UNIT 9
9.1 Modal Verbs:
Examples:
9.2 Excercises.
2. Youre at the bank. Your pen isnt working. You want to use the cashiers pen.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. You call your friend but he isnt in. You want to leave a message.
__________________________________________________________________________
Suggest something asking the other persons (s) opinion. SHALL I? SHALL WE?
1. Youre in class. Its very noisy outside and the door is open.
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Youre at your friends house and you want to help her wash the dishes.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Youre in class. Your teacher is coughing. You offer to bring a glass of water.
__________________________________________________________________________
4. You and your friends are hungry. You think that pizza is delicious and easy to make.
__________________________________________________________________________
Read the different situations and ask a question for each using an appropriate modal:
can, could, may, shall, must, should etc.
3. Youre in the street. You see someone lost. You offer help.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Youre at a friends house. The bell is ringing. He is busy. You want to help.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. El hermano chico de Ana no puede decir la hora, porque slo tiene 4 aos.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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Express these sentences using NEEDNT.
Example:
It isnt compulsory (or necessary) for you to marry an American to learn English.
You neednt marry an American to learn English.
3. It isnt necessary for him to cut his hair for that job.
__________________________________________________________________________
4. It isnt necessary for you to wear formal clothes for that class.
__________________________________________________________________________
Translate.
Examples:
Note:
When we talk about a period of time that continues up to the present, we use PRESENT
PERFECT.
We use PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS to say or to ask how long something has
been happening . This time the action or situation began in the past and is still happening or has
just stopped.
Examples:
Its raining now. It began to rain two hours ago and it is still raining, so...
It has been raining for two hours.
Examples: They have lived here for a long time, since 1992.
Lately, recently.
Today, this month /week/year; all morning/day/ night.
Ever-never.
Always, usually, seldom etc.
Just.
Already, yet, Not yet.
For, since.
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10.4 Exercises.
Put the verbs in the sentences below into the correct tense: Simple Past or Present
Perfect.
Youre writig a letter to a friend and giving news about people you know. Use the
words given to make sentences and put the verbs in the correct tense:
Ex: Phil / find a new job = Phil has found a new job.
Ex. When did you last smoke? (For two years) = I havent smoked for two years.
When
Ex: You/ hear/ from George recently? Have you heard from George recently?
Entrevistador: Nos sorprendi mucho descubrir un hombre blanco viviendo aqu. Exactamente,
qu ests haciendo?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Joven: Estoy viviendo en esta aldea hace seis meses. Estoy estudiando la vida y costumbres de
este pueblo y voy a escribir un libro.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Joven: Si! He estado compartiendo la vida de ellos. He estado tambin en sus expediciones de
caza. He participado en sus rituales y festivales, He aprendido a entender su idioma. Siento que
de verdad, ellos han comenzado a confiar en m. Son gente maravillosa!
_______________________________________________________________________
Joven: Bueno, depende de varios factores. Estoy aqu desde septiembre. Planeo quedarme hasta
agosto, por lo menos. A lo mejor me quedo un poco mas. Podra ser, hasta diciembre. No se
todava.
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UNIT 11
11.1 PAST PERFECT
The Past Perfect expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the
past.
Example: Sam had already left when Ann got here. First: Sam left.
Sam left before Ann got here. Second: Ann got here.
Compare: Sam left when Ann got here. First: Ann got here.
Sam left after Ann came. Second: Sam left.
Note: When after or before is used in the sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary
because the time relationship is already clear.
When you retell something that is in the PAST TENSE, you have to change the verb to
the PAST PERFECT TENSE.
If you tell this to a friend introducing your report in the PAST, you have to use the PAST PERFECT
of the verb instead of the Simple Past.
Example:
The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him.
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11.4 Exercises
3. I was late. The teacher _________________ (give) the exams when I __________ (get)
to class.
4. It was raining hard, but by the time the class ____________(be) over, the rain ___________
(stop)
In pairs or in groups, discuss the meaning of the verb forms and answer the question about the
pair of sentences.
2. When the rain stopped, Gloria was riding her bike to work.
When the rain stopped, Paul rode his bike to work.
Who got wet on the way to work?
3. Ken went to the store because she was running out of food.
Ann went ot he store because she had run out of food.
Who is better at planning ahead?
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4. Ms. Lincoln taught at this school for ten years.
Mr. Sanches has taught at this school for ten years.
Who is still teaching at this school?
Use Present Perfect continuous and Past Perfect Continuous to complete these
sentences:
1. We _____________________ (wait) for Nancy for the last two hours, but she still hasnt arrived.
2. We _________________________ (wait) for Nancy for over three hours before she finally
arrived yesterday night.
