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UNIT 9
9.1 Modal Verbs:

Can : Know how to, strong possibility, capacity, ability.


could : Requests, past of can.
May : Permission, probability.
Might : Remote probability.
Must : Obligation, deduction, strong advice.
Mustnt : Prohibition, deduction, strong advice.
Shall : Suggestion, invitation ( Shall we?/Shall I?)
Neednt : Absence of obligation or necessity.

Examples:

Our brother can swim very well.


She cant run very fast, Can she?
May I open the window?
Im sorry, but you may not go out tonight.
Could you do me a favour?
Im not very sure, but there might not be classes next week.
You must bring your homework next class.
Look at his car! It must cost a fortune.
Students mustnt cheat on exams.
Shall we go to the cinema?
Shall I bring you a cup of coffee?
You look sick. You should see a doctor.
Girls shouldnt go out alone at night. Its very dangerous.
You neednt bring anything for the party. We have enough of everything.

9.2 Excercises.

Turn the following imperatives into polite requests using COULD.

1. Turn on the air conditioner. __________________________________________________


2. Repeat the question, please. ________________________________________________
3. Tell me your name. ________________________________________________________
4. Spell that word. _________________________________________________________
5. Bring us some more coffee. _________________________________________________

Ask polite-formal questions in the following situations using MAY

1. Youre in class. Youre hot. You want to open the window.


__________________________________________________________________________
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2. Youre at the bank. Your pen isnt working. You want to use the cashiers pen.
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Youre in a meeting. You want to give your opinion.


__________________________________________________________________________

4. The room is a little dark. You want to turn on the light.


__________________________________________________________________________

5. You call your friend but he isnt in. You want to leave a message.
__________________________________________________________________________

Suggest something asking the other persons (s) opinion. SHALL I? SHALL WE?

1. Youre in class. Its very noisy outside and the door is open.
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Youre at your friends house and you want to help her wash the dishes.
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Youre in class. Your teacher is coughing. You offer to bring a glass of water.
__________________________________________________________________________

4. You and your friends are hungry. You think that pizza is delicious and easy to make.
__________________________________________________________________________

Read the different situations and ask a question for each using an appropriate modal:
can, could, may, shall, must, should etc.

1. Youre at a friends house. You want to ask her something..


__________________________________________________________________________

2. Youre at a restaurant. You want the bill.


__________________________________________________________________________

3. Youre in the street. You see someone lost. You offer help.
__________________________________________________________________________

4. You don`t understand a problem. The teacher is near you..


__________________________________________________________________________

5. Youre at a friends house. The bell is ringing. He is busy. You want to help.
_________________________________________________________________________

6. You have a big problem. Ask a friend for advice.


__________________________________________________________________________

7. Your friend is drinking a lot. He is driving a car. That bothers you.


__________________________________________________________________________
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Fill in the blanks with an appropriate modal.

1. Im afraid that you ___________________ park here.


2. _______________I bring you some more tea?
3. _______________ I have one of those cookies?
4. Henry isnt an expert, but Im sure he ____________help you with your computer.
5. Excuse me, sir / madam. ________________you repeat the last sentence?
6. People________________________ drive when the drink.
7. People ___________________enter that club if they are not members.
8. You _________________ leave your notebook here.
9. You ____________________sit in this chair if you want to.
10. _______________ we go to the cafeteria to have some coffee?

Translate into English.

1. Profesor, me podra explicar este ejercicio de nuevo? No lo puedo entender.


____________________________________________________________________

2. Perdn seor, me puede decir la hora?


____________________________________________________________________

3. El telfono est sonando, lo contesto?


____________________________________________________________________

4. El hermano chico de Ana no puede decir la hora, porque slo tiene 4 aos.
____________________________________________________________________

5. Maana es el cumpleaos de Toms, Comprmosle un regalo?


____________________________________________________________________

6. A. Debemos mandarle un e-mail antes? B. No, no es necesario.

____________________________________________________________________
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Express these sentences using NEEDNT.

Example:

It isnt compulsory (or necessary) for you to marry an American to learn English.
You neednt marry an American to learn English.

1. It isnt compulsory for us to be here until 10:00 oclock.


___________________________________________________________________________

2. It isnt necessary for you to arrive two hours before class.


__________________________________________________________________________

3. It isnt necessary for him to cut his hair for that job.
__________________________________________________________________________

4. It isnt necessary for you to wear formal clothes for that class.
__________________________________________________________________________

Translate.

1Dnde puedo conseguir el nmero de telfono del profesor?


____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
(b) Deberas ir a la secretara. Ellos deben tenerlo y a lo mejor te lo dan.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. No es necesario que pagues mi entrada al cine, pero debes pagarte la tuya por lo menos.
____________________________________________________________________
3. Hay mucho ruido afuera. Debe haber una reunin de alumnos. Vamos a ver?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. Puedo decir algo? Creo que deberamos solucionar el problema aqu mismo. No es necesario
que vayamos al Decanato.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 10
10.1 PRESENT PERFECT.

Affirmative = S + have/has (not) + Past participle + C.


Questions = Where + have/has + S + Past Participle. + C?

Examples:

Dave : Have you travelled?


Nora : Yes, I have been to many different countries.
Dave : Really? Have you gone to China?
Nora : Yes, I have visited China twice.
Dave : What about India?
Nora : No, I have never been to India.

Note:
When we talk about a period of time that continues up to the present, we use PRESENT
PERFECT.

We use PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS to say or to ask how long something has
been happening . This time the action or situation began in the past and is still happening or has
just stopped.

Examples:

Its raining now. It began to rain two hours ago and it is still raining, so...
It has been raining for two hours.

10.2 For - Since.

FOR = period of time.


SINCE = point in time when the action started.

Examples: They have lived here for a long time, since 1992.

10.3 Expressions of time used with present perfect.

Lately, recently.
Today, this month /week/year; all morning/day/ night.
Ever-never.
Always, usually, seldom etc.
Just.
Already, yet, Not yet.
For, since.
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10.4 Exercises.

Put the verbs in the sentences below into the correct tense: Simple Past or Present
Perfect.

1. I _________________________ (visit) New York six months ago.


2. Hans _________________________________(never be) to England.
3. They ___________________________________(just move) to a new flat.
4. Tom _____________________________________(visit) Chile last January.
5. Im afraid I _________________________________(do) it several times.
6. I _____________________________(not be) very well last week.
7. Goodness! I am hot. I _____________________(work) in the garden all morning.
8. Ellen _____________________________(live) here for the last three months.
9. They __________________________ (change) their phone number last month.
10. I ________________________________(not see) Sally since she was a little girl.

Youre writig a letter to a friend and giving news about people you know. Use the
words given to make sentences and put the verbs in the correct tense:

Ex: Phil / find a new job = Phil has found a new job.

1. Charles /go/ Brazil twice. ______________________________________________________


2. Jack and Jill /decide/ to get married _____________________________________________
3. Susan /have / a baby/ last year._________________________________________________
4. Alice / give up/ smoking / recently._______________________________________________
5. George /pass / his driving test.__________________________________________________
6. Mary / finish/ her English course.________________________________________________
7. The children / grow up / a lot.___________________________________________________
8. Little Chris / enter/ school / last March.___________________________________________

Answer the questions in negative using the words in brackets.

Ex. When did you last smoke? (For two years) = I havent smoked for two years.

When

1. did it last snow? (for ages) ___________________________________________________


2. did they last visit you? (since June) ____________________________________________
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3. did you last play tennis? (for a long ime)________________________________________
4. did you last eat lobster? (never). ______________________________________________
5. did you last go to a discotheque (since last Friday). _______________________________
6. did the boys last go to the USA? (never)._______________________________________
7. did she last write to you? (Since summer)._______________________________________

Make questions with the words given.

Ex: You/ hear/ from George recently? Have you heard from George recently?

1. John / call/ you lately? ______________________________________________________


2. You / see/ Paul / in the past few days? _________________________________________
3. Carlos/ visit / you / already?__________________________________________________
4. You/ have / any tests this erm?_______________________________________________

Answer the questions using FOR and/or SINCE

1. How long have you been studying English?


_____________________________________________________________________

2. How long have you lived in the same place?


_____________________________________________________________________

3. How long have you known your best friend?


______________________________________________________________________

4. How long have the pyramids of Egypt existed?


______________________________________________________________________

5. How long have you been out of school?


______________________________________________________________________

6. How long has Chile been a Republic?


________________________________________________________

7. How long have you had your mobile phone?

8. How long have you had English classes?


________________________________________________________________________
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Translate the following story. Then ask questions about it.

