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Procedia Engineering 156 (2016) 103 108

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2016 The$XWKRUV.
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E\ (OVHYLHU /WG. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of BDB 2016
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Keywords: SUHVWUHVVHG FRQFUHWH EULGJHV; LQQRYDWLYH VWUXFWXUHV; UH-DQDO\VLV DQG DVVHVVPHQW; VKHDU FDSDFLW\; EULGJH-VSHFLILF WUDIILF ORDGV

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E-mail address: ROLYHU.ILVFKHU#WXP.GH
1877-7058 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of BDB 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.274
10 Oliver Fischer / Procedia Engineering 156 (2016) 103 108
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