5. Jack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldnt answer because
he _________________________ (daydream) for the last ten minutes.
6. Wake up! You ___________________________(sleep) long enough. Its time to get up.
2. Dijo que haba llovido pero que no haba hecho mucho fro.
___________________________________________________________________________
9. Pablo estaba feliz me cont que haba estado trabajando en su tesis por mas de un ao y que
por fin la haba terminado y la haba entregado.
___________________________________________________________________________
10. Me llamaron como a las 10:00 anoche. Haba estado esperando esa llamada hace das.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
53
UNIT 12
12.1 Some, any, no, every
Use SOME in affirmative sentences with count (algunos) and mass nouns (algo, un
poco).
Ex. : Im going to buy some oranges. I need some money.
Remember:
Neg. Verb = any : There is not anything new.
Aff. Verb = no : There is nothing new.
12.2 Exercises
Re-write using NO
4. No, There is ________________to worry about. _______________is fine with your report.
2. Mary heard ____________________knocking at her door, but when she opened it, there was
_________________________.
4. _________________ told me what happened. And I didnt talk to _____________ that day.
So I had no idea of what was going on.
TRANSLATE.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. a) Alguien te llam por telfono, pero no dej ningn recado.
______________________________________________________________________________
b) No puede ser. No le dije a nadie que iba a estar aqu.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. No encuentro mis apuntes por ningn lado. Alguno de ustedes los tom?
______________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
They live in a very big house
Why are you so happy?
Those tickets are too expensive for me.
You dont drive very carefully, do you?
Those people speak English too fast. I cant understand them.
The cake was so delicious that we ate it all.
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Very
So + much, many, little, few + noun(s)
Too
Examples:
There were so many people that it was impossible to get into the auditorium.
He had so much money that he didnt know what to do with it.
I think that we spent too much money in that. It was crazy.
There were too many people there to be comfortable.
Very
So + much / little Used to emphasize verbs.
Too
Examples:
Examples:
We were having such fun that we didnt want to come back.
Who told you such nonsense?
It was such an easy question, that everybody answered it easily.
Where do you buy such beautiful clothes?
12.5 Exercises
Re-write the following using SO and TOO. Add information to make the changes meaningful.
2. a) I could buy ___________ few things because the prices were ________ high.
b) Is that why you look _______________disappointed?
3. She met _____________ a charming guy that she fell in love at first sight.
4. He is ______________ tired to go on working. Hes _______ exhausted that hell drop on the
floor at any moment.
5. Those antique chairs are ________ nice that Id love to buy them, but unfortunatelly they are
___________ expensive for me.
6. There was ___________ hot weather that we had to come back to take a shower.
TRANSLATE.
2. Esa pelcula no debe ser muy entretenida si tantos de ellos se quedaron dormidos.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. a) Creo que ests comprando demasiadas cosas y este mall es uno de los mas
caros .Andas con tanta plata?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. a) Vi un programa tan bueno en la televisin, que nadie debera perdrselo. Lo dan maana de
nuevo. Lo viste?
__________________________________________________________________________
5. a) Estoy tan cansada que a veces pienso que estoy haciendo demasiadas cosas al mismo
tiempo.
__________________________________________________________________________
b) Deberas ver mdico. Ests muy plida. Puede que ests enferma.
__________________________________________________________________________
Do you have a mobile phone? Do you use it a lot? If the answer to these questions is yes, you
should read the following information about mobile phones very carefully.
If you keep using a mobile phone, it will probably cause premature aging, which might be rather
difficult to get over. At least this is what most scientists say. Low-level radiation from the phone
may heat up body cells , damaging skin and making it look slightly lined and tired. Scientists say
that if you expose cells to the radiation from a mobile phone, the natural process that repairs your
skin will probably be affected. Furthermore, radiation produces mutations in the cells and these
mutations could be related to other health problems.
Mobile phone users have also found out that if they use their phone for a long time they feel other
symtoms such as fatigue and memory loss. The fatigue may be caused because, when using
phones, people suffer involuntary speeding up of their heart beat. Apart from that, nearly two in
three people asked complain of regular headaches from using their phones , although this may be
due to bad posture rather than radiation emissions.
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The most surprising fact discovered by investigators is that people exposed to the radiation of a
mobile phone for 4 minutes went to the toilet twice as many times as people who did not use
mobile phones. This proves that radiation has a biological effect on humans.
So, if I were you, I would think twice before using a mobile phone if I looked in the mirror and saw
wrinckles on my face, If I felt fatigue and had trouble remembering things, or if I used my toilet
more than I used to!