Un equipo de televisin que est trabajando en un programa acerca del Amazonas, ha


descubierto recin a un joven estudiante britnico que vive en una aldea de nativos. La gente de
la televisin lo entrevist para su programa.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Entrevistador: Nos sorprendi mucho descubrir un hombre blanco viviendo aqu. Exactamente,
qu ests haciendo?
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Joven: Estoy viviendo en esta aldea hace seis meses. Estoy estudiando la vida y costumbres de
este pueblo y voy a escribir un libro.
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Entrevistador: Has aprendido harto, verdad?


_______________________________________________________________________

Joven: Si! He estado compartiendo la vida de ellos. He estado tambin en sus expediciones de
caza. He participado en sus rituales y festivales, He aprendido a entender su idioma. Siento que
de verdad, ellos han comenzado a confiar en m. Son gente maravillosa!
_______________________________________________________________________

Entrevistador: Y Cunto planeas quedarte?

Joven: Bueno, depende de varios factores. Estoy aqu desde septiembre. Planeo quedarme hasta
agosto, por lo menos. A lo mejor me quedo un poco mas. Podra ser, hasta diciembre. No se
todava.
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UNIT 11
11.1 PAST PERFECT

S + HAD (NOT) + PAST PARTICIPLE

Examples: They had already left when I got home.


Had you ever studied English before?
He told me he had never seen such a horrible movie before.

The Past Perfect expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the
past.

Example: Sam had already left when Ann got here. First: Sam left.
Sam left before Ann got here. Second: Ann got here.

Compare: Sam left when Ann got here. First: Ann got here.
Sam left after Ann came. Second: Sam left.

Note: When after or before is used in the sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary
because the time relationship is already clear.

11.2 Retelling something.

When you retell something that is in the PAST TENSE, you have to change the verb to
the PAST PERFECT TENSE.

Example: Bill: I was at home last night

If you tell this to a friend introducing your report in the PAST, you have to use the PAST PERFECT
of the verb instead of the Simple Past.

Bill told me that he had been at home last night.

11.3 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

HAD (NOT) BEEN + ING.

The PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS emphasizes the duration of an activity that


was taking place before another activity or time in the past.

Example:
The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him.
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11.4 Exercises

Id seen = I had = past participle


Id like = I would = simple form.

Complete using Simple past or past perfect.

1. Sam _____________(be) a newspaper reporter before he ____________ (become) a


businessman.

2. I _______________(feel) a little better after I _________________(take) the medicine.

3. I was late. The teacher _________________ (give) the exams when I __________ (get)
to class.

4. It was raining hard, but by the time the class ____________(be) over, the rain ___________
(stop)

5. Millions of years ago, dinosaurs ___________________(roam) the earth, but they


____________________(become) extinct by the time humankind first______________(appear) .

6. I ________________(see, never) any of Picassos paintings, before I __________(visit)


the art museum.

7. Yesterday at a restaurant, I_______________ (see) Pat Donnelly, an old friend of mine.


I ______________________(not see) her in years. At first, I ____________(not recognize) her
because she __________________(lose) a great deal of weight.

8. In 1980, my parents ______________(emigrate) to the United States from China. They


___________________(not travel) outside of China, and were, of course, excited by the challenge
of relocating in a foreign country. Eventually they _______________ (settle) in California. My sister
and I ________________(be born) there and ___________(grow up) there.
Last year I _________________ (go) to China for the first time. I ______________ (always,want)
to visit China and learn about my family background. It was a dream come true.

Review of verb tenses

In pairs or in groups, discuss the meaning of the verb forms and answer the question about the
pair of sentences.

1. Dan was leaving the room when I walked in.


Sam had left the room when I walked in.
Who did I run into when I walked into the room?

2. When the rain stopped, Gloria was riding her bike to work.
When the rain stopped, Paul rode his bike to work.
Who got wet on the way to work?

3. Ken went to the store because she was running out of food.
Ann went ot he store because she had run out of food.
Who is better at planning ahead?
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4. Ms. Lincoln taught at this school for ten years.
Mr. Sanches has taught at this school for ten years.
Who is still teaching at this school?

5. When I got there, Marie had eaten.


When I got there, Joe ate.
Who was still hungry when I got there?

6. I looked across the street. Mr. Fox was waving at me.


I looked across the street. Mrs. Cook waved at me.
Who began to wave at me before I looked across the street?

Use Present Perfect continuous and Past Perfect Continuous to complete these
sentences:

1. We _____________________ (wait) for Nancy for the last two hours, but she still hasnt arrived.

2. We _________________________ (wait) for Nancy for over three hours before she finally
arrived yesterday night.

3. Its midnight. I _____________________(study) for five straight hours. No wonder


Im getting tired.

4. It was midnight. I ______________________(study) for five straight hours. No wonder I


was getting tired.

5. Jack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldnt answer because
he _________________________ (daydream) for the last ten minutes.

6. Wake up! You ___________________________(sleep) long enough. Its time to get up.

Translate: Do not use contracted forms.


1. Me cont que se haba casado cuando era muy joven.
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Dijo que haba llovido pero que no haba hecho mucho fro.
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Nos preguntaron si habamos tenido algn problema.


___________________________________________________________________________

4. La polica inform que ya haba capturado a los ladrones.


___________________________________________________________________________

5. No saba que habas aprobado el examen. No me habas contado.


___________________________________________________________________________
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6. Qu vergenza! Apenas termin de hablar, me di cuenta que haba dicho puras tonteras.
Nada me salio bien ese da.
___________________________________________________________________________

7. No me habas dicho que queras estudiar Fsica.


___________________________________________________________________________

8. El ejercicio era mucho ms fcil de lo que habamos pensado.


___________________________________________________________________________

9. Pablo estaba feliz me cont que haba estado trabajando en su tesis por mas de un ao y que
por fin la haba terminado y la haba entregado.
___________________________________________________________________________

10. Me llamaron como a las 10:00 anoche. Haba estado esperando esa llamada hace das.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 12
12.1 Some, any, no, every

Use SOME in affirmative sentences with count (algunos) and mass nouns (algo, un
poco).
Ex. : Im going to buy some oranges. I need some money.

Use ANY in negative sentences: ningn, ninguno, ninguna; nada (de).


Ex. : Im not going to buy any eggs.
I dont have any money.

Use ANY in questions.


Ex : Do you have any questions?
Is there any place we can go?
Do you have any time this afternoon?

Use SOME to offer or to ask for things:


Ex. : Would you like some coffee?
Could you lend me some money?

Use NO in affirmative sentences to give negative meaning.


Ex. : I have no time this afternoon.
(I dont have any time this afternoon)
There is no homework for tomorrow.
(There isnt any homework for tomorrow)

ANY in affirmative sentences: cualquiera.


Ex. : Use any pen you want.
We can meet any day you like.

EVERY is used ONLY with singular count nouns:

Every day, every student, every week, every class.

PEOPLE THINGS PLACES

Some Somebody / one Something Somewhere


Any Anybody / one Anything Anywhere
No Nobody / one Nothing Nowhere.
Every Everybody / one Everything Everywhere

Somebody ) Somebody is knocking at the door.


Something aff. I know something about her.
Somewhere It must be somewhere.
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Anybody Do you know anybody there?.
neg. I dont know anybody there.
Anything Is there anything to say?
No, there isnt anything to say about it.
Anywhere int. Did you go anywhere interesting last week?
No, I didnt go anywhere last week.

Remember: ANY in affirmative sentences means cualquier o cualquiera

Nobody Nobody has called me today.


Nothing I have nothing to say about it.
Nowhere Theres nowhere to go in town.

Everybody Everybody loves somebody, someday.


Everything Aff. and Dont worry, everything is fine.
interrogative Everything Is everything O.K.?
Everywhere Did you look evrywhere?

Remember:
Neg. Verb = any : There is not anything new.
Aff. Verb = no : There is nothing new.

12.2 Exercises

Complete with NO or ANY:

1. There are _______________big trees in that street.


2. She cant speak _________________word in French.
3. Mr. Johnson is married but he has _____________children.
4. Im not going to do ____________ work today.
5. a) I didnt smoke ___________________ cigarrettes yesterday.
b) Good ! You should smoke _________________cigarrettes at all.
6. Im not going to answer __________________questions.
7. Sorry, but I have ___________________ time to talk now.
8. Hes always alone. He has______________ friends. Poor thing!
9. There wasnt __________________ there. It was empty.
10. There is ___________________ bread. Go and buy _________ please.

Re-write using NO

1. He doesnt have any money


______________________________________________________________________________

2. I havent had any news from her


______________________________________________________________________________

3. They dont have any information here.


_____________________________________________________________________________

4. There wasnt any oil in the tank.


_____________________________________________________________________________
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5. We didnt find any place to have dinner.


______________________________________________________________________________

6. We wont have any tests next week.


______________________________________________________________________________

Complete using: Something, Anything, Nothing or Everything.

