls

Load bearing wall

They are meant to carry super imposed loads in addition to their weight
The material most often used to construct load bearing wall in large buildings are
concrete,block or brick.
UNLOADED BEARING WALL

They carry their own load only

The main purpose of these walls is to divide walls or serve as partition walls
They run perpendicular to the floors and ceiling

6.1.4

STRAIGHT RUN STAIRCASE

The straight run staircase are stair used most in new home construction. Straight
stiars as the name implies ,have no turns. These stairs are not as expensive to
construct as other types of stairs.
Advantages of straight stairs:
Straight stairs tend to be the easiest to go up and down or ascend/descend as
we say in the industry.
They are typically the easiest to build however this depends allot on the level of
details in the design
They work well with minimalist designded homes due to their inherent simplicity.
Measuring for railings is simple aslo.

Why do we need staircase?
To facilitate access during movement

from one level to another in a building

The height of riser shall not be more than 90mm

 The width of tread shall not be less than 230mm
The risers and treads within each flight of stairs shall be of uniform height and
size

A landing shall be provided at every floor level and door opening

An intermediate landing shall be provided in between floor levels at intervals of
not more than 16 risers
Handrails should be built upon the height of more than 600mm or 3 steps
The measured vertical headroom must be 2.0m
The gradient of the stairs to the commercial complex to be 38 degrees
Quarter spiral staircase
Half spiral staircase

6.1.5

ROOF

a) the exterior surface and its supporting structures on the top of building

b) the upper exterior surface of a dwelling as a simbol of the home itself

c) the top covering of something

d) the upper surface of an anatomical structure especially one having a vaulted inner
structure

e) the highest point or limit the summit or ceiling

Function
To enclose the space and to protect
To protect from the weather element such as rain,wind,sun,heat and snow
A good roof affords protection for the building itself

Couple
It is formed by a pair of inclined rafters,centre ridge piece and wall plate for
supporting the whole roof
Battens are supported on common rafters and roofing material on battens
Span of couple roof is limited to 3.5m
CLOSE COUPLE ROOF

Similar to couple roof

Two rafters are connected by a wooden member which acts as a tie
Tie prevents the outward spreading of roof
It can also act as support for ceiling
It can be economically used for spans up to 4.2m

COLLAR ROOF
PURLING ROOF

The intermediate support is given to rafters by purlins supported over collar

beams
If span exceeds,the cost of rafters increase and single roof becomes
uneconomical
For span more than 5m,double purlins are preferred
LEAN TO ROOF

It is used coverig verandah,shed and outhouses connected to main building

Upper side common rafters are supported on a wall plate which in turn rest on a
projecting corbel stone from the wall
Lower side rest on the wall plates

FLAT ROOF

Suitable for for moderate rainfall

Types of flat roof:
Madras terrace roof
Bengal terrace roof
Reinforced brick cement roof
Reinforced cement concreate roof
Filler slab