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EMC510S

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 216

TRANSFORMERS
Lecture 3

3/2010
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THE REAL TRANSFORMER (CONT.)

5.6. THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A REAL


TRANSFORMER.
5.6.1. The Exact Equivalent Circuit
The behaviour of a transformer may be conveniently
considered by assuming it to be equivalent to an ideal
transformer and then allowing for imperfections of the
actual transformer by means of additional circuits or
impedances inserted between the supply and the primary
winding and between the secondary winding and the load.
Such a transformer is known as a real (or practical)
transformer (Figure 5.16).

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The Exact Equivalent Circuit (cont.)

Figure 5.16. The exact equivalent circuit of a real (practical)


transformer.
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The Exact Equivalent Circuit (cont.)

In Figure 5.16:

(i) P and S represent the primary and secondary windings


of an ideal transformer.

(ii) Rp and Rs are resistors whose resistances are equal to


the resistances of the primary and secondary windings of
the actual transformer.

(iii) Inductive reactors Xp and Xs represent the reactances


of the windings due to leakage flux in the actual
transformer.

(iv) The inductive reactor Xm is such that it takes a reactive


current equal to the magnetizing current INL-m of the
actual transformer.
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The Exact Equivalent Circuit (cont.)

(v) - The core losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents


are allowed for by a resistor RC of such value that it takes a
current INL-l equal to the core loss component of the primary
current, i.e. INL-l2RC is equal to the core loss of the actual
transformer.
- The resultant of INL-l and INL-m is INL, namely the current
which the transformer takes on no-load.

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THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
OF A REAL PRANSFORMER (CONT.)

5.6.2. Phasor Diagram for a Real Transformer on Load


The phasor diagram for the equivalent circuit of the
transformer on no-load is exactly the same as that given
in Figure 5.3 (Lect. 2).
From the exact equivalent circuit of Figure 5.16, by KVL,
the voltage equations on the primary side and secondary
side, respectively, are:

Primary circuit: Vp = (Rp + jXp)Ip + Ep eqn. 5.13(a)


and Secondary circuit: Vs = Es (Rs + jXs)Is
or Es = (Rs + jXs)Is + Vs eqn. 5.13(b)
By KCL: Ip = INL + Is eqn. 5.14
Based on equations 5.13(a) and (b) and 5.14, the phasor
diagram for a real transformer on load is as shown in
Figure 5.17.
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Phasor Diagram for a Real
Transformer on Load (cont.)

Figure 5.17.
Phasor diagram for a
real transformer on load
at a lagging power-factor.

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THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
OF A REAL PRANSFORMER (CONT.)

5.6.3. Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Real


Transformer
(1.) With the Parallel Branch connected across the
Supply.
Figure 5.18 is the equivalent circuit of a transformer with
the parallel branch connected across the supply.
The parallel impedance representing core loss and the
magnetizing current is much higher than the series
leakage impedance of both the primary and secondary
windings.
Also the no-load current INL is only about 3 to 5 per cent
of the rated current.
Due to this fact, Is is approximately equal to Ip and,
therefore, the error generated in this approximation is
negligible.
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Approximate Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer with
the Parallel Branch connected across the Supply (cont.)

Figure 5.18. Approximate equivalent circuit of a real transformer with


the parallel branch connected across the supply.
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Approximate Equivalent Circuits
of a Real Transformer (cont.)

(2.) The Approximate Equivalent Circuit with the Parallel


Branch removed.
Since the no-load current of a transformer is only about
3 5 per cent of the full-load primary current, and hence
Is Ip, the parallel branch of RC and Xm can be omitted
from the equivalent circuit without introducing an
appreciable error when considering the behaviour of the
transformer on full load.
Thus the simpler equivalent circuit of Figure 5.19 may
be used.

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The Approximate Equivalent Circuit with
the Parallel Branch removed (cont.)

Figure 5.19. Approximate equivalent circuit of a real transformer with


the parallel branch removed.
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THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
OF A REAL PRANSFORMER (CONT.)