1. a) Do you know _____________________________about American Civil War?


b) No, I know ___________________about it. I am not interested in History. But, ask Paul!
He may know _________________________ hes always reading _____________.

2. a) Be quiet! Dont say ____________________. I just saw _________________moving


behind that tree. Lets go and see.
b) There is __________________ there. It was probably the wind.

3. You neednt buy _________________ Tom, we already took care of ____________.

4. No, There is ________________to worry about. _______________is fine with your report.

Complete using: Somebody, Anybody, Nobody or Everybody

1. Some exercises are so easy that ___________________________ can do them.

2. Mary heard ____________________knocking at her door, but when she opened it, there was
_________________________.

3. Not _________________________ can do it so fast.

4. _________________ told me what happened. And I didnt talk to _____________ that day.
So I had no idea of what was going on.

Complete using Somewhere, Anywhere, Nowhere or Everywhere.

1. Sorry, but I cant find Proffesor Jones__________________ . He is probably having lunch


______________ out of campus.

2. I dont have much money so lets go ______________________inexpensive.

3. The police is following the narco dealers __________________________they go.

4. She is so hard to please. She seems to be happy ________________________.

Complete with a suitable word with: Some, Any, No or Every.


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1. Dont worry about your mistakes. ______________________is perfect.
2. I left my glasses ______________________but I cant find them.
3. Why is Mike under the table? Is he looking for ________________________?
4. Look! The refrigerator is empty. Theres ______________________in it.
5. Do you live ____________________near here? I saw you at the supermarket last week.
6. They brought the mail, but there was _________________________ for you.
7. a) My eye hurts, I think theres _______________________ in it.
b) Yes, its red but I cant see ____________________in it.
8. a) Lets have _______________to drink. How about____________ orange juice?
b) No, thanks, I m not thirsty, I dont want to drink ______________________.
9. Were looking for Professor Chimp. We cant find him ______________________.
10. I went out of the room silently. ______________________saw me.
11. Old Mr. Simpson has __________memory problems. He cant remember _______________.
12. Be quiet. Dont say ____________________.
13. I didnt know _________________about the meeting. _________________told me.
14. a) What are you going to do this afternoon?
b) . ___________________ Why?
15. Does __________________know Johns new phone number?
16. Im bored. I have _________________________ to do.
17. _________________________needs friends. You cant live alone.
18. My roommate is speaking to ____________________________ on the phone.
19. I m so sad! My boyfriend didnt give me ______________________ for my birthday.
20. She is so discrete! She told ____________________________ the secret.

TRANSLATE.

1. Esa casa est vaca. Nadie vive ah.


______________________________________________________________________________
2. Nadie se re de mis chistes. No voy a contar nunca ninguno ms.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. a) Con quin hablaste?
______________________________________________________________________________
b) No habl con nadie. Todo el mundo estaba muy ocupado y nadie me puso atencin
______________________________________________________________________________
4. a) Qu dijiste?
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____________________________________________________________________________
__
b) No dije nada. Pensaste que haba dicho algo?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Parece que nadie ms asisti a la charla porque no vi a nadie ms.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Voy a ver si alguien me puede ayudar con esta traduccin que nos dio la profesora para
maana. Dnde estn todos? Parece que no hay nadie por aqu. A lo mejor encuentro alguien en
la biblioteca.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
7. a) Alguien te llam por telfono, pero no dej ningn recado.
______________________________________________________________________________
b) No puede ser. No le dije a nadie que iba a estar aqu.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. No encuentro mis apuntes por ningn lado. Alguno de ustedes los tom?
______________________________________________________________________________

12.3 VERY, SO, TOO AND SUCH

Adverbs of degree Quantifiers:

Very = muy, mucho /a. much


So = tan, tanto,/a. many
Too = demasiado /a litlle
few
Such = tan / tal.
Very
So + adjectives - adverbs
Too

Examples:
They live in a very big house
Why are you so happy?
Those tickets are too expensive for me.
You dont drive very carefully, do you?
Those people speak English too fast. I cant understand them.
The cake was so delicious that we ate it all.
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Very
So + much, many, little, few + noun(s)
Too

Examples:

There were so many people that it was impossible to get into the auditorium.
He had so much money that he didnt know what to do with it.
I think that we spent too much money in that. It was crazy.
There were too many people there to be comfortable.

Very
So + much / little Used to emphasize verbs.
Too

Examples:

She loves him very much.


I liked them so much that I bought them.
He drinks too much, doesnt he?

SUCH + (adjective) + noun (s)

Examples:
We were having such fun that we didnt want to come back.
Who told you such nonsense?
It was such an easy question, that everybody answered it easily.
Where do you buy such beautiful clothes?

12.4 Compare such and so.

Hes such a (messy) boy! Such (adj.) + noun


Hes so messy! So + adjective (without a noun)

Youre such a nice person!


Youre so nice!

12.5 Exercises

Re-write the following using SO and TOO. Add information to make the changes meaningful.

Example: He is very old.


a) He is so old that he can hardly walk.
b) He is too old to walk fast.

1. He was very nervous.


a) ______________________________________________________________________
b) ______________________________________________________________________
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2. Sally was very sick.
a) ______________________________________________________________________
b) ______________________________________________________________________
3. The boys will be very tired.
a) ______________________________________________________________________
b) ______________________________________________________________________
4. The last test was very difficult.
a) ______________________________________________________________________
b) ______________________________________________________________________
5. They were playing the music very loudly.
a) ______________________________________________________________________
b) ______________________________________________________________________

Complete using Very, So, Such or Too.

1. He says that he is ______________ hungry that he could eat a horse.

2. a) I could buy ___________ few things because the prices were ________ high.
b) Is that why you look _______________disappointed?

3. She met _____________ a charming guy that she fell in love at first sight.

4. He is ______________ tired to go on working. Hes _______ exhausted that hell drop on the
floor at any moment.

5. Those antique chairs are ________ nice that Id love to buy them, but unfortunatelly they are
___________ expensive for me.

6. There was ___________ hot weather that we had to come back to take a shower.

7. The exam wasnt _________________difficult after all, was it?

8. This coffee is ____________________ hot for me to drink.

TRANSLATE.

Remember: Very = muy, mucho /a.


So = tan, tanto /a.
Too = demasiado /a
Such = tan, tanto /a + adj. + noun.
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1. Estoy muy cansada y tengo mucha hambre. T no?
______________________________________________________________________

2. Esa pelcula no debe ser muy entretenida si tantos de ellos se quedaron dormidos.
___________________________________________________________________________

3. a) Creo que ests comprando demasiadas cosas y este mall es uno de los mas
caros .Andas con tanta plata?
___________________________________________________________________________

b) Por qu me lo preguntas? Yo pens que t ibas a pagar.


___________________________________________________________________________

4. a) Vi un programa tan bueno en la televisin, que nadie debera perdrselo. Lo dan maana de
nuevo. Lo viste?
__________________________________________________________________________

b) No, porque en realidad no me gusta mucho la televisin


__________________________________________________________________________

5. a) Estoy tan cansada que a veces pienso que estoy haciendo demasiadas cosas al mismo
tiempo.
__________________________________________________________________________

b) Deberas ver mdico. Ests muy plida. Puede que ests enferma.
__________________________________________________________________________

MOBILE PHONES: ARE THEY DANGEROUS?

Do you have a mobile phone? Do you use it a lot? If the answer to these questions is yes, you
should read the following information about mobile phones very carefully.
If you keep using a mobile phone, it will probably cause premature aging, which might be rather
difficult to get over. At least this is what most scientists say. Low-level radiation from the phone
may heat up body cells , damaging skin and making it look slightly lined and tired. Scientists say
that if you expose cells to the radiation from a mobile phone, the natural process that repairs your
skin will probably be affected. Furthermore, radiation produces mutations in the cells and these
mutations could be related to other health problems.
Mobile phone users have also found out that if they use their phone for a long time they feel other
symtoms such as fatigue and memory loss. The fatigue may be caused because, when using
phones, people suffer involuntary speeding up of their heart beat. Apart from that, nearly two in
three people asked complain of regular headaches from using their phones , although this may be
due to bad posture rather than radiation emissions.
61
The most surprising fact discovered by investigators is that people exposed to the radiation of a
mobile phone for 4 minutes went to the toilet twice as many times as people who did not use
mobile phones. This proves that radiation has a biological effect on humans.
So, if I were you, I would think twice before using a mobile phone if I looked in the mirror and saw
wrinckles on my face, If I felt fatigue and had trouble remembering things, or if I used my toilet
more than I used to!

TRUE or FALSE? Explain.