1. If you use a mobile phone, you will certainly get older sooner.
______________________________________________________________________
2. If you use a mobile too much, you may feel tired and lose your memory.
______________________________________________________________________
3. You will have headaches unless you stop using your mobile.
______________________________________________________________________
4. Mobile users go to the toilet less often than those who do not use their phones.
______________________________________________________________________
The usual meanings are : obtain, receive, buy, learn, win, arrive, catch an illness, understand
etc.etc.
- Get + adjectives
(Remember: Be + adjectives : Im tired; We are very hungry. etc.)
Examples : I always get very nervous when I have a test. (me pongo muy nervioso)
They got married ten years ago. (se casaron)
Lets go, Its getting late. (Se est haciendo tarde)
The baby is getting hungry. (a la guagua le est dando hambre).
He got so tired gardening. Hes getting old.
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- HAVE / HAS GOT (TO) = HAVE (TO) (tener/ que)
TRANSLATE
8. a) A qu hora te levantas?
__________________________________________________________________________
b) Me tengo que levantar no ms tarde de las 8:00 porque slo as puedo llegar a m clase de
ingls a tiempo.
__________________________________________________________________________
9. Se pone triste con mucha frecuencia porque est viviendo lejos de su familia.
__________________________________________________________________________
12. a) Me estoy aburriendo de estudiar tanto. Se est poniendo cada da ms difcil este curso.
_____________________________________________________________________
b) No estoy de acuerdo. Creo que puede que t te ests poniendo ms floja. o no?
_____________________________________________________________________
13.5 ADVERBS
a) Adjective + ly:
b) Special cases:
Good -- well Fast-- fast Hard -- hard
c) Verbs of movement (go, come, travel, walk,stay, run etc.) are followed by P MT .
13.6 Exercises
65
1. The teacher next door speaks very ___________(loud), ours speaks _____________(soft).
2. Ill have a ____________ (quick) meal because I have to go out _______________(quick)
3. She speaks English ______________(fluent), but she cant write it very __________(good).
4. He treats everybody _____________ (nice) because he is a very __________(nice) person.
5. English may seem like a _____________(hard) language to learn for many students who dont
study __________________ (hard).
6. We were sitting at our desks _________________ (comfortable) when she walked in
____________ (sudden) and said that we had to evacuate the building ___________ (quick).
1. A las 7:00 de la maana ayer se fue en taxi a la estacin y tom el tren de las 8:00.
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Estn viviendo en uoa, en la calle Holanda 1225, en el edificio C, sexto piso depto. 605.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Si vas a salir de la ciudad por el fin de semana, maneja con cuidado Hay demasiados
conductores que manejan demasiado rpido y con demasiado riesgo.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
I myself
You yourself
He himself
She herself
It itself
We ourselves
You yourselves
They themselves
One oneself
Reflexive action:
Emphatic use:
I (myself) painted the whole house (myself).
The girls (themselves) prepared the barbeque (themselves).
13.8 Exercises
TRANSLATE
1. Se cort con las tijeras y se limpi con alcohol, pero el dolor le dur como una semana. Sin
embargo, no necesit ver a ningn doctor.
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Uno debera preocuparse ms de uno mismo. Dicen que la caridad comienza por casa.
No crees?
____________________________________________________________________
3. Nunca haba ledo un poema tan lindo como el que tienes ah. Lo escribiste t misma?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. Casi se mata. No se dio cuenta que venia el tren de la diez y su auto estaba estacionado justo
sobre los rieles. Menos mal que no estaba sola, porque es tan distrada!
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
6. Mrate! Te ves como mono. Anda y lvate. Pinate tambin.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
68
Unit 14
14.1 It takes = Demorarse
Note: Long and short are frequently used to talk about time in this construction.
Short / long
A (very) short / long time
So short / so long
Such a short / long time
Too short / long
Quite short / long
Shorter / longer
14.2 Exercises
3. How long is it taking the workers to build the new buildings here?
_________________________________________________________________
1. _________________________________________________________________________
It takes me very short to do my exercises.
2. __________________________________________________________________________
It should take them one day or two to get the passports.
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3. __________________________________________________________________________
Yes, it should take longer to transport the woods by railway.
4. __________________________________________________________________________
No, It doesnt take a student very long to understand it takes.
5. __________________________________________________________________________
It took him less than an hour to shovel the snow off the sidewalk.