5.6.4. Simplification of the Approximate Equivalent


Circuit of a Real Transformer
The resistance Rs of the secondary circuit of Figure 5.19
can be replaced by inserting an additional resistance Rs'
in the primary circuit such that the power absorbed in Rs'
when carrying the primary current is equal to that in Rs
due to the secondary current, i.e.

Hence if Re is a single resistance in the primary circuit


equivalent to the primary and secondary resistances of
the actual transformer then (p.t.o)

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Simplification of the Approximate
Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer (cont.)

Similarly, since the inductance of a coil is proportional to


the square of the number of turns, the secondary leakage
reactance Xs can be replaced by an equivalent reactance
Xs' in the primary circuit, such that

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Simplification of the Approximate
Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer (cont.)

If Xe is the single reactance in the primary circuit


equivalent to Xp and Xs of the actual transformer, then

If Ze is the equivalent impedance of the primary and


secondary windings referred to the primary circuit

If e is the phase difference between Ip and IpZe, then

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Simplification of the Approximate
Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer (cont.)

Voltages and currents may also be referred from one side


to the other in a similar manner as shown below.

Ip Ns Ns 1
= Is = I p =
'
Is = Is
Is Np Np
Similarly
Is Np Np
= I p = Is =
'
I p = I p
Ip Ns Ns

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Simplification of the Approximate
Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer (cont.)

Vp Np Np
= V = Vp =
s
'
Vs = Vs
Vs Ns Ns
Similarly
Vs Ns Ns 1
= V p = Vs =
'
Vp = Vp
Vp Np Np

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Simplification of the Approximate
Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer (cont.)

The simplified equivalent circuit of the transformer is given


in Figures 5.20 and 5.21. Figure 5.22 is the corresponding
phasor diagram.

Figure 5.20. Simplified equivalent circuit diagram of a transformer (with


the secondary impedance reflected/referred to the primary circuit).
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Simplification of the Approximate
Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer (cont.)

Figure 5.21. Simplified equivalent circuit diagram of a transformer (with


the secondary winding omitted).
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Simplification of the Approximate
Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer (cont.)

Figure 5.22. Phasor diagram for the simplified equivalent circuit of a


transformer.
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THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
OF A REAL PRANSFORMER (CONT.)

5.6.5. Referred/Reflected Equivalent Circuits


(1) The Exact Equivalent Circuit Referred to the Primary
side:

Figure 5.23.

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Referred/Reflected Equivalent Circuits (cont.)

(2) The Exact Equivalent Circuit Referred to the


Secondary side:

Figure 5.24.

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Referred/Reflected Equivalent Circuits (cont.)

(3) The Approximate Equivalent Circuit Referred to the


Primary side:

Rep = Rp + Rs ; jXep = jXp + jXs


Figure 5.25.
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Referred/Reflected Equivalent Circuits (cont.)

(4) The Approximate Equivalent Circuit Referred to the


Secondary side:

Res = Rs + Rp ; jXes = jXs + jXp


Figure 5.26.
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THE REAL TRANSFORMER (CONT.)

Home work 1: Study Examples


(i) 4.3 on page 215,
(ii) 4.4 on page 219 and
(iii) 4.5 on page 224
of the prescribed Text book.

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THE REAL TRANSFORMER (CONT.)

Exercises
(Page 225 of the prescribed text book)
4.4. A 2.4-kVA, 2400/240-V, 50-Hz, step-down transformer
has the following parameters: R1 = 1.5 , X1 = 2.5 , R2 =
0.02 , X2 = 0.03 , Rc1 = 6 k and Xm1 = 8 k . It is
operating at 80% of its load at unity power-factor. Using
the exact equivalent circuit embodying the ideal
transformer, determine the efficiency of the transformer.
Also sketch its phasor diagram.
4.5. If the transformer in Exercise 4.4 delivers the rated
load at 0.8 pf lagging, determine its efficiency using the
approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from the
secondary side. Also sketch its phasor diagram.

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Exercises (cont.)

4.6. If the transformer in Exercise 4.4 operates at 50% of


its rated load at a power factor of 0.5 leading, compute its
efficiency using both exact and approximate equivalent
circuits as referred to the primary side. Tabulate the
percent errors in the currents, voltages, powers, and
efficiency caused by the approximation.

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