1. If you use a mobile phone, you will certainly get older sooner.

______________________________________________________________________

2. If you use a mobile too much, you may feel tired and lose your memory.

______________________________________________________________________

3. You will have headaches unless you stop using your mobile.

______________________________________________________________________

4. Mobile users go to the toilet less often than those who do not use their phones.

______________________________________________________________________

Taken from: Bachillerato Made Easy, Richmond Publishing.


62
Unit 13
13.1 Some uses of GET:

- Replacing other verbs

The usual meanings are : obtain, receive, buy, learn, win, arrive, catch an illness, understand
etc.etc.

Examples : Jane got (obtained) a 5.0 in the last test.


She always gets (arrive at) home late.

- Get + preposition / adverb

Get across Get in Get on


Get ahead Get out Get off
Get along Get down Get through
Get up Get away Get over
Get back Get together
`
Examples : What time did you get back (return) last night?
The robbers got away (escaped) with the money.

- Get + adjectives
(Remember: Be + adjectives : Im tired; We are very hungry. etc.)

The common meaning in Spanish is : se, ponerse, dar, hacerse.

Get acquainted Get hungry Get pale / red


Get angry Get late Get ready
Get bored Get lost Get sad
Get cold/ hot Get lucky Get sick / ill
Get drunk Get mad Get tired
Get excited Get married Get upset
Get fat/ thin Get nervous Get well/better
Get frightened Get old Get wet

Examples : I always get very nervous when I have a test. (me pongo muy nervioso)
They got married ten years ago. (se casaron)
Lets go, Its getting late. (Se est haciendo tarde)
The baby is getting hungry. (a la guagua le est dando hambre).
He got so tired gardening. Hes getting old.
63
- HAVE / HAS GOT (TO) = HAVE (TO) (tener/ que)

How many subjects have you got this term?


I`ve got a lot to do this week. Ive got to study a lot.

TRANSLATE

1. Apurmonos o nuestro profesor se enojar.


___________________________________________________________________________

2. Me voy de inmediato porque se est haciendo tarde y me puedo perder.


__________________________________________________________________________

3. Tengo que contarte algo. Tienes tiempo?


__________________________________________________________________________

4. Cundo nos podramos juntar para conversar?


__________________________________________________________________________

5. Entremos a la casa? Me dio fro ac afuera.


__________________________________________________________________________

6. a) No podra correr un metro mas. Me cans demasiado.


__________________________________________________________________________

b) Te consigo algo para tomar en ese quiosco?


__________________________________________________________________________

7. a) Cmo te llevas con tu familia poltica?


__________________________________________________________________________

b) Me llevo bien con todos ellos.


__________________________________________________________________________

8. a) A qu hora te levantas?
__________________________________________________________________________

b) Me tengo que levantar no ms tarde de las 8:00 porque slo as puedo llegar a m clase de
ingls a tiempo.
__________________________________________________________________________

9. Se pone triste con mucha frecuencia porque est viviendo lejos de su familia.
__________________________________________________________________________

10. a) Dnde conseguiste ese libro?


__________________________________________________________________________

b) Mi mam lo compr ayer en la Feria del Libro.


__________________________________________________________________________
64
11. Nunca le he entendido lo que dice. Habla demasiado rpido.
__________________________________________________________________________

12. a) Me estoy aburriendo de estudiar tanto. Se est poniendo cada da ms difcil este curso.
_____________________________________________________________________

b) No estoy de acuerdo. Creo que puede que t te ests poniendo ms floja. o no?
_____________________________________________________________________

13.5 ADVERBS

They characterize actions. (Adjectives characterize nouns).

a) Adjective + ly:

rapid - rapidly total - totally


quick quickly general - generally
easy - easily useful - usefully

Examples : Please, speak slowly.


She always does things very carefully.

b) Special cases:
Good -- well Fast-- fast Hard -- hard

Example : Ive got a fast car. This car runs fast.


Hes a hard working person. He works very hard.
No matter what you do, do it well.

POSITION: (Adverbs of Manner - How....)

Initial: Suddenly, he left


Mid-Position: Youll easily understand.
Final: Youll understand it easily.

Note: MANNER -- PLACE----TIME

Example : She sang beautifully at the concert last night.


The boys were playing in their rooms quietly.

c) Verbs of movement (go, come, travel, walk,stay, run etc.) are followed by P MT .

Example: Come here quickly.

13.6 Exercises
65

Supply the correct form : Adjective or Adverb.

1. The teacher next door speaks very ___________(loud), ours speaks _____________(soft).
2. Ill have a ____________ (quick) meal because I have to go out _______________(quick)
3. She speaks English ______________(fluent), but she cant write it very __________(good).
4. He treats everybody _____________ (nice) because he is a very __________(nice) person.
5. English may seem like a _____________(hard) language to learn for many students who dont
study __________________ (hard).
6. We were sitting at our desks _________________ (comfortable) when she walked in
____________ (sudden) and said that we had to evacuate the building ___________ (quick).

Note: These verbs are followed by adjectives: Examples :


You look pretty.
It sounds nice.
That tastes delicious.
I feel good.
That flower smells great.
He is interesting.
He seems nice.

TRANSLATE: REMEMBER THE WORD ORDER: S+V+C

1. A las 7:00 de la maana ayer se fue en taxi a la estacin y tom el tren de las 8:00.
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Estn viviendo en uoa, en la calle Holanda 1225, en el edificio C, sexto piso depto. 605.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3. Si vas a salir de la ciudad por el fin de semana, maneja con cuidado Hay demasiados
conductores que manejan demasiado rpido y con demasiado riesgo.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

4. Cmo se llama? Me suena conocido ese apellido.


_____________________________________________________________________________
66
13.7 Reflexive and emphatic pronouns

I myself
You yourself
He himself
She herself
It itself
We ourselves
You yourselves
They themselves
One oneself

Reflexive action:

She looked at herself in the mirror.


The little boy hurt himself while playing.
Please, take care of yourselves.

Emphatic use:
I (myself) painted the whole house (myself).
The girls (themselves) prepared the barbeque (themselves).

Meaning alone , without company or help: by + self / selves


She likes to be by herself. (alone)
Look how big he is, he can eat by himself. (without help)

SELF also means auto in Spanish.

Self - service self- sufficient


Self confidence self-defence
Self - control selfish
Self evident self- centered.

13.8 Exercises

Fill in appropriately. Add by when necessary:


1. (a) May I introduce ____________________? Im _________________
(b) Nice to meet you. Tell me, havent we met before?
2. (a) Ouch!
(b) You see? I told you you would hurt __________________with that hammer.
3. Lets not feel so sorry for _____________________so often. Shall we?
4. Little Sam cant comb ________________________yet, can he?
5. One must behave _________________________at official ceremonies.
6. My little sister and I are ___________________ because mother is at the market.
67
7. The boys washed _________________________after they washed the car.
8. Did you all enjoy __________________________at the beach last weekend?
9. Stop blaming _________________________for such a minor accident as that.
10. Why was she all _________________________ in the dark?
11. They havent been able to finish the project ______________. They needed some help.

TRANSLATE

1. Se cort con las tijeras y se limpi con alcohol, pero el dolor le dur como una semana. Sin
embargo, no necesit ver a ningn doctor.

_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Uno debera preocuparse ms de uno mismo. Dicen que la caridad comienza por casa.
No crees?

____________________________________________________________________

3. Nunca haba ledo un poema tan lindo como el que tienes ah. Lo escribiste t misma?

____________________________________________________________________

4. Srvanse ustedes mismos. Yo misma la ali la ensalada y me qued exquisita verdad?

____________________________________________________________________

5. Casi se mata. No se dio cuenta que venia el tren de la diez y su auto estaba estacionado justo
sobre los rieles. Menos mal que no estaba sola, porque es tan distrada!

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
6. Mrate! Te ves como mono. Anda y lvate. Pinate tambin.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
68
Unit 14
14.1 It takes = Demorarse

It + any tense of TAKE + sb/sth. + time + to infinitive + C


It took him long to forget her.
It wont take them very long to be ready.
It usually takes me an hour to get there
It should take you shorter to do that exercise.

How long did it take you to paint that?


How long would it take me to get there by subway?
How long does it usually take Tom to do his homework?

Note: Long and short are frequently used to talk about time in this construction.

Short / long
A (very) short / long time
So short / so long
Such a short / long time
Too short / long
Quite short / long
Shorter / longer

14.2 Exercises

Answer the following questions

1. How long does it take you to get here from home?


_________________________________________________________________

2. Which takes longer, to make money or to spend it?


_________________________________________________________________

3. How long is it taking the workers to build the new buildings here?
_________________________________________________________________

Make the corresponding question

1. _________________________________________________________________________
It takes me very short to do my exercises.

2. __________________________________________________________________________
It should take them one day or two to get the passports.
69

3. __________________________________________________________________________
Yes, it should take longer to transport the woods by railway.