TRANSLATE
(b) Depende de la persona. Generalmente demora dos o tres semanas. En mi caso, me demor
un poco ms en sentirme confiada.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
(b) No me demor mucho en hacer los dos primeros temes, pero me demor ms de lo que cre
en traducir la ltima seccin. Pero pude terminar antes de que la profesora dijera Time is up!.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
70
UNIT 15
15.1 Subjunctive tense in English
There are different ways of expressing this tense in English. This is one of them:
VERBS USED :
Advise Need
Allow Oblige
Ask Order
Beg Permit
Cause Persuade
Compel Prefer
Encourage Press
Expect Recommend
Force Request
Get Remind
Hate Teach
Instruct Tell
Intend Want
Invite Warn
Like
Love
1. __________________________________________________________________________
I want you to come back before midnight.
2. __________________________________________________________________________
She reminded us not to forget our notes.
3. __________________________________________________________________________
They ordered everybody to evacuate the building immediately.
4. __________________________________________________________________________
No. Ive never asked him to do me a favour.
5. __________________________________________________________________________
He really hates people to tell him what to do.
6. __________________________________________________________________________
My friends encouraged me to talk with my boss about my problem.
Tell the following using this construction. Use the verbs in parenthesis as Introduction
Translate
2. Siempre nos pide que le pongamos atencin y que no hablemos cuando nos explica algo.
________________________________________________________________________
10. No quieren que lleguemos tarde. Nos pidieron que furamos puntuales.
______________________________________________________________________
73
1. After preposition:
3. Subject:
Ex.: I remember seeing the Eiffel Tower. I`ll never forget being there.
Lets talk!!
What do you enjoy doing?
What do you suggest that we do?
What cant you stand peoples doing?
Is there anything you cant help doing?
What do you feel like doing now?
Is there anything you avoid doing?
TRANSLATE:
14. Quisiera pedirte que nunca te olvides haberme conocido. Yo nunca lo har.
____________________________________________________________________________
15. Ests pensando decir algo interesante en la reunin esta noche, verdad querido/a?
____________________________________________________________________________
76
UNIT 16
REVIEW OF MODALS
Can___________________________________________________________________________
Could: a) ______________________________________________________________________
B) __________________________________________________________________________
May__________________________________________________________________________
Might_________________________________________________________________________
Must__________________________________________________________________________
Mustnt _______________________________________________________________________
Should________________________________________________________________________
Needent______________________________________________________________________
Would_________________________________________________________________________
Will __________________________________________________________________________
CONDITIONAL: (podra)
To express Poder in future, perfect tenses, conditional etc. We use BE ABLE TO.
Examples:
We will be able to do it in an hour. (Podremos hacerlo...)
We haven`t been able to translate that.
They hadnt been able to open the box before.
You may be able to speak fast if you practise more.
TRANSLATE:
3.-No he podido hablar con mi jefe porque ha estado fuera de la oficina todo el da.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5.-Eso no puede ser cierto. No lo puedo creer! Yo le haba advertido que tuviera mas cuidado.
______________________________________________________________________________
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6. Hice todo lo posible pero no pude terminar el trabajo a tiempo.
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8.- Nadie haba podido comprar el diccionario que recomend la profesora porque era muy caro,
pero con esta oferta estoy segura que lo comprarn maana.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
MODAL PERFECT
Examples:
Example: Pablo was very sick. He should have stayed in bed today.
1.___________________________________________________________________________
He should have called me at 9:00 yesterday night.
2.__________________________________________________________________________
They could have bought more sodas.
3. __________________________________________________________________________
Alice shouldnt have married such a young man.
4. _________________________________________________________________________
I could have brought my lap top today.
5.___________________________________________________________________________
She may have overslept.
6.___________________________________________________________________________
They should have told us that they werent coming.
TRANSLATE:
2. Podramos haber ido al cine. Estn dando una muy buena pelcula en el Hoytts.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Debe haber sido difcil para ellos vivir tan lejos de su familia.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
80
8. Les debe haber pasado algo. Nunca llegan tan tarde.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
By the time I get home tonight, everybody will have had dinner.
By year 2050, I hope, men will have learned to live in peace.
By this time in two more years, some of you will have finished studying and will have started to
work.
81
UNIT 17
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
If ..
TRANSLATE:
HOPE + S + V (present) + C
WISH + S + V (PAST) + C
If I were you
Example: I waited for the bus 60` and I was late. If I had driven, I wouldnt have been late.
5. She went to sleep early. She must have had a hard day at school.
____________________________________________________________________________
6. - Some students arrived late for class. They must have missed the bus.
_____________________________________________________________________________
They lived in Santiago but they wish they had lived in Valparaiso.
If they had lived in Valparaiso, they could have lived near the beach.