4. __________________________________________________________________________
No, It doesnt take a student very long to understand it takes.

5. __________________________________________________________________________
It took him less than an hour to shovel the snow off the sidewalk.

TRANSLATE

1. (a) Cunto demora aprender a manejar?


_____________________________________________________________________________

(b) Depende de la persona. Generalmente demora dos o tres semanas. En mi caso, me demor
un poco ms en sentirme confiada.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. (a) Cunto te demoras en llegar desde tu casa?

_____________________________________________________________________________

(b) No me demoro mucho. Vivo relativamente cerca y a veces me vengo caminando

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. (a) Te demoraste mucho en hacer la ltima prueba de ingls?

_____________________________________________________________________________

(b) No me demor mucho en hacer los dos primeros temes, pero me demor ms de lo que cre
en traducir la ltima seccin. Pero pude terminar antes de que la profesora dijera Time is up!.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
70
UNIT 15
15.1 Subjunctive tense in English

There are different ways of expressing this tense in English. This is one of them:

S + want + somebody + (not) to do + something

She wanted us to be on time for class.


The new law obliges people not to drink whe whe we drive.

VERBS USED :

Advise Need
Allow Oblige
Ask Order
Beg Permit
Cause Persuade
Compel Prefer
Encourage Press
Expect Recommend
Force Request
Get Remind
Hate Teach
Instruct Tell
Intend Want
Invite Warn
Like
Love

Examples : Read these examples and translate them into Spanish:

Wed like the teacher to give us more examples.


I advised them to come early.
The had warned us not to go there.
I dont need you to be here so early.
I always get somebody to clean the windows.
My mom taught me (how) to drive.
They dont allow people to smoke in here.
Please, remind me to bring the Cds next class.
I m always encouraging my studentsto practise English.
I love everybody to pay attention to what I say.
71
15.2 Exercises

Write the corresponding questions

1. __________________________________________________________________________
I want you to come back before midnight.

2. __________________________________________________________________________
She reminded us not to forget our notes.

3. __________________________________________________________________________
They ordered everybody to evacuate the building immediately.

4. __________________________________________________________________________
No. Ive never asked him to do me a favour.

5. __________________________________________________________________________
He really hates people to tell him what to do.

6. __________________________________________________________________________
My friends encouraged me to talk with my boss about my problem.

Tell the following using this construction. Use the verbs in parenthesis as Introduction

Example : Please have a seat. (invite)


He (has) invited us to have a seat.

1. Dont shout here (order)


______________________________________________________________________

2. Could you open the door? (ask)


______________________________________________________________________

3. Students can use a dictionary in the tests. (allow)


______________________________________________________________________

4. Do all your homework (remind)


______________________________________________________________________

5. Please, dont come back late, will you? (beg)


______________________________________________________________________
72
LETS TALK !! (Invent more questions)

1. How would you like Santiago to be?


_____________________________________________________________________________

2. What would you advise a friend who has no money to do?


_____________________________________________________________________________

3. What do you really like people to do? / not to do?


_____________________________________________________________________________

4. When do you expect to finish your career?


_____________________________________________________________________________

5. What day would you like it to be today?


_____________________________________________________________________________

Translate

1. Qu ms quieres que haga? Me gustara que me lo dijeras.


________________________________________________________________________

2. Siempre nos pide que le pongamos atencin y que no hablemos cuando nos explica algo.
________________________________________________________________________

3. Te haba dicho que vinieras a clases, porque era importante.


______________________________________________________________________

4. Me encantara que me ayudaras con estas traducciones. Podras?


_____________________________________________________________________________

5. A mi me encanta que mis amigos vengan a mi casa.


_____________________________________________________________________________

6 . Le ordenaron que no molestara ms y que se bajara de la micro de inmediato.


_____________________________________________________________________________

7. Esperbamos que llegaran como a las 12:00 pero su avin se atras.


_____________________________________________________________________________

8. Tendremos que conseguir que alguien nos arregle el auto,


_____________________________________________________________________________

9. No te vayas todava. Te ruego que te quedes un rato ms.


______________________________________________________________________

10. No quieren que lleguemos tarde. Nos pidieron que furamos puntuales.
______________________________________________________________________
73

15.3 GERUNDS (ING form)

1. After preposition:

Call me before leaving


Hes very good at playing tennis.
Thank you for coming.
Im very fond of reading history.
He cant give up smoking.
Are you interested in getting a Ph.D abroad?
We are all looking forward to their arriving. (Look forward to)
She finally got used to living in France. (Get used to)
Hes used to having dinner early (be used to)

2. After certain verbs or expressions: (verb + (possessive) + ing)

Appreciate enjoy like


Avoid feel like mind
Be worth finish miss
Cant help hate *stop
Cant stand its no use quit
Consider keep *remember
Postpone *suggest

Examples: I cant stand her talking so loudly.


I really miss talking to you.
Do you feel like going out tonight?
We remember visiting those old monuments.
They would really appreciate Johns calling back.

3. Subject:

Examples: Speaking English is very useful when you travel.


Doing exercises is good for health

Note: To speak English, you only need to practise.

15.4 Complete the following using ING:

1. Are you talking about _______________________________________________?


2. Did you enjoy _____________________________________________________?
3. We are used to ___________________________________________________?
4. I really dont mind __________________________________________________?
5. That book is ______________________________________________________?
6. At this time of the week we all feel like ___________________________________?
7. He is not very good at _______________________________________________?
74
8. He got very rich by _________________________________________________?
9. I suggest _________________________________________________________?
10. Ive been thinking of _______________________________________________?

SUGGEST: I suggest his being here at 8:00 tomorrow


I suggest that he be here at 8:00 tomorrow

GO+ ing : This happens in certain idiomatic expressions, to express trecreational


activities: Go camping, go hunting, go shopping, go fishing, etc.

Stop doing that! Stop (driving) to have lunch.

Remember to = Perform a duty, task etc.


Forget to = Ex. Remember to bring it. Sorry I forgot to.
Try to = To make an effort.

+ ING = Talking about the past.

Ex.: I remember seeing the Eiffel Tower. I`ll never forget being there.

Try + ing = experimenting something.

Ex.: The door was locked. I tried using a pair of scissors.

Lets talk!!
What do you enjoy doing?
What do you suggest that we do?
What cant you stand peoples doing?
Is there anything you cant help doing?
What do you feel like doing now?
Is there anything you avoid doing?

TRANSLATE:

1. No soporto que digas ese tipo de cosas.


____________________________________________________________________________

2. Sugiero que vengan el sbado a las 10:00.


____________________________________________________________________________

3. Gracias por enviarme los documentos tan pronto.


____________________________________________________________________________
75

4. No me importara que me llamaras tarde en la noche. Me duermo tarde.


____________________________________________________________________________

5. Siempre nos acordamos cerrar la puerta con llave.


____________________________________________________________________________

6. Te agradecera que me enviaras los apuntes por e-mail


____________________________________________________________________________

7. No se pueden acostumbrar a tener clases en la noche.


____________________________________________________________________________

8. Qu me aconsejas que haga en esa situacin?


____________________________________________________________________________

9. Me permites que te un consejo?


____________________________________________________________________________

10. Elena no puede evitar gritar cuando ve una araa.


____________________________________________________________________________

11. Hay que acostumbrarse a levantarse temprano, incluso en invierno.


____________________________________________________________________________

12. Para de hablar tanto! Me pones nervioso.


____________________________________________________________________________

13. Puedo pedirte que no te olvides de traer el libro maana?


____________________________________________________________________________

14. Quisiera pedirte que nunca te olvides haberme conocido. Yo nunca lo har.
____________________________________________________________________________

15. Ests pensando decir algo interesante en la reunin esta noche, verdad querido/a?

____________________________________________________________________________
76
UNIT 16
REVIEW OF MODALS

CREATE YOUR OWN SENTENCES WITH THESE MODALS:

Can___________________________________________________________________________
Could: a) ______________________________________________________________________
B) __________________________________________________________________________
May__________________________________________________________________________
Might_________________________________________________________________________
Must__________________________________________________________________________
Mustnt _______________________________________________________________________
Should________________________________________________________________________
Needent______________________________________________________________________
Would_________________________________________________________________________
Will __________________________________________________________________________

REMEMBER: How to express PODER in different tenses.

Can = perception (puedo)


smell
hear
speak
feel
taste
see

Can = ability, know how


swim
drive
play the guitar
speak French

Can= possibility, informal permission.


tell the time - Can you tell me the time?
use your telephone- Can I use your telephone?

Can = future idea


I can see you tomorrow
Can we meet next week?

May= permission, probability (Puedo-? Puede que..)


Say something
rain/snow
77
PAST:
Could= permission or possibility
I could swim when I was a child.

CONDITIONAL: (podra)

Could I say something? Could you do me a favour?

To express Poder in future, perfect tenses, conditional etc. We use BE ABLE TO.

Examples:
We will be able to do it in an hour. (Podremos hacerlo...)
We haven`t been able to translate that.
They hadnt been able to open the box before.
You may be able to speak fast if you practise more.

Note: BE ABLE also means ability (atreverse, ser capaz de...)

Ex.: Im able to tell him the truth. Im not afraid of him.


They were able to rescue many survivors although it was very difficult.

Infinitive: To be able to= para poder (in order to, so as to)

Example: You will have to practise to be able to speak well.

TRANSLATE:

1.- No se tocar el piano, pero se tocar la guitarra.


________________________________________________________________________

2.- a: La hija de mi primo no sabe hablar ingls muy bien.


________________________________________________________________________

B: Yo le puedo ensear. Podr venir a clases los martes?


________________________________________________________________________

3.-No he podido hablar con mi jefe porque ha estado fuera de la oficina todo el da.
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

4.- Nunca podr aprender matemticas deca yo cuando estaba en el colegio.


________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

5.-Eso no puede ser cierto. No lo puedo creer! Yo le haba advertido que tuviera mas cuidado.
______________________________________________________________________________
78
6. Hice todo lo posible pero no pude terminar el trabajo a tiempo.
______________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

7.- Me dijo que no haba podido encontrar pasajes para el da domingo.


___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

8.- Nadie haba podido comprar el diccionario que recomend la profesora porque era muy caro,
pero con esta oferta estoy segura que lo comprarn maana.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

MODAL PERFECT

S + MODAL (NOT) + PAST PARTICIPLE + C

Examples:

She should have studied harder.


It must have been very difficult for them to live there.
He might have left a message for us with the secretary.
What else could we have done?
She cant have said such a stupid thing. She is smart.
I would have gone to your party. But I couldnt.
You neednt have defended me. I was able to do it myself,
The class was very interesting. You shouldnt have missed it.
What would you have done in my case?
Where could they have gone?

ADD ONE LOGICAL IDEA TO THESE STATEMENTS USING A MODAL PERFECT.


AFFIRMATIVE or NEGATIVE.

Example: Pablo was very sick. He should have stayed in bed today.

1. Some students failed the exam. ___________________________________________________


2. Nobody answered the phone. ____________________________________________________
3. He does not like his profession. ___________________________________________________
4. There were many people at the corner _____________________________________________
5. Fortunately the accident wasnt so serious __________________________________________
6. Professor Jones did not come to class this morning ___________________________________
7. That building fell down after the quake. _____________________________________________
79

WRITE QUESTIONS FOR THESE ANSWERS:

1.___________________________________________________________________________
He should have called me at 9:00 yesterday night.

2.__________________________________________________________________________
They could have bought more sodas.

3. __________________________________________________________________________
Alice shouldnt have married such a young man.

4. _________________________________________________________________________
I could have brought my lap top today.

5.___________________________________________________________________________
She may have overslept.

6.___________________________________________________________________________
They should have told us that they werent coming.

TRANSLATE:

1. Deberas haberme advertido que no bailara con l.


______________________________________________________________________________

2. Podramos haber ido al cine. Estn dando una muy buena pelcula en el Hoytts.
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Se deben haber aburrido mucho esperando en la esquina.


______________________________________________________________________________

4. Debe haber llovido. El suelo est mojado.


______________________________________________________________________________

5. Deberamos haber estudiado juntos. Podramos haber hecho ms ejercicios.


______________________________________________________________________________

6. Debe haber sido difcil para ellos vivir tan lejos de su familia.
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Deberas haberme avisado que no vendras a comer. Me qued dormida esperndote.


______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
80
8. Les debe haber pasado algo. Nunca llegan tan tarde.
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Juanita debe haber estado cansada, porque se fue temprano

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Qu habras hecho en mi caso? Te habras enojado?

______________________________________________________________________________

FUTURE PERFECT : WILL + HAVE + P.P. (Past in the Future)

By the time I get home tonight, everybody will have had dinner.
By year 2050, I hope, men will have learned to live in peace.
By this time in two more years, some of you will have finished studying and will have started to
work.
81
UNIT 17
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
If ..

I PRESENT REAL: If present ................................................ future

If you have time, we can go to the cinema tonight.


If the students dont come to class, they will not learn much.
If the weather is fine, we are going to the mountains next weekend.
If they ask us to come at 3:00, we will be here at that time.

BUT....... If you drive so fast......you MIGHT have an accident.


If the weather continuous like this, it MIGHT rain.

EXERCISES: COMPLETE WITH LOGICAL IDEAS.

1. - You will pass this course if _____________________________________________________


2. - I will go out of town this weekend if ______________________________________________
3. - If you are late for class, _______________________________________________________
4. - You wont make new friends if __________________________________________________
5. - We will have a nice time if _____________________________________________________
6. - If he/she goes to the party, I ____________________________________________________
7. - If we dont have a test next class ________________________________________________
8. - If he/she doesnt call me, ______________________________________________________
9. - If it rains tomorrow ___________________________________________________________
10. - My friends wont have any problems if ___________________________________________

TRANSLATE:

1. Si me vienes a buscar, podr ir a la fiesta contigo


______________________________________________________________________________

2. Le voy a regalar algo lindo, si tengo plata.


______________________________________________________________________________

3. Voy a salir este fin de semana si no tengo prueba el lunes.


______________________________________________________________________________

4. Si todos hacemos lo posible, el planeta se salvar.


______________________________________________________________________________
82
5. Si no estudiamos, no pasaremos el ramo.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Todo va a estar bien si trabajamos harto.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Si tiene tiempo, conversaremos con la profesora.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Si el tiempo esta bueno, podremos salir a la playa.
______________________________________________________________________________

HOPE + S + V (present) + C

I hope everything is fine. Because........


If everything is fine, we will be happy.
I hope you can get a raise.
If you can get a raise, you will be able to buy a car.
She hopes she gets a good grade.
If she gets a good grade, she will pass.

Make sentences using HOPE:

Example: Will the weather be nice tomorrow?


I hope the weather is nice tomorrow.

1. - Will he get the job? ___________________________________________________________


2. - Will it rain tonight? ____________________________________________________________
3. - Will we have a test today? ______________________________________________________
4. - Will we have classes next Saturday? _____________________________________________
5. - Will I pass this course? _______________________________________________________

II PRESENT UNREAL If past .Conditional

If I had time, I would read more.


If he worked less, he could see his friends more often.
If we didnt like that music, we wouldnt go to the concert.

NOTE: If I were you, I wouldnt do that.


If it were Sunday today, we could be sleeping.
If you were my friend, you would tell me the truth.

If I, he, she, it, we, you, they WERE


83
COMPLETE WITH LOGICAL IDEAS:

1. If we had more time, ___________________________________________________________


2. They would come tomorrow if ____________________________________________________
3. Nothing would happen if ________________________________________________________
4. If everybody were more conscious, _______________________________________________
5. If I had a million dollars, I _______________________________________________________
6. If I didnt live so far, ____________________________________________________________

WISH + S + V (PAST) + C

I wish we met more often. Because......


If we met more often, we could do many things together.
He wishes he got better grades.
If he got better grades, he could sleep better.
All of us wish we there were fewer car accidents.
If there were fewer accidents, there would be less suffering.
Parents wish their children studied a career.
If their children studied a career, parents would be very happy.

Make sentences using WISH:

Example: He cant cook. He wishes he could cook.

1. He doesnt dance very well ______________________________________________________


2. They cant speak English. _______________________________________________________
3. I cant fix my car. _____________________________________________________________
4. Little Peter cant read. __________________________________________________________
5. They dont live in the city. _______________________________________________________
6. They live in the country. ________________________________________________________
7. He is very heavy. _____________________________________________________________

If I were you

1. - I m not going to write the report the teacher asked us to.______________________________

2. - Im going to translate it in google._________________________________________________

3. - Im going to drop English _______________________________________________________

4. - Im not going to study this term. _____________________________________________


84
III PAST UNREAL. If Past Perfect Conditional Perfect

If we had seen the weather report, we would have carried umbrellas.


I wouldnt have bought those shoes if I had known they were so expensive.
If they had passed all exams last year, they could have been working now.

Make sentences using the conditional.

Example: I waited for the bus 60` and I was late. If I had driven, I wouldnt have been late.