Make a wish
4. The teacher was very late. The students waited for a long time.
_____________________________________________________________________________
TRANSLATE:
1. Si hubiera sabido que no bamos a tener prueba, no habra venido tan temprano.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Todo habra sido diferente si no hubiramos tenido que salir tan apurados.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Ojala hubiramos tenido ms tiempo para la prueba. Estuvo demasiado larga y demasiado
poco tiempo.
______________________________________________________________________________
6.- Ojala no llueva este fin de semana. Si no llueve podremos preparar un rico asado en el patio.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. No podramos haber hecho ese trabajo si el profesor no nos hubiera aclarado el problema.
______________________________________________________________________________
TRANSLATE:
4.- Deberamos hacer que nos enviaran los muebles desde la tienda.
______________________________________________________________________________
6.- Voy a tener una fiesta en mi casa y voy a mandar a hacer todo. Es mucho ms cmodo.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. - Si hubiera mandado a arreglar la lavadora, no habra tenido que mandar todo a la lavandera
______________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 18
PASSIVE VOICE
Example: Someone sold that house at a good price. (What did they sell?)
The police took that man prisoner. (Who /whom did the police take...?)
The object becomes the subject of the sentence.
So....That house was sold at a good price.
That man was taken prisoner.
EXERCISES:
10. Brian told me that someone had attacked and robbed him in the street.
___________________________________________________________________________
14. They didnt tell me they were going to postpone the test.
___________________________________________________________________________
17. They might robb this bank since they are not taking any precautions.
___________________________________________________________________________
1.The Amazon valley is extremely important to the ecology of the earth. Forty percent of the
oxigen (produce) ______________________________________there.
2. There was a terrible accident on a busy downtown street yesterday. Dozens of people (see)
________________it, including my friend, who (interview) __________________by the police.
3. The first fish (appear) _______________________on the earth about 500 million years ago.
Up to now, more than 20,000kinds of fish (name)____________________________ and
(describe) _____________________ by scientists. New species (discover) _______________
every year, so the total increases continually.
4. Richard Anderson is a former astronaut. Several years ago, when he was 52, Anderson
(inform) _____________________ by his superior at an aircraft corporation that he could no
longer be a test pilot because of his age. Anderson took the corporation to court for age
discrimination.
5. Carl Gauss (recognize) ________________as a mathematical genius when he was ten. One
day a professor gave him an arithmetic problem. Carl (ask) _______________ to add up all the
numbers from 1 to 100 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5, etc) It ( take) _______________him only eight
seconds to solve the problem, How could he do it so quickly?
Carl could do it quickly because he (know) ________________ that each pair of numbers -1
plus 100, 2 plus 99, 3 plus 98, and so on to 50 plus 51 equaled 101. So he (multiply)
______________ 50 times 101 and (come) ___________________up with the answer:5,050.
91
PEOPLE SAY.......
Both these sentences mean: People say that he is 120 years old
Examples:
It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow.
The strike is expected to begin tomorrow.
B) To talk about what is planned or arranged. (But not always really happens.)
- The plane was supposed to arrive an hour ago.
- You were supposed to clean your room. Why havent you?
EXERCISES:
Remember passive voice is used when the doer of an action is not relevant.
Have/has/had been
Can/ could have been
Must /mustnt have been
Should have been
May /might have been + P. P. (told, invited etc)
Would have been
Neednt have been
Would rather* have been
Had better* have been
TRANSLATE:
7. Si me hubieran pedido que diera mi opinin, se podra haber tomado una decisin mejor.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. La respuesta de ella se podra haber considerado correcta aunque no era la esperada.
______________________________________________________________________________
14. Si me hubieran llamado a una entrevista, estoy segura que me habran dado esa pega.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
95
UNIT 19
REPORTED SPEECH
Indirect Speech
Indirect speech: We do not quote the exact words. We re-tell or report ideas, intentions,
questios, etc.
Tom said that he is / was going out with a new friend tonight /that night.
When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past, so we need to make some
changes.
Tom told me time ago that he had an important meeting the next day.
So......
OTHER CHANGES:
PLACE: Go Come
Here there
This (room) that
Bring take
EXERCISES:
REPORTING QUESTIONS.
YES / NO QUESTIONS:
Same changes as in affirmative
The linking is IF.
The word order is AFFIRMATIVE since they are not real questions.
Examples:
INFORMATION QUESTIONS:
Some changes as in affirmative.
The linking is the corresponding question word.
The worder is affirmative.
98
Examples:
EXERCISES:
9. Do you have a new job? Because you look so happy. I asked - Yes, I do -he replied-
______________________________________________________________________________