1. I didnt come to class because I didnt feel well.


____________________________________________________________________________

2. It was raining and I didnt have my umbrella.


____________________________________________________________________________

3. My friend forgot it was my birthday yesterday. He didnt call me.


____________________________________________________________________________

4. She didnt say hello. She must have been in a hurry.


____________________________________________________________________________

5. She went to sleep early. She must have had a hard day at school.
____________________________________________________________________________

6. - Some students arrived late for class. They must have missed the bus.
_____________________________________________________________________________

7. - A police officer stopped me. Maybe I was driving too fast.


___________________________________________________________________________

WISH + S + V (PAST PERFECT) + C

They lived in Santiago but they wish they had lived in Valparaiso.
If they had lived in Valparaiso, they could have lived near the beach.

I studied very little. I wish I had studied more.


If I had studied more, I would have gotten a better grade.

The alarm clock didnt ring today. I wish it had.


If it had rang, I wouldnt have overslept.

Make a wish

1. I had a headache all day. I didnt take medicine.


______________________________________________________________________________

2. I didnt do my homework last night. I had to do it early this morning.


______________________________________________________________________________
85

3. I ate a lot on vacation. Ive gained a lot of weight.


_____________________________________________________________________________

4. The teacher was very late. The students waited for a long time.
_____________________________________________________________________________

5. His friend didnt pick him up. He had to walk.


_____________________________________________________________________________

TRANSLATE:

1. Si hubiera sabido que no bamos a tener prueba, no habra venido tan temprano.
______________________________________________________________________________

2. Todo habra sido diferente si no hubiramos tenido que salir tan apurados.
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Si llueve maana no vamos a salir de Santiago.


______________________________________________________________________________

4. Ojala hubiramos tenido ms tiempo para la prueba. Estuvo demasiado larga y demasiado
poco tiempo.
______________________________________________________________________________

5. Si yo fuera t, no hablara con el profesor todava. Esperara un par de das.


______________________________________________________________________________

6.- Ojala no llueva este fin de semana. Si no llueve podremos preparar un rico asado en el patio.
_____________________________________________________________________________

7. No podramos haber hecho ese trabajo si el profesor no nos hubiera aclarado el problema.
______________________________________________________________________________

8. Si yo fuera t, le pedir que me corrigiera la prueba altiro para estar tranquilo.


______________________________________________________________________________
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CAUSATIVE USE OF HAVE /GET

HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE

Examples: I wrote a letter. (I myself did it)


He painted his house (He himself painted it)

But .. When we mean Pint la casa (but I didnt)


Hice pintar la casa o Mand pintar la casa, etc.

We say: I HAD my house PAINTED. (Somebody else did).


I HAD my hair CUT (somebody else cut it)

Read these examples and translate them:

I will have my eyes examined. _____________________________________________________


Women used to have their clothes made. _____________________________________________
Why dont you get your jacket washed? _____________________________________________
I will have to have new curtains made. _______________________________________________
He hasnt got his car fixed yet. _____________________________________________________

Transform these sentences using the causative use of HAVE:

Ex.: Someone will paint my house. I will have my house painted.

1. - Someone has cut her lawn.


______________________________________________________________________________

2. - Some will paper her room.


_____________________________________________________________________________

3. - Someone is doing my nails for the party.


_____________________________________________________________________________

4. - Someone did all the translation for them.


_____________________________________________________________________________

5.- Someone must repair our spare tire soon.


_____________________________________________________________________________

TRANSLATE:

1.- Fue al dentista para que le sacaran la muela el juicio.


______________________________________________________________________________

2.- Mis amigos se hicieron una linda casa en el lago.


______________________________________________________________________________
87

3.- Ellen se cort el pelo donde Perico pero no se lo peinaron.


______________________________________________________________________________

4.- Deberamos hacer que nos enviaran los muebles desde la tienda.
______________________________________________________________________________

5.- a) Cundo te cortaste el pelo? B) No me lo cort slo me lo encresp.


______________________________________________________________________________

6.- Voy a tener una fiesta en mi casa y voy a mandar a hacer todo. Es mucho ms cmodo.
______________________________________________________________________________

7. - Si hubiera mandado a arreglar la lavadora, no habra tenido que mandar todo a la lavandera
______________________________________________________________________________

8.- Un amigo mo se sac el apndice porque le estaba molestando mucho.


_____________________________________________________________________________
88

UNIT 18
PASSIVE VOICE

When is Passive Voice used?

It is used when the doer of an action is not important or unknown.


Passive Voice is very common in English
Not all sentences can be passive. Only those sentences with transitive verbs (those that
must or can take an object), can be passive.

Example: Someone sold that house at a good price. (What did they sell?)
The police took that man prisoner. (Who /whom did the police take...?)
The object becomes the subject of the sentence.
So....That house was sold at a good price.
That man was taken prisoner.

The by is used only when it is necessary for comprehension.

STRUCTURE: Passive Subject + BE + Past Participle

Active voice: Somebody cleans this office everyday.


Passive: This office is cleaned everyday.
Active: Somebody will clean this office tomorrow
Passive: This office will be cleaned tomorrow.
Active: Someone has cleaned this office many times lately.
Passive: This office has been cleaned lately.
Active: Someone is cleaning the office now.
Passive: The office is being cleaned now.

Note: It is useless to mention by someone if that someone is not relevant or unknown.

Read these examples and translate them into Spanish.:

Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare.


A new secretary is going to be hired.
My Tv set is being repaired.
Students, the Passive Voice must be carefully studied.
This report should be printed
Children under 18 mustnt be allowed to drink alcohol at all.
I may be called for an interview.
These items may not be included in the test.
Time and money shouldnt be wasted.
If you fail, you are not going to be given another chance.
89
NOTE: When a verb in the active voice has two objects, it is more usual in English to
make the Personal object (Indirect) the subject of the Passive Voice.

Example: Someone gave Paul a ticket for the concert.

(Paul is the indirect object and a ticket the direct object)


Paul was given a ticket for the concert. ....or
A ticket for the concert was given to Paul.

Someone told me about it yesterday.


I was told about it yesterday.
They took the couple a very nice picture at the wedding.
The couple was taken a nice picture at the wedding.

EXERCISES:

CHANGE THE ACTIVE TO PASSIVE: (Use by when you consider it relevant)

1. People speak English all over the world.


__________________________________________________________________________

2. The teacher is going to explain the Passive Voice.


___________________________________________________________________________

3. Alex is preparing the report.


___________________________________________________________________________

4. Someone will show them how to do that.


___________________________________________________________________________

5. Waiters and waitresses serve customers.


___________________________________________________________________________

6. They use Passive Voice more in English than in Spanish.


___________________________________________________________________________

7. The manager must sign the contract.


___________________________________________________________________________

8. The bill includes service.


___________________________________________________________________________

9. They cancelled all flights because of fog.


___________________________________________________________________________

10. Brian told me that someone had attacked and robbed him in the street.
___________________________________________________________________________

11. I didnt realized that someone was recording our conversation.


___________________________________________________________________________
90
12. Somebody accused Mr. Johnson for stealing the money.
___________________________________________________________________________

13. Somebody gave a very nice ring to Jane.


___________________________________________________________________________

14. They didnt tell me they were going to postpone the test.
___________________________________________________________________________

15. Do they allow people to smoke in public buildings in Chile?


___________________________________________________________________________

16. When did they operate on Henry?


___________________________________________________________________________

17. They might robb this bank since they are not taking any precautions.
___________________________________________________________________________

18. What did they ask you to do?


___________________________________________________________________________

USE EITHER ACTIVE OR PASSIVE , IN ANY APPROPRIATE TENSE FOR THE


VERBS IN PARENTHESIS.

1.The Amazon valley is extremely important to the ecology of the earth. Forty percent of the
oxigen (produce) ______________________________________there.

2. There was a terrible accident on a busy downtown street yesterday. Dozens of people (see)
________________it, including my friend, who (interview) __________________by the police.

3. The first fish (appear) _______________________on the earth about 500 million years ago.
Up to now, more than 20,000kinds of fish (name)____________________________ and
(describe) _____________________ by scientists. New species (discover) _______________
every year, so the total increases continually.

4. Richard Anderson is a former astronaut. Several years ago, when he was 52, Anderson
(inform) _____________________ by his superior at an aircraft corporation that he could no
longer be a test pilot because of his age. Anderson took the corporation to court for age
discrimination.

5. In my country, certain prices, such as the price of medical supplies, (control)


_________________ by the government. Other prices (determine)___________________by
how much consumers are willing to pay for the product.

5. Carl Gauss (recognize) ________________as a mathematical genius when he was ten. One
day a professor gave him an arithmetic problem. Carl (ask) _______________ to add up all the
numbers from 1 to 100 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5, etc) It ( take) _______________him only eight
seconds to solve the problem, How could he do it so quickly?
Carl could do it quickly because he (know) ________________ that each pair of numbers -1
plus 100, 2 plus 99, 3 plus 98, and so on to 50 plus 51 equaled 101. So he (multiply)
______________ 50 times 101 and (come) ___________________up with the answer:5,050.
91
PEOPLE SAY.......

Pay attention to this situation:


..... Mr. Thomson is very old, but nobody knows exactly how old he is. But:

It is said that he is 120 years old.


He is said to be 20 years old.

Both these sentences mean: People say that he is 120 years old

These structures are normally used:

Thought believed reported understood


Known expected alleged considered

Examples:
It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow.
The strike is expected to begin tomorrow.

It is reported that many people were killed in car accidents.


Many people were reported to have been killed in car accidents.

NOTE: People say he is .......... He is said to be


People said he was .........He was said to have been
People say he was...........He is said to have been

SUPPOSED TO: BE +SUPPOSED TO

A) People say or it is said....


- Lets go and see that movie. Its supposed to be great.
- He is supposed to have been killed for money.

B) To talk about what is planned or arranged. (But not always really happens.)
- The plane was supposed to arrive an hour ago.
- You were supposed to clean your room. Why havent you?

C) Not supposed to = not advisable or not allowed:


- You are not supposed to park in front of a fire hydrant.
- He is not supposed to eat much salt.

EXERCISES:

Write another sentence with the same meaning:

1. It is said that many people are homeless after the floods.


___________________________________________________________________________

2. It is known that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law.


___________________________________________________________________________
92

3. It was expected that this candidate would lose the elections.


___________________________________________________________________________

4. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.


___________________________________________________________________________

5. It is said that three men were arrested after the robbery.


___________________________________________________________________________

6. It was reported that two people were injured in the accident.


___________________________________________________________________________

MAKE SENTENCES WITH SUPPOSED TO.....

People say that Mr. Tanaka is very peculiar.

They say he is very rich. ________________________________________________________


They say he has a lot of money. __________________________________________________
They say he has 20 children _____________________________________________________
They say he sleeps on a bed of nails. ______________________________________________
They say Mr. Tanaka eats spiders. ________________________________________________
They say he made his fortune by gambling. _________________________________________
They say he got married more than 6 times. _________________________________________

USE SUPPOSED TO and the verbs given:

Be ---- take ---- smoke ----- clean ----- phone

1. Hey guys! Youre smoking in here. You _________________________________________


2. Why is your room so dirty? You _____________________________________________it
3. What are the kids doing here? They ____________________________________at school
4. Dont put sugar in your tea. You ____________________________________ sugar at all.
5. Oh dear! I __________________________________ you. But I completely forgot. Sorry!
93

PASSIVE IN COMPOUND TENSES:

Remember passive voice is used when the doer of an action is not relevant.

Compound (perfect) Tenses:

Have/has/had been
Can/ could have been
Must /mustnt have been
Should have been
May /might have been + P. P. (told, invited etc)
Would have been
Neednt have been
Would rather* have been
Had better* have been

*Would rather (not) = preferira

Ex.: Wed rather go to the south than to the north.


Id rather not stay up late tonight.
What would you rather do, watch Tv or go for a walk?
Id rather have talked to him.

*Had better (not) : Seria mejor.....mejor seria.....mejor.... (mas te vale...)

Examples: Youd better not do it again....


Wed better stay home tonight.
Id better have given him a call instead of having sent him an e-mail.

Examples of Passive in Compunds:

I should have been invited to that meeting.


He neednt have been operated on. He was too seriously ill.
We could have been given a discount since we paid cash.
He is never late. He may not have been informed about this meeting.

TRANSLATE:

1. Ese poema lo escribi Neruda.


______________________________________________________________________________

2. Se dice que Matusaln vivo mil aos.


______________________________________________________________________________

3. Se enoj mucho porque no lo dejaron entrar al casino sin corbata.


_____________________________________________________________________________
94

4. Qu pelcula estn dando en ese cine?


______________________________________________________________________________

5. Se deben haber robado toda la plata.


______________________________________________________________________________

6. Desgraciadamente el premio no me lo dieron a m.


______________________________________________________________________________

7. Si me hubieran pedido que diera mi opinin, se podra haber tomado una decisin mejor.
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Le ofrecieron un cargo en el gobierno, pero le pidieron que lo dejara despus de un par de


meses.
______________________________________________________________________________

9. A Mara, a quien todos quieren, le dieron el primer premio.


______________________________________________________________________________

10.Qu ao le dieron el Nbel a Gabriela Mistral?


_____________________________________________________________________________

11. Cuando se descubri el fuego se solucionaron muchos problemas del hombre.


______________________________________________________________________________

12. La respuesta de ella se podra haber considerado correcta aunque no era la esperada.
______________________________________________________________________________

13. No deberan haber me llamado antes de decidir no venir a clases?


______________________________________________________________________________

14. Si me hubieran llamado a una entrevista, estoy segura que me habran dado esa pega.
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
95

UNIT 19
REPORTED SPEECH
Indirect Speech

Direct speech: We repeat the exact words that were said:

Tom said: Im going out with a new friend tonight


Or I dont want to have classes in summer

Indirect speech: We do not quote the exact words. We re-tell or report ideas, intentions,
questios, etc.

Tom said that he is / was going out with a new friend tonight /that night.

Or.... He told me that he didnt want to have classes in summer.

When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past, so we need to make some
changes.

Last Sunday Tom said: I have an important meeting tomorrow.

Tom told me time ago that he had an important meeting the next day.

So......

Present: simple, continuos or perfect Past


Will Would
Simple past Past Perfect
Past Perfect No change
Conditional Perfect No change
Conditional: would, could, should no change or Condit.Perfect.
Can Could
May Might
Must Had to
Neednt Didnt have to
Had better No change
Would rather No change or d rather have....
*Imperatives Want someone to do something...

* The teacher said: Dont forget to bring a dictionary


The teacher asked us not to forget our dictionaries.
96
INTRODUCTORY VERBS:

Say wonder comment


Tell inform apologize
Ask complain etc.,etc.,etc.
Order answer
Suggest let somebody know
Advise reply
Want to know explain
Beg warn

OTHER CHANGES:

PLACE: Go Come
Here there
This (room) that
Bring take

TIME: now then, at that moment


This (year) that
Today that day
Tomorrow the next / following day
Yesterday the day before / the previous day
These those
Next (class) the following

EXERCISES:

Report the following as if it were another place and another time:

1. Ill go there and take my camera. He told me...


______________________________________________________________________________

2. We have to finish this report today


______________________________________________________________________________

3. She did not see these photos.


______________________________________________________________________________

4. Ive had to do everything by myself.


______________________________________________________________________________

5. Sorry, I cant go with you


______________________________________________________________________________

6. Wait for me, please. I need to talk to you.


______________________________________________________________________________

7. I would tell the truth if I were you.


______________________________________________________________________________
97

8. Dont make noise. Pay attention to what I am saying.


______________________________________________________________________________

9. We may go one of these days.


______________________________________________________________________________

10. There were several car accidents on holidays.


______________________________________________________________________________

11. I wouldnt like him to practice boxing.


______________________________________________________________________________

12. Be patient. Dont lose hope We may solve it.


______________________________________________________________________________

13. If I had internet, I could send him an e-mail.


______________________________________________________________________________

14. We must hand it in today. It is urgent!


______________________________________________________________________________

15. Im not going to tell you what Jane told me


______________________________________________________________________________

REPORTING QUESTIONS.

YES / NO QUESTIONS:
Same changes as in affirmative
The linking is IF.
The word order is AFFIRMATIVE since they are not real questions.

Examples:

Do you have it? She wanted to know if I had it.


Am I right? He asked us if he was right.
Can you give me a ride? She wondered if Tom could give her a ride.
She asked Tom if he could give him a ride.
Will I ever speak English? I once asked myself if I would ever be able to speak
English.

INFORMATION QUESTIONS:
Some changes as in affirmative.
The linking is the corresponding question word.
The worder is affirmative.
98
Examples:

Where do you live? He asked me where I lived (or live).


What are you doing here? He wanted to know what I was doing there
When can I see you again? He nicely asked me when he could see me again.
What should I tell him I wondered what I should tell him.

EXERCISES:

Report these questions.

1.How much does this one cost?


______________________________________________________________________________

2.Where are you going?


______________________________________________________________________________

3. When should I call her back?


______________________________________________________________________________

4. How long did it take you to do that?


______________________________________________________________________________

5. What would you do if you were me?


______________________________________________________________________________

6. Do you know what his name is? I want to meet him.


______________________________________________________________________________

7. What does it mean? I forgot.


______________________________________________________________________________

8. Do you want me to help you?


______________________________________________________________________________

9. Do you have a new job? Because you look so happy. I asked - Yes, I do -he replied-

______________________________________________________________________________

10: I would like to be a doctor


______________________________________________________________________